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Normalization THuespay
* Fumchonal dependency (FD)
4 FD denoted by xX oY, bebueon too set 9 attrrbutes
X amd Y that ave subsels of R, specifies a Comsbarnt
an che possible tuples. The constraint iw chat,
for sony tuo tuples t, amd t, om Y dhat hane
t, Exar ty Cx, dheg mast also have €,(7] = 62L71.
%: velaton site im R,
Pe Ye x “determmes” 4
Yaa X 4,8 CR, Xaml®
- Legal velahon states: Relahen extensrons "(RJ dbat
Satishy the ED constraints ave called legal oxctersions,
Qe.
Noymalizahon of data com be comidered 2 process A
amaly Zine 2 Gren relahon’ scheme based wm their
FD amd prmary keys fo achieve clesivcble properties
4+ Minimizing vedumdan ug,
ih Minimizing mserhon, delehon and upelahon amemalia
The rormal form indicates. che degree f whih a relahon
has been normalized: ;
Deneymalizahon ia the process oF Strung “the jon of
higher reovmal form velahons 45 & base relation,
whi % mm lower normal form: Soper bey: An attabute/ set a atdbute eshose closive
cram all attrbutes in dhe relahon,
Comdudate bey : Munumal superkey , hese proper subsels
(key) ave mot Super Keys.
He we have N etlrbates vith (nd CE, the number 2 Posble
LoperkeyS gn!
FD note:
fl Single ll no, covvesponds by one Student only. ( |
But tuo students having dhe same name cam have |
different ell numbers,
Ve ey
But, dheve mupht exut dhe some t, 10 Sam
ell no. wy tuo cuPRoremt classes” £4) Smith
velerving fo two dicberent i ss,
Students. Thus d cont be am 2
FD. Pot (xD 2 b 0x1 they
£03 = &.079
Types 9 FD
® Trivia) x—4, Yex
85: a? % , Cre, name ) — Nrame
OW Non dona X24, xaYeg ‘ : |
Nelms is commen im x ond Y,
£5: [Link] —> name
Aga. Y. &x
Semi dowral
bs “€5: (Bro, name) — Gene, mark) Armstrong's axvoms 1 onihoried rile:
tr Reflexivity ieee ey x SE roe
Bmeemecewity Poy amd Ye then x 92
3. Fugmemtahon If x4 hon AX AY
4, Union WX 34 and x2 thn * IZ
5. Decormpasition 18 »_,yz dhen x34 amd XZ
. Compasition EF x4 and AB then AX —> BY
Banaeterstiwity 1p 5 Sy 2.8 Goh atthe, xz— 4
Attribute cleswre / Close sek
Detevowned based on cthe £[Link] applying samstrong's avions.
' 2(A,8,c,p,€)
Fo: 198 Be cp, p> EF
Clome Q A, At PERE)
rebel Reeracccat |
Bre facpe}
apt-fapece t
A,B, c,d, €)
1f{p—8, pel Povme attributes: Attrbuteo that Are part a Ck
"RA, BY Cc, BD
FD: £4 8,6 40 capa}
ABcot = $ n,B, c,D} GE) Ai tttobut er are consid
at Past.
Acot= f 4,8, ¢,03 ® Ais ay
Apt = 1A, 8, c,d} @®
ee
LA} end {pp areinak, Yess shaft
“2 AD uw 2a condelate key, ——O
Now check iP eny pp i prernt at RHE 7 y 4
the FOS. yes, veplace kurt Lus 2 dhe FD»
dhe Ck.
A and D ae PA. Ce,%)
cP Au replaced Gy C
AD = ch
ED is dePmibely 2 Sk, bet Check bel
combats EP ths Ck
bcd and JD] are rot Ske. y £2 4 2 op 6
Boc
ew ie ck
[eh BSD} xe mot sks
~ bp we ck—O es es
Cks ave AD, BD md CD
Geps:
+ Comer all attributes
» Reduce by evaluahns FDs
eCheck hoy Cks.
«check of PAs are present at PHS 4 FDs
: ding
+ ifyeveplace that attmbule eth LH! 4 the Cores ponding
FD and check if the obtamed St ack,
4 RB (a,B,6,0)
FD: [48 cD, p> B, CA} - Find all Gb:
pecot = §A,B, 6)d3 SE
Apt - § 9,B,6,03 fag—cp)
£03 amd (B3 are not Sks.
