Tonis«tion beagy (Tt )/Lonidion potnd iolp))

Tonisation tudhag
- minimw mene9q4 scquised to emove t e most loo:ly
bounded ele oton oomtuevalln ce. shee ot gatoos
(solated atom
But we cant sthoUe tuelectson tbomt e solid
stat so we nave to conveted tuto ttae gasDUS
state
for tuig Ps kuouwn soplimation
Fnesegy véquird
The fpsoes sof I"P Ps always enolotuemic:
( aH=+ve)
elocbon volt pet atom;
The vuit of Pà
Kcal| mole and kJ | mole
SUCCeRSI veT"p
fnergy Mg)t E a t e ,6=g
Jon isatio
fnergy
MtE +e,Ez=gnd
e
s Mtet,
Mg+E > M+ ,+e-M+
()

E=1onfsation Eno94
AH= +ve (endo ) EE2<fs -kEn laoay's)
Note (stp<2nd p (aays)
 nctos
Pene
afta |)stabilityof trali filtd
ttionor1 Ofsuts htl
(osdesof ctaction tounsdsnwclws) npsnp4
)
(x- St
Be> ß ltx
St
&hd
Ip Be
(stable )
32 3P! NO
ap> p3
andT-p
st
3p3
Ozf (for peiod) and
Hf(Stable)

(- )
3p`
Li Be (Hf)
2 C N Nof
ap2

LÉ <G BecKo<N<f<Ne
Na
A|
3s! 382

NacA mg <SI
Ex ALAt At 2
fe<fet fet3
<ot2
Pb< pht2 <Phty
Ne<Net
N3X02f<Nacm_
Lit< Bet <+3
 89193
(- )
NO:of Shcll (q300P)
NOof shel/
rtnciffon
Be
To pto pouwn
AI
si2e SS
Na MA I"PJ, (antha noide cont
V. Si20 I p
si2e
V
A
yd ud
V V
CS Ba
sd
Bged )
sd May (data

( a ) o o-f s hey
M >A

minIp2
HermY
nox and
2110|2023 And out
He Ne
Be
IP Be
size /s2
 > Be (1ncosoc cf
Be (n )
(in: ) 8NeNet (In: )
ps
( N<P (Io:) ) Nat<NS (In)
) Lit
<he (Tn)
Applicotionof Ip
4) metalic Naturel Ractvity
(e toosing tudn ey ) ofmetal )

Li
nelallic Natore |Peaciuty
ge
Na
Top To own
mg si2e
K

Rb etoos ing
metai CNoctur
Ba

Paactiyityt
stabilty of oxdadion stat
A At
TP1
A+ IP, ATp
3f AT P\6 ten Iowe4
Cxidaion state is Syoble
 if OTP snewthen higheI
Oxikadioy ste tblo
/f valwe is getuueen Both tuee then tbuwet
lowerOxidat fon ctode table
Na |AAltIP =12:2v
Nat Aat2stP=42'7AtAlt2
Nat >Nqt?
L'0s> H'0°S Uo's>H°0'S
|Ait A|+2
At2AltS
At3 >At2
H"0's>L'0S
Tö-talsbi lity
tAA t >A|2
Detyrninevalencee (Ne) (NPIRS' (Ne) 3s

Valen ce e = NO Of louwey valwes of I p

efor ist Hiqhest jomp
|2

|DO 100

3 |SC 22 I 3o

Ve- 3
Math celumn
ns!
ng2
nsnp',
2,S10o
n n s, 6, 8125
leetoo
Electson affintty (E A) egain Enttalpy lsHe)
-Eneagy relased wnen One eeetoon is added
to te valence shel of galoUS isolated
atom.
Enesgy chaugcd during elactoon
Poocess Pn non as ele ctoon ganig.
galn ta!
Py

enegy rellase
Migy t e Mg)
dHeg = -ve
paoccs EXo.

gome mp poit
(enaally
s tiast eleeoon addtion psoess s xo
homie (Gept stable covfigutat'on)
Mgy te MT9)
(Ex capt steble )
 e-ef

flted Haf
*tos stable cofdquMtion iike fuilpaocess
filled te eecton addition fs rdot
M9) + e M9)
(Stable )
(t)
Poocess fndo
t Nte N

Ne+e Ne Pooels== End D

paf:f)

K9 formation of poly nagative Aniory or second electon

addtion proces s ndotusIvn Pe oueto ue
intea electeonie pulsYon
M7ó)
paocegs - Endoth|mic

-3
Endotemic
poces s
 I410]2023
) find ot fndo| {xo
( f +
e f (Exo)
Be +e- ge (Endo)
Nt e ’N (Endo)

Na Ngt + e-Endo|T·P)
> Ne Endo)
0+e ’o2 ( Endo ) Abdo,
(U ’e (Endo ) B
Exo
s-2 CEndo)
Nacl Na*+Ci- LEndo)
( Nat
’ Nacl(Exo)
factors affectina E:A
() Ze4f (Pesiod )
|EA Zef (+) cnARaF
(-)
A XA+A+2
(+) cHA RaE,Z eff ‘,EAT
Pb< Pb <P

Li Be B C N
X
Ne
(filed)
as'ep' ap' Qp4
(ffilleol )

Ne Be <N B<i<C< O<fff

(N)

EA of 2nd Peaiod f:A of 3 Peaiod

f
|sasp5 Isas'2pó 3sps

si20 >J.

