PCEA KIKUYU SCHOOL OF NURSING

DEPARTMENT: Pre-Operative Theatre Technology

NAME: Eunice Akoth Ofwenje

ADMISSION NO: 036

COURSE NAME: Prevention of Nosocomial Infections

UNIT CODE: HE/CU/TT/CR/02/6/A

LECTURER: Ms. Rose

TASK: Surgical Instruments specification and their uses.

DATE: 2nd June, 2024

© June 2024
 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
Definition:
Surgical instruments are medical devices that are used during surgery or an operation to carry out
particular tasks or produce desired results. These can involve altering biological tissue or granting
access to see it.

Generally, there are ten (10) types of surgical instruments, depending on the use. These include:
Cutting and Dissecting Instruments, Suturing and Stapling Instruments, Dissecting Instruments,
Grasping or Holding Instruments, Dilating and Probing Instruments, Holding Instruments, Electric
and Mechanical Hemostatic Instruments, Aspirating and Suction Instruments and Handheld
Retractors.

Table 1: Shows Types of surgical instruments and their examples

S/No Instrument Uses Name of Instruments

1. Cutting and dissecting Scalpel, Scalpel-holders and scissors

instruments
2. Suturing and stapling Staplers/suture needles/needle holders
3. Dissecting instruments Elevators (Periosteum)/Forceps

4. Grasping or Holding
Forceps (Debakey forceps, Allis forceps,
Babcock forceps,
Kocher forceps)
Plain dissecting forceps, Tooth dissecting forceps
5. Dilating and probing Dilator/skier mini/OS finders
6. Holding Tenaculum forceps,
Towel clip,
Cheatle forceps
Bard parkers handles
7. Mechanical Hemostatic Artery forceps,
instruments Mosquito forceps,
Hemostatic clips.
8. Electric Hemostatic Cautery (Monopolar pencil/ hook/ spatula,
instruments Bipolar forceps), Etc.
9. Aspirating and sunctioning Cannula/Aspiration sunction tubes
10. Retractors and Exposing Langenbeck retractor,
i. Hand held retractors Deaver retractor,
ii. Self-retaining retractors Self-retaining retractor
Vaginal retractor
1. BARD PARKER HANDLE AND BLADES.
Another name for the Bard Parker handle is a "Scalpel handle". Its flat, ergonomic shape that
enhances fingertip control, and its slotted tip inserts and holds a blade in a static position. The
transverse ridges on the device's surfaces offer a secure grip while reducing the chance of slippage.
The blades can be changed, and the handles can often be reused.

Figure 1: Shows Blades No 10,11,12 and 15 fit in BP handle No 3 and Blades No 20,21,22,23,24
and 25 fit in BP handle No 4.
2. SCISSORS STRAIGHT/CURVED.
Dressing Scissors
Also known as bandage scissors. They are specifically
designed for cutting dressings, bandages, or clothing
close to skin without causing harm.

Iris Scissors
Iris scissors used in a wide range of applications like
delicate tissue dissection, cutting fine sutures, or
removing delicate ocular tissues.

Metzenbaum Scissors
Metzenbaum scissors are commonly used for delicate
tissue dissection and are ideal for cutting and dissecting
thin and soft tissues or thin membranes.

Mayo Scissors are used for heavier tissue dissection,

such as cutting fascia or muscle.

Figure 2: Shows curved and straight Scissors

Cord cutting scissors are non-ratcheted, finger ring scissors used for cutting the umbilical cord.
these scissors feature wide, flat, curved blades. they are typically used without clamping the
umbilical cord because the curvature of the blades holds the cord in place.
Heath stitch cutting scissor is used for different purposes, such as cutting of the gums, sutures or
bandages. With smooth or toothed/serrated blades and pointed or beveled tips for specific different
surgical purposes.

Episiotomy scissors is a high quality cut scissors, It has a slender sharp double-bevelled blade for
precise cutting, it is Shorted flat blunt blade for support, Sharp blades facilitate insertion in to the
vagina

Cuticle scissors. They are used to remove the excess skin in the nail bed. Sharp, pointed and slim
tips allow to reach the cuticle easily. Since the cuticle protects the nail from infections, sharp cuticle
scissors help cut only the dead skin without cutting anything else.
3. NEEDLES

i. Traumatic cutting type needle: These are a type of surgical

needle that are used to penetrate dense, irregular, and thick
tissues. They can be used for tough tissues like skin and sternum.
ii. Cutting Needle: With a very sharp edge, cutting needles provide
simple penetration. These come in a variety of forms, and the
surgical site will determine which sort of needle is best. For
example, the uterus, ligaments, and scar tissues are sutured using
tapering needles, whereas the fascia, ligaments, and tendons are
sutured with reverse cutting needles.