: Agu xc ck —O
DS ithe tibet DY ByDAC
“D> B te ADril-< SE.
[A] and {D] are not Sks
pp o« ck —®@
an? we cge le vas Sh
{oJ amd {BJ ave rot Sts
¢, CDE, Ea FJ
.pRu e« Ch —O
fas : A, B
D—>4 : bB wv 2 SE
{D} snd £8} ave rot sks ae
ue
NDR & « CEO &
in eye On ae
q ye ace cota cae :
. Co
x Veen sk a
Mize etdnbubes + DAE:
GeoB 3 CD a mesh:
x {CJ amd {Dp} are |
Ope [Link]
F . as aed
.1 Chs cre AB, BD, Rv GD 4 co ‘ 049. 06.2
1S lormal form, : 023
FRIDAY
ol
x Contam alomic values . Bown
+ Disallow mulbveliel en compote attrbubes
* Duallow relehons wid velahon or relahont as
atorbute vakes in tuples
eEeh Column Should contam value From «he same domain .
Exch column shold have umgue name.
« No ovdevens te vans and columns
+ Neo dupleate rows,
Bere eed cchena carvers ; un Line by delat BP Normal form
ole Should be im INF ay
* No parhal dependency « (roger subset 9 Ck —> ron- PA )
or PA 3 NPA
Full famchonal_dependeniy
AFD X34 & said fy be a full flamchonal dependency,
if vemoval % ary athrbute A fom xX vil) break the depends
Ne, Jxa] doesnt fume honally determmes y
Pavha\ funchonal dependenuy ”
AFD X —>¥ 9 & parhal depomdency if some sthrbule
AEX cam be vemovel amd dhe FD thi} holds,
E8/-6L1—> Mi oo
A yelahen schema R ws m 2NF ip Nore non- prime
attrbute A om R is “fully fuenchonally dependent
on dhe Povmary ed 4 R.
- R(A,B,c, 0, €,6)
£D: JAB, B->e, cp, p_se]
RPecDER => AF Ge)
fal 14 Le} ave not Ges.
Be Arta kh CE
fon] Fare not present at RHS 9 FDs.
wt There ws only me Ck.
Pa: 4,F
pon- PA : B,C, a 7) Bo
Aw & proper subsel oy Ck and B uv a ron-PA.
“1e & @ parhal dependenuy .
“Rw notin 2ne.
22 (4,6c,0)
FD. SAB — cd, cn, D8}
ABCD > AB a)
PB ez ck —O
PA: A, B,C,D
cna a CORT (ae SE
ct=ca
Bt-B
“Buecker —@
8B Ape « SF
Atza G
AB,c &D are PAS. ae
le, There w no non- Pfr pe tie Weare
Rut necliteP Bhieck | re
» RC A/8,c,0)
FD: faA—4B, Boe, C04
Mie) ce) PF) vy cy Sls
A is « Ck.
There & no proper subsets avaiable Pov the
w No need be check fy Zale
cee
No need fo check for ONF if:
«CE & & Sungle attrbute.
+ No non-fA ave present oy, cob
Ghudent sp tedt
Sd \Sname | DOB | Sinte /\ Coun | PIN, | total credits
1 A S He IN 250 | -
e \% - |ine IA) 250! =
3 c - : He IN 260! LS
4 0 1a 263 =
| Attnbute
ez &. Setiple ch
; Move than |
compaite ck
The sue U comed by FD 9 type; hon-PA —> non-A
elt shold be m 2NF
* No bramchve depend envy for (Alea —> AlPA) rn: PAs,
Tramakwe dependency
IP dheve dhe 2 FD X94 im R whith holds xz
omg =—>} bora sek a Atnbutes Z dhat nedher
& ck nor cs propery subset.
oe
AaB ee sBqrc. exits
i he eS
+ 4
NPA NPA ys hon-t,
Pesinieieivens en NE ier gen ae,
FD x sy holds m R , evther
OX we Sb oR
4 4 8 pA a2
' R@Bc,p)
FD: (26, B24, cp)
ABCD <> # uu 2 Camdidote toy.
Frime attribute : A a
AB iA io Shae
ee Cara —» alPA) (Tramsebve dependency
es (wpa alra)d Ctramshue dependency)
+ Bw rot m nt.