Ppulsion > ‘
EA
1

EA osdes

AI P
|sth 6th

As Se BX Si2e
V
Sb Te
AlC to NCt.R1 paTA ASC 0d es
P A S )Sb N

C1>f) B r I

& wsite Dade of EA O3) egain fnalpy

witnesign
C,si , N, p N siscyp>N
3’ 2<ea
p2
O N, P, 0, S
o<ua2< S>o>P> N
3- P S
p3 p4

O,
3 S

H Relaion BI w I:P EA
()
EA
I: pofX EA ofx+
Nat T Pof Na E:A 0fNa
EA

EA x-
X EA ofx = I"p
"pofx
 f A y e ¬Aoff-
EA T:Poff
IP A

Elemut having least and most egain

&
Ertnalpy with (-) sign:

N c

#* Electoncgecfivity E'N)
Teadeny of a atom to attsa cftue Shased paircd efo
Coveletaly bonded moleeute.
iffeone bluU EA ad E'N
EA
Seegy rleaved when Tendeny of aaton to atattue
one tlo thonisadded| shard pored of electon in
to tue valance se! coveleutaly bonded molewule.
of garous isolated
tom

"tis an enesejeic ti non- enejeticteum

tesym
.EA hay avi Uuit Ies
.tsena ofEA Ps beud ofENTequ lay and doe
not rtqu lay aud
not dped! on fue con fiqvsat
ion:
ele ctronic configu
Yation:
factoas
affeciugE'N OK
R4E
4 cot
cHA o+2fet3 Dbt
-fgA<A<A+2 N
) ge<B<CK do
Pesiod
(t)(-)
0<ot tauthanoi Ht
(
2ffa fe<fePb
Zeff ENd Pb<
< ud
tion(6) S H£
D L
ENofB
) cont1
tion
B lqsoup
ACENOf
I Te covcra
dueto
-B A> nel
No
of >
st!Br se
Df s Toansit'on
A
EN fcl>
O>S> Odey
E:Nof
B NOof
A;
+ + AI
A If End fx- E'N
A if
4)
 Bxa8
f

tendony
Natue
N
30 A|IoS
=
Be )ndal
o8
Rb
k=
fnng Hasy
CHINA
se
ndiq
p04ter I
N Non MEalllc
6ond
t03
F gaining
Bo
B
A| of (Reacdivityof
cl>
on îcation NON
Be e f)
Bagd Rbo8 d
ENa
ko
foo pp!l
Na
A
 (
Gond
solasty(4
) 126
(23
120
Re-6-t0t*-i Heter
(A-B) pol
as
¬x-
H-f HBrY
H-I
V

|e6t
polas
2
MOxe Bond
Non
pol
a4 Polan
t1omoAEN=O
(AA) N2I2
copeund
of smin
fomwla)
Hanwyf
MOst OTonic
cnana
tfest
and
X
least
H-cLuot
Suffic out
Bfind
(x
 ot
find
yutuen
fowla)
|8)2
8)+"s(38-mic is
schoennakes
Hetesoaco stN
fe
O*09o?uand Te
H2
tse
H2S
V
(s"8- 4re tf? tR-E)
"919
in Stevensonand
is SbH3
l6 drBond
1tugth =SAt2
f
y
Eneorg
=
of olegtn
- B-L fx-
H-f 'H-I
H-Bx
JdA Bond V
(
 t DH
(Bae) Aid
t) d Clo-+nt
(tud
) Ton=
(
X0tHt '+OH
metal

Matuoe Ni

Ase Acidic
H2S
pasic for
thydsiox
ide,
)
(Ble
Nato-
H
and 4)
-for
Hudaide SH3
NH3PH3
NcUTe
Xto+H 40H
A
ic 09 Nat
ANd. Bs
H
 +-6=0 +3
Aidic
tor fo
So3Ha ENa
+4 V CLloV
VNa
sawee HoFS PaSo3 Acil e> oide
Hclou>
HBSoy
Noctuse cidíc Aand
-

0s
43 elemlt AdlicNaturt
> takin e(N
tuduy seo&
+6
Ds
N2 HOcI} AS20s> Se
4-6 d og NatuatuoxAd
(+)
+)-60
wth Nt B203 Bte
ox HOßT SbaOs Teo3 atUc‘Aioli c
idation
diff HIOy takivgetatingtendny-
(0g e
O"s HoI -toncm oT
-8=0 stt N20s
uy
t
 Metlloid *Amphotesçc
SnogSho NoTE
Mullken scaeEN
MulikenXM=
IP+EA which Pals which
Aid oaOde
plationsip
dlagonal wil Pbo
to cD
2 m
wp mp Rea |siAS,
8Xm ae Al203
S03 is tor
wi1 NOcOH2O
VaOs No,
almost diff obs
( te
Not (3 Mn
N2 o At Al
2fom
0s n toy s 03
simila pea 0 ces (X-2
e otne9s? soluble
Sb Zno
wih
in Po -Be
in
siz0 NaotHn Bass O
Sba
dueto Basie)
03
 Al wle,tae
at
wich
nole
BONDINGtuo to i
CHE
MICAL ction
Atom
B foR
o
adta
ion
wit
adom.tuo
of cAable f*0A foR
fo'A
foote
Atom
A foAnA-g
ng-eA
3--
a a
two
maket
e
PoButia)
(