Figure 3: Shows different types of Needles

iii.Round body needle: Round-body needles are used in surgery for procedures that involve
tissues that are easy to penetrate, such as tendon repair, abdominal fascial closure, and
friable tissues like the liver and kidney. The blunt point of a round-body needle dilates
instead of cutting, which can help prevent bleeding and injury.
iv. Atraumatic needle: Theses are a particular kind of blunt-tipped needle that can be used
for lumbar punctures and single-shot regional anaesthesia, among other procedures.
Instead of severing dural fibres, their design separates them, potentially leading to fewer
problems and less leakage.
v. Straight Needle: The majority of situations that require straight needles can be handled
with the fingers. Straight suture needles are commonly employed to secure arterial and
venous catheters to the skin.
4. NEEDLE HOLDER
A needle holder is also called a needle driver or needle forcep. It is a
surgical tool used to grip and handle suturing needles. They are frequently
employed in ligations, wound closure, and other re-anastomosis-related
treatments.
Figure 4: Shows Needle Holder
5. SURGICAL STAPLER

Surgical stapler are surgical instruments that are used to insert staples into wounds and tissues. They
can be applied to; Large wounds and incisions, such as scalpel wounds, facial wounds, and scalp
incisions, can be closed by surgical staplers.

Figure 5: Shows a surgical stapler

6. HEMOSTATIC FORCEPS (PEAN/KELLY/MOSQUITO FORCEPS)

Hemostatic forceps are surgical equipment used to stop blood vessel bleeding by clamping the artery.
Before tying off blood flow, they are employed during procedures to clamp skin, tissues, or the ends
of vessels. They include Mosquito forceps, Kelly Forceps and Pean Forceps
Figure 6: Shows Types of Hemostatic Forceps including Mosquito, Kelly and Pean Forceps

a) Mosquito forceps
Also known as Halsted mosquito forceps, these forceps are used in surgery for delicate
procedures in areas with limited space. They can be either straight or curved.
b) Kelly forceps
Also known as Kelly hemostatic forceps, these forceps are larger and less delicate than
mosquito forceps. They are often used to clamp large blood vessels, manipulate heavy tissue,
or dissect soft tissue. They come either straight or curved in in appearance.
c) Pean forceps
Also known as Rochester-Pean forceps or hemostatic forceps, are surgical instruments used
to clamp blood vessels and other tissues during a variety of procedures. They are similarly,
either straight or curved.

7. TISSUE FORCEPS
Tissue forceps are surgical instruments used to grasp, hold, and manipulate tissue during surgical
procedures. They can also be used to remove foreign debris from wounds, support tissues while
making incisions, and grasp suture materials and needles.
a. Allis tissue forceps
 Allis tissue forceps, also called Allis clamps, to access internal organs
and structures while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. They
can be used to grasp, hold, move, lock and position tissue into a specific
position.

Figure 7: Shows an Allis tissue forceps

b. Babcock tissue forceps

Babcock Tissue Forceps are designed for laparotomy and intestinal
surgical procedures · Also used to grasp delicate tissue, internal organs
and large blood vessels.

Figure8: Shows a Babcock tissue forceps

c. Tenaculum forceps

Tenaculum Forceps is a surgical instrument used in gynecological

procedures to grip, hold, and manipulate soft tissues. It is commonly
used in surgeries such as hysterectomies, fallopian tube ligation, and
endometrial biopsies

Figure 9: Shows a Tenaculum forceps

d. Gillies forceps
Gillies Dissecting Forceps is a multipurpose surgical instrument used
for grasping delicate tissues. Its narrow profile gives it a special role in
deep dissection. Commonly used during general, cardiovascular and
gynaecological surgeries.

Figure 10: Shows a Gillies forceps

 e. Debakey Forceps
Debakey Forceps for Tissue Dissection are commonly used for grabbing blood vessels and other
small tissues.

Figure 11: Shows a Debakey forceps

f. Cheatle forceps

Cheatle forceps, or Cheatle sterilizing forceps, are used to remove

sterilized instruments from cabinets and boilers without
contaminating other areas.