2. B(A,B,C,0,EF)
FD. £48 —> coer, BD +f}
AecbEr E>? AB
f Pome attributes: A sad B
¥_ 48 — coer LHS & oe
EHO
‘@ —>F Notun 3nle (N(R Alen)
a Bp oF io in ene,
2NF he update amomalies,
8. 2(A,8,6,/D,€,6).chak y 2» vn 2NF or SNF
ares
ABcOEF > AEF » e ck ——O
PAs: A,€,F,D,c,8
D->A : DEF wa SE.
pt = baAgC
Tae ©
ee
DEFY e ck —@
G—>) +: Cee » 25k
Cie GDIAe
PeCc Oram aie —®©
B-o3c : Ber w @ Sk
gt = BCDA
Sper wa CE —@
Heve al) che atnbulen im R are prme Atprbutes .
1. Ria im 2NF amd BNE Boyce coded Novenal form (acale)
A stock version Q SNF-
E.F. Codd : dather g PEMs
lb shot be mm 3NF
X must be «Sk hy every pon-dowal £D X 4.
Avvelahen schema & 1m BONE iff whenever 2
ron-dovvcal funchonal depemden uy KA holds
m2, Rive superkey o R
&(p,8,c)
FD: $A—9B B—9e,c 14] amd the Iagheat revel fr
Bc PH be ck -—O
CSA 2 ¢ iw Bere
Bes eae) CE ee)
Pers. Ay Sy C
“Riv iy 2NE and 3ne
Check hy BenF.
AB + Go Rap
Bc + Ba @ ck
cma ZC by ouen
Bhs 2 tlle ct! ere WORT Sua om BONE,
EN a a)
FO: Ja — BLED BC—> ACE, p+ €]
Agcper a? APY «a Ck. Tl capes he: io TE TI NE GILT ANTS ge REE ee
ppp: A
BC —» ACE => BC —>A
Ccb a she
at- {3
ete fc}
mec 4 ax ck -—(2)
Alew, PA : A,B,C
f > BLED 2 A—s Bc (Resulls m 4)
Check fer cthe bagheot neymal form (BcnF )
h—> bode WAAR on ack
Beo—> AcE 2 BC @ Sk
o> & Dt-$p€} D0 w not 2 sh.
=) 2 w& not Ww BAF .
Now check dhe faded =D Por SNF (Others wil be oy af
alveady )
Doe D wmta SE and E amt 2PA.
<2 w not mw 3nF,
Now chee Y fr 2alF:
pre
aot « proper Subset % IGE 2. B(A,B,C, 0, ED
FO: $ ABs coe, DAY
ABCDE <> AB wa cl.
PAL A,B
D51A) Sub, BD Re cance
whe 61.8.)
AB—> COE <> AB—>DdD_ CAlreacly found J
cheek for BNF
AB —> cde PB & 2 SE.
D—>A4 D ont 2 Sk,
Ub hot» BCA
check fy Bale
D—A fio PA.
Ro Mm INF
weve NG
Alen fy highest nevmal form »
Venn deagyaro Ry normal forms:
HP all Cles are single
Cks are Semple (Sint)
Ben — a 2 Se ee Ge ae
3. R (ABCDEFGH)
FO: (ABc—> DE, E22 GH, HG, G—>H, ABCD EF )
ABCDEFGH <> ABCFOH
<< psee
5
neck*= { »,B,c,F,D, €, G,H}
ABC Ba Supey key Totheck if Us « Ch,
ha} dhe atinbutes mn the
Mat- Ta} FS] 4 rps.
RHE
Bre fa] je, DEGHE
RG aD
ce fe) ae
“bbc vw 2 Ck. athrpules Mist Be prewnt
ig CE... ABE 2 4°Cr -
knee A,B and C ave rot present Ab FHR D FD:
dheve wo mo other CEs.
Pa: A,8,¢
NPA DE, F1G,H
} Check for BONE :
mee OO Pang wsct OS
€ — GH 2
It is rot m BCNF
Bee hy ors
— OH
wo nt INE
for 2NF: Gm H We
npcb—» er \~ (th m BcNnF)
Welnlen ahena w im 2F-
The gwen
“.2(A, b,c, DD .
Fe:f{ae—ocp,ac+ Bp, Be 0}
ABCD <> AB va Ck —O
Ac—>B . AC 2.4 SE.
ace ch —®
PA 4,8,C
FD
Person
'. AB>cp AB wee SE
2. Ac BD Ac w & SE
3. Bc—sD + Bc w not a sk
+ pv mot 2 PD
* BC wo 2 Proper
Subsek Ck
ks
Cor ec é acoee .
BCH womidered 2
Proper subset 9 Ck
Subset g wren 9
Conclusion
BCNF
@cNe
Not m 8CNE
Alot om anF
mot in 2A)
Cks is consdeved
A proper wubsek Q comdidlake key -
2 ow INE 5 Rlascpe )
F: {AB —cDE, D— BE]
PBcDE <> AB & dh ck-—O
v—8 . AD w @ sk
Ap w 4&4 Ck —®
mvp: AL B,D
Fp Reason Colson
1, APB CDE PQ wv 2 be Bene
eae Ce D Yrot « SE Wot Bene
BE w not 2 PA Net 3NE
Gm® Pa UNPA io tenatdered NPA
Due Rrenideer % Ck Not 2NF
2.2 o wm INF
2B A,B, ¢,b,E)
F:$ pe—see , ACD, Cp BE, DEF
4
ABCDE <> ADE
ee He 8s Bes *—-D
cD € 1 ACD wo « Sk, bt nox CE.
Do = € 1 AD 2 « Sk
AD ao 2 ck —O@
AC—D een On aes
Ac wae ck —o ED Bere Conctlad wor,
' AE—> Be Fe vo ack pong
erp Ac w 46k acn
3 cp — Be CD in mot 2 gk lot ™ Bene
° BE w nta PA not ™ 3NF
e ©CD v @ proper subset Net 2NP
9 ck
~\ The rvelahon Ww vy INF.
7. R (ABCD)
JAB—c Abp—>c, ABC —> D, At — 3
48CD <> Abd Ger?
<" AB une sk, <—-D
FO Reasons Conclusion
' AB 4B 2 Ck 8CNe
2. ABDC ABD va Sk BC NE
3: ABCD ABC Hack BCAF
4.4¢—3D Ac 2 wta sb not by BONE
“Dw mta2 PA net m IE
2 AC.» mot 2 proper sibret 2NE
% Ck.
The velahon © mm 2NF.
$F (ABCD)
{A bcp, Bc an, D— BY pa iA, BC,D
abcp <2 A 2 ch —D
Brn 3 Bc < ce —®
D>B : pe 4x CH —@ FD Leas mn Combs 04
1, A—> Bcd A b ask BONF
2. BCAD BC bb a Ske BoNF
2 DB DC tb met SE Not m 6CNE
Bow 4 Prme attrbule BNF
The velahon 4 um 3AF.
[Link],B,c)
Fi fpA>B, 8 Ac}
Me 6s He.e> 4 0 Ac : Bw ack —®O
Cae Ay 6
FD Ream eae
AB Awa SE Bee
2, Bo Ac Bue Sk BENF ‘e..
Pependeney preserving decompasihon
Not chtemed om BONE
Consider a velahon 2(A,B,c) Somehmes.
Ve eae Posseble EDs :
\ ' ( A—bB&A> 6 : Ae
- eee BC A
ot! a8 ¢
4 2 Rao
Now, SplLt RP mta €,(4,8) amd 2, (Bc)
eae FO: fH 8} Pa Eee
1f we fot ED, and) FO, te Unubal FD “Slate be
Abumed .
[Link] = FAB} hb to not FD.
i.e, Qependences on dhe cregin al velabon “umll preserved
R(4,8t, 76)
Fif AB Bc ,coD DA}
eaGhiec). FaGC7o.c)
Ne have t find the FDs posible m RB, ond 2.
2, (a,B,c)
AT = ABCD (wet the pavent velahen )
= BC (A need hot tr be smwolved & D doant belon b &)
Ne, #4 Bo
Bf - BCDA
(24, @—4e CctscpAB
= Ae
re, C 9 AB)
Apt = ABC ae eo chek for
Ane ES ¢ Fi fa Bc, B-+Ae, 6 As]
2, (c,D,&)
Ere tonb, A,B}
G— > D
= $A,8,¢, Di}
pee
et- fe} ee cory Deeg
Tiecks Pees Fy Usifre= &
FL,UF2 = $A Bc, BAC, CAB, C7, on}
checking fey Fe
AB
p> BC 9 A278 — (decomposhon)
’ Boc ;
BAe Can BO é 2
ea D Cees ROD
0A i arcpatcad
ee, aml CAB ae, 0-76 onl eva €
‘ SDA CTramsbuly -
7
+. focnel |
a, pAnnt e, EOF, Covers F. h % Sa kovhy
,
Chek fy FUR,
» A> BC
[Link] BOC eA, (trarades ty )
A3+B6@k Ac & ABO
ey One Bec Coney, Oy
2+: eeoat Bc Ciwen)
= c+ AB ame”?