Figure 12: Shows a Cheatle forceps

g. Towel clamps
Surgical towel clamps are used to fasten surgical drapes or towels
during procedures so that they don't shift or slip. These clamps are
made to be dependable and provide a firm hold without causing any
harm to textiles.

Figure 13: Shows a Towel Champs

8. RETRACTORS AND EXPOSING

Surgical retractor devices, often referred to as retracting and exposing instruments, are used in
surgery to hold back organs, tissue, muscle, or bone in order to reveal the surgical site. They aid in
the surgeon's ability to see the operative field without causing tissue damage. Additionally, retractor
can hold incisions or wounds open while the physician does surgery and shield organs from
unintentional damage.

a) Hand Held Retractors

i. Deavers: commonly used in for retraction of the right lobe of the liver, retraction of the
left lobe of the liver and kidney operation to retract the anterior abdominal wall
Figure 14: Shows Deavers retractors

ii. Richardson Retractor:

Is a handheld, retractor used for holding back multiple layers of deep tissue. This retractor is often
used in appendectomy procedures, as well as Cesarean Sections and Laparotomy.

Figure 15: Shows Richardson retractors

iii. Langen Beck
Langen beck is a surgical tool used to hold back tissues and organs
beneath an incision so that body parts beneath it can be accessible,
or it can be used to separate the borders of a wound or incision.
It is frequently employed during goiter surgery.

Figure 16: Shows a Langen Beck

iv. Skin Retractors/Wound.

Skin retractors are hand held retractors with one or smaller, sharp
hooks designed to hook into the dermis without trauma to the
epidermis and are used primarily for wound retraction.

Figure 17: Shows a pair of Skin/Wound retractors

v. Self-retaining Skin Retractors

Used for mastoid surgery and head, neck surgeries for example Tracheostomy and thyroidectomy.

Figure 18: Shows a pair of Self-retaining retractors

b) Self-retaining Retractors
Self-retaining retractors have unlocking mechanisms that spread
the edges of the incision, hold additional tissue in place, and
keep the blades apart and in position freeing up the hands of the
surgeon and assistant to perform other activities. Self retractors
are useful in preventing fatigue of the team for long procedures.

Figure 19: Shows Self-retaining retractors

9. DILATING PROBING INSTRUMENTS

Probes can be used to enter a natural opening, like a bile duct. Or they might dilate, or expand an
opening, to provide access to a narrow passage. Probes, scope, speculum and probes are also used to
search for foreign objects during surgery.
a. Scopes
Scope usually lighted, it is inserted into a body cavity or vessel to visualize
the internals

Figure 20: Shows a Scope

b. Speculum
A speculum is an instrument used to examine hollow openings in the body, like your vagina, ears or
nostrils.
i) Vaginal speculum ii) Nasal speculum
Figure 21: Shows i) a Vaginal Speculum and ii) a Nasal Speculum

c. Probes

Surgical probes are long, thin rods with a blunt bulb at the tip, used to guide,
investigate, and manipulate tissue. They can also be used to enlarge fascia
incisions, investigate lesions, and determine the depth of cavities.

Figure 22: Shows Probes

10. ORTHOPEDIC MALLET

Orthopedic mallets are a commonly used orthopedic instrument used
in a variety of surgical procedures. Orthopedic mallets are used in
combination with a chisel, gouge or osteotome when driving a nail or
screw into the bone.

Figure 23: Shows Orthopedic mallet.

11. ORTHOPEDIC BONE DRILL

Orthopedic Bone Drills are used to make hole in the bone so as to

enable insertion of nails, screws, etc., Known as Orthopedic Twist
Drills also, these Surgical Bone Drills are used very commonly during
surgeries.

Figure 24: Shows Orthopedic Bone Drill

12. GALLI POT

Gallipots are designed for general use in theaters, surgical

procedures and other similar medical facilities. Gallipot is
stainless steel container to sterilize and clean dressings
and Useful for holding ointments and medicine.

Figure 25: Shows Galli Pot

13. KIDNEY DISH

Kidney dish is a shallow basin with a kidney-shaped base and

sloping walls used in medical and surgical wards to receive soiled
dressings and other medical waste.

Figure 26:Shows a Kidney dish

14. TROCA

Trocars are used during laparoscopic procedures and other minimally

invasive surgery (MIS) to make small, puncture like incisions in outer
tissue layers. These incisions allow surgeons to insert cannulas through
which surgical instruments can be introduced.