ct frecns
* cD (Prevent )
» BA Chants)
*# Dae
pte {paBc}
Fo ocwes FUR (Aur cr)
be, Thas dlecomposchon i9 dependency prereved CLess ess)
FCABCDE)
F:$ 4 —+8CD B>AE, BL FED, D> E C4 DE}
B,( 4,8) 2 (8,c) 2, (c, DE)
it. ABCDE ct. Cpe ot ED Crone p
o ABecD : poe: eee ef
poy .po»e ete oe] OM be ctependone
BA co beE For all canes
» fae, BAY
$B®—-+c}
{D7&/c> DE}
Of, = G= $448, BA, BOC DOE, cc 06e} ea Ep closwe (fimo) Canclod tom Sl
x A BCD Ate £h,8,¢, p,€3 . True
See at Ae Bt. $89, c, De} Tre
«BC AED Bct-fBc A, 0, €3 Towe
«OE bt-fpe4 Tre
+t pe y CINCO ER a Tre -
“1G Cove Ee
Chisel a Aopen fok
toa 0
| £9 . Closuze from F Conclusion
48 ats fABcvE} Ute
| 2
| fe BoA Bt {Boe cp} Tm
P+ Boc . Tme
§ s D7E Present
Y +cooe Present
.F coves QG + $F Already covers G sma bd
denved From F.
The 1 + G5 les ecomposhon,
ep B,C Ph
i
3
‘ 2 ABCD)
?
:
2, (a,c) gen?
j At = fps) ot-2B}
© etejer} pt=fv}
Be ctf acon} pot fa,03
Me ur. 2 2 = Dependent iy rot preserved, GEr ppv
GCF DPX (6G » 4 proper Suleset 9FI ;
PcG Not possible Since G denwed tram F
A decomposchen D © toxd te be dependenus preserved
with vespect te F if dhe union y f; on cath &.
m D & equwaled tw F.
ELE
Tuo sek 2 Funchenal dependencies ave equesalonk
y% eEteet.
ne, Every FD m E wnbe mbervred from Fane
every FD Fo tombe enberred trom &
ESF , if E covers F KF Covers ©
Léssless jon cle composthon (Won-addidnse) :
ee ce eo
c) 2 (A;B) Barre)
y tet
&
n
Sa =
Lb e, VW here in wo Common
a Bee G attr bule, ‘
Log ou R PIR = BxR
t
4 : 2 code Yous
, >. nok less less
DD, te,
ae !
fe 9 al
| Bo decomposchen io sod to be Lossless
if
& @
viable
‘fo Lonstomet he relahen & Prom the cle competed
gubr elahons — usting Join:
Pele) og ACR) =
ACR)
© ACAI A(R) &G
AC) + atrbuleQ
© Common attrbute 6 @ SE ( bor atleart one sub relahon )
Ae. Al )= B
|e we lest
RA ,B) (2, (A) ed)
’ : | 1
eal 2 2
i & 8 '
43 4 es
2 (A,6,.c) 2,(A, 6)
Tan 5 jan
rz al * 2
326 2
437 aH
© p(e,) 0 4(F:2 = ACE)
gte Bc Ce) chin 6
Jew oro nelahoo+
e if
A
t
2
3
u
\
'
ES
3
ot Fe
8
'
T
Z
3
1 208, €
5
41, 02”
A
2
ie
I
2
'
=
6
'
ae
-" Loss less .
A ick
get Pe
¢
Ss
Ss
4
s Cheek ip che decomposchans on R ave Lossless ov n0&
RIA
‘ RAB) 2, (DED < |
shoe
2, (pac OR, (DE) =H
«Alot Cass less
eC Gels
ep
- DC Fee , ep)
“Bc U cD & R(a)
Not boss bess.
3 Blpec) &, Cepe)
femman atinbuble = €
CDE (Coe sk me)
oe te loss leas
4.P(Ab) Bade)
Corn attrbute =6B
Bw not 4 Sk % athe Br
lt & mt bm ten.
S-B, (abc) 2 CABDE)
su Commun attrbute = AB
ABwae sk both R £R,
wilt w Onl.
Beeeth®) * @fep) R, (oe)
R, £P, =. RR, «€R,
he tommen attrbule « No cornmon attrbutes
~ Not Cows less,
Fo& Rs ace checked Rest smdl “Me 7. RCAB,c,D)
Fi f Ae, Bc, cA
PCABC) 2, (cp)
BCA) UR, CA) = RCA) ~
PRCADAR (A) HCH Be
3. Cio oe See
= The decomponhon 2 Loss Vers.
Camenical cover / Muna cover | Prveducible #t 7 FA
fee “
S) Apply armstreng’s axcoms cunbl. every FD has mly « Single
alinbute i the RHS- :
Gh Remove vedumelamt attabules
iy Remove vedundant FDs.
Be: foes; 6 Ae, Be Abs ine JAS, Acs}
skpl:
Atrial taal.
Ee ff AB>2C,C7A, COB Be, AbeaA, ABC 16, Ave,
Ac—B3
Step 2: Dod O
o © @ ®
[esa ‘— Bc, Ac} Ct=2 EB CA unt obhens!
Caml hircacdD
fern, Bac, 4B A>} Saeie)
We Ct EA (BE 0 bbe)
fora, Ba»c, A645 Dont dad @ A cel g FDS 0 sad by he mininend 4:
hh Every FD has « sengle attnbule im RHS.
[Link] FD XA tom be replaced Gy YA, whee
Ve X
3. Cannot remove avy FD from Fs
& The yemnaininy FDs ave equivalent b F.
A mimioal cover fa Seba FDS E is 2 munuma
S49 dependencies v(m stoned sarborceal ero
without vedumd amug ) dhek in equivalent ee
2. E:$ BA, OA ba 03 eae |
: § 8-4, D+ 8, 8-03
coer,
“£ Bp, pa Ay ,
3 © [9 Bee, co+E}
{fhe Ac, AFD AE, co
LAB, Ac, Aa=DLPE
Desa 1 P+ Bed) cos EF Lossless sero decomposiken : (Problem)
1.204,8,¢,0,€.F)
) Mm 246 c , c—+p ps ef, FA, D—- 83
Dp: 5 Abe, coe, EF}
R,
(Be) ® Cope) R, (er)
ACEO AC) DAC) = ate? —<
2-2) 9 Fees es
3. .
ct = Jc €FaB}
ct wert, =f 9803 Soe oe Sere |
"Rk, SAR, tb Gules.
4. ACR2) DAB) = €&
Be st = fe]
Be 2 nt m oe iy Bitar qth. csubrelifon.
Bo PAR io not Lor bess.
2, rt BR ba Re on
ne,
Gonversion, From INF to 2NF
EO OSES
~ &(A,8, 40)
F fa8, Bc}
Becp <2 AD de ck —O
hs :A ,D
p—>B ( Froper subse 9 ce —> VPA ) ee 2
Me nck im aN, but im INP. #Decomposchon must be dependenry preserving and bess rs:
Hew 4B violates 2NF (A ive subet 4 Ck)
Now Rnd at;
ate nec
ULUwy
Grrmped im to one relahon
ee wv
Cla Be) Spe he ose,
|. QF) +A Could be the commen athnrbufe .
RB (4D)
Ben .a3 .
°F lom-check lke result for lessler devomposthion before embiming D.
Hishest normal Form ny derompesed relahon vy 2NF.
\
2. RC46,c,05 ,
Fifn—>8 c40}
‘Pecp <> He —O
R is rok im one [ Rw m ine
: Pt-9B =——> @, Can) ~
mecD — >» % (cp)
But 2 DAR, 2 rol’ Lois lent.
<7 Arethuy subrelalion cddeds RB, (A, 0)
FR, 8 ae im BONE
a — tsi FF ng en ME Ts, Sd ein 2s ar ee a a rr
Conversion from 2NF to 3N
APRA
1, (A,B, c,d)
Fifa se Boe, cp}
pBcD <+* Awa ck —O
A>B BNF
eas 2NE UY
Cc7D 2NF Uw
Bt- cps 2, (acd)
aa cD 2 (cod
2, (AB) RAC 2 chosen, jor
beng.
Dif{eep, co, ABY
Bat fev 2,
Bu the Ce
Boe BEN
—>Dp AWE Y CNot m 3nlF)
Ctecp Dac pp)
; RB. (ac)
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