Figure 27: Shows a Troca

15. SAWS
The orthopedic oscillating saw is a precision instrument designed for surgical procedures involving
hip & joint Replacement. Crafted with meticulous engineering.
Figure 28: Shows different types of Saws

16. ASPIRATING AND SUCTION INSTRUMENTS.

Aspiration machine or aspirators, are used to extract gases or liquids from a patient's internal
cavities. The mouth, lungs, or skull are examples of these cavities, and the liquids or gasses
inside can be secretions such as mucus, blood, saliva, vomit, serum, or other secretions. It is
frequently utilized to open a patient's airway.
Suctioning tools come in both disposable and portable forms. Accessories like batteries,
cannisters, and suction bags may be included.
a. Suction tube b. Aspiration curette
Figure 29: Shows a. Suction tube and b. Aspiration Curette

OPERATING THEATRE ROOM EQUIPMENTS

Electrosurgical pencil.

It is a type of medical device which is used to cut and coagulate

biological tissues. It is mainly used in electrosurgery procedures.
Through the usage of electrosurgical pencils, the surgeon can control the
bleeding via Radio Frequency alternating current.

Figure 30: shows an electrosurgical pencil

Mayo table

A mayo table is a vital piece of equipment for any medical facility that
performs surgical procedures. It is used to hold instruments and supplies
during surgery, and is an essential component of the operating room
setup.

Figure 31: shows a mayo table

Operating table
Operating tables, also known as surgical tables, are
essential pieces of equipment used in hospitals and
other healthcare facilities for a variety of surgical
procedures. They provide a stable and secure platform
for patients to lie on during a procedure, allowing the
surgical team to keep the patient in place and operate
effectively.
Figure 32: shows an operating table

Operating theatre lights

The primary function of surgical lighting is to illuminate

the incision site on and/or within a patient for ideal
visualization by OR staff during a surgical procedure.
With proper lighting, operating room staff can achieve a
higher level of efficacy during surgery and reduce the
risk of complications.

Figure 33: shows an Operating light

Patient monitor

Patient monitors are used for continuous measurement of

patient parameters such as heart rate and rhythm, respiratory
rate, blood pressure, blood-oxygen saturation and many other
parameters to take care of critically ill patients.

Figure 34: shows a patient monitor

Anesthesia machine

Anesthesia machines are equipped with ventilators that

in many cases are capable of providing life-sustaining
mechanical ventilation to patients with respiratory
failure.
1. One must verify that an emergency ventilation
equipment is available and functioning, to act as a
backup plan.
2. High Pressure system oxygen cylinder supply must
be checked. To do this, the cylinder is opened and
verified whether it is at least half full (about 1000
psig) and closed.
3. The central pipeline supplies is checked, including the hoses to make sure the gauge is at 50
psig.
Figure 35: shows an anesthesia machine
4. The initial status of a low-pressure system is checked by closing flow control valves,
checking the fill level and tightening vaporizers’ filler caps.
5. The leak check of the machine’s low-pressure system is checked by ensuring that the
machine master switch and flow control valves are off. The suction bulb is attached to
common (fresh) gas outlet and squeezed repeatedly until fully collapsed. A verification of the
bulb is done, to ensure that it stays collapsed for at least 10 seconds. The vaporizer is opened,
 one at a time, and this bulb squeezes-step repeated one more time. The suction bulb is then
removed and the fresh gas hose reconnected.
6. The machine’s master switch, and any other necessary electrical equipment is turned on.
7. Flowmeters are tested by: Adjusting flow of all gases through their full range, checking for
smooth operation of floats and undamaged flow tubes. An attempt to create a hypoxic O 2/N2O
mixture and verification of correct changes in flow and/or alarm, is done.
8. The scavenging system is adjusted and checked by: ensuring proper connections between the
scavenging system and both APL (pop-off) valve and ventilator relief valve. The waste gas
vacuum is adjusted (if possible). The APL valve is then fully opened and the Y-piece
occluded. With minimum O2 flow, the scavenger reservoir bag is allowed to collapse
completely and a verification done to ensure that the absorber pressure gauge reads about
zero. With the O2 activated, the scavenger reservoir bag is allowed to distend fully, and then
the absorber pressure gauge verified to read <10 cm H2O.
9. The breathing system’s calibrator O2 monitor is confirmed to be reading21% in room air. The
low O2 alarm is verified and confirmed to be enabled and functional. Sensor is then
reinstalled in the circuit and the breathing system flushed with O 2. The monitor is then
verified to confirm that it now reads greater than 90%.
10. The initial status of the breathing system is then checked by: setting the selector switch to
Bag mode. The breathing system is checked to ensure that it is complete, undamaged and
unobstructed. The CO2 absorbent is checked to verify that it is adequate. The breathing
circuit accessory equipment are then installed (e.g. humidifier, PEEP Valve) to be used
during the case.
11. A leak check of the breathing system is then performed by: Setting all gas flows to zero (for
minimum). Closing APL (pop-off) valve and occluding Y-piece. Pressurizing the breathing
system to about 30 cm H2O with O2 flush. Ensuring that the pressure remains fixed for at
least 10 seconds and opening APL (pop-off) valve and ensuring that the pressure decreases.
12. The manual and automatic ventilation systems are tested. This includes the ventilation
systems and the unidirectional valves. This is done by placing a second breathing bag on the
Y-piece, and setting the appropriate ventilator parameters for the next patient. The mode is
then switched to automatic-ventilation (ventilator) mode. The ventilator is turned on and fill
bellows and breathing bag with O2 flush. The O2 flow is set to minimum and the other gas
flow to zero. A verification that during inspiration bellows, a delivery of appropriate tidal
volumes happens and that during expiration, bellows fill completely. The proper action of
unidirectional valves is then checked, and the breathing circuit’s accessories exercised to
ensure proper function. The ventilator is then turned off and switched to manual ventilation
(Bag/APL) mode. A manual ventilation is performed, ensuring inflation and deflation of
artificial lungs and appropriate feel of system resistance and compliance. The second
breathing bag is then removed from the Y-Piece.
13. On the Monitors, a check, calibration and/or setting of alarm limits of all monitors:
capnograph, pulse oximeter, O2 analyzer, respiratory-volume monitor (spirometer), pressure
monitor with high and low airway-pressure alarms are set.
14. On the final position: The final status of the machine is checked including, vaporizers off,
APL valve open, Selector switch to bag mode, all flowmeters to zero (for minimum), patient
suction level adequate and breathing system ready to use.

 Oxygen source—Patients will need help breathing while under and oxygen is important.
 Oxygen flowmeter—The flowmeter keeps the flow of oxygen at a set point.
 Vaporizer—The vaporizer takes the liquid form of the anaesthetic and transforms it into a vapor,
so the patient can inhale it.
 Patient breathing circuit—This is how the anaesthetic is delivered to the patient, usually a
combination of a hose and face mask that fits over the patient’s nose and mouth.
 Scavenging system—This removes any excess gases from the machine and prevents it from
contaminating the immediate atmosphere.
 Heads-up display—A monitor on the machine allows doctors and technicians to track the flow of
the gases and make sure the flow is consistent. Any fluctuations in the flow will appear on the
screen and alert the technician.

Defibrillator

Although defibrillators will not always be necessary in every surgery,

having one on hand can greatly reduce the amount of time it takes
your medical team to respond in case of an emergency.

Figure 36: shows a defibrillator

SURGERY SET PACKS

From time to time, the above equipment exists in groups meant to perform a common surgery.
Examples of these groups include:
 General Surgery Set
 Dressing Set
 Dental Set
 Orthopedic Set
 Opthamic Surgery Set
 Delivery Set and
 Laparotomy Set
I) General Surgery set

All of the medical surgical instruments required for open abdominal or general surgery
procedures in any hospital or clinic are included in this major surgery instruments kit. This
package includes: Sponge Forceps Straight Serrated 9.50″, Backhaus Towel Clamp 5.25″, Knife
Handle # 3, Knife Handle # 4, Knife Handle # 7, Mayo Scissors Straight 6.75″, Mayo Scissors
Curved 6.75″, Metzenbaum Scissors Curved 7.00″, Operating Scissors Straight Sharp/Blunt
5.50″, Suture Scissors, Dressing Forceps 5.50″, Dressing Forceps 8″, Tissue Forceps 1×2 Teeth
5.50″, Tissue Forceps 1×2 Teeth 8.00″, Allis Tissue Forceps 5×6 Teeth 6.26″, Babcock Tissue
Forceps 6.25″, Halsted Mosquito Forceps Straight 5.00″, Halsted Mosquito Forceps Curved
5.00″, Crile Forceps Straight 6.25″, Crile Forceps Curved 6.25″, Rochester-Pean Forceps
Curved 6.25″, Rochester-Ochsner Forceps Straight 6.25″, Kelly Retractor Small, Kelly Retractor
Medium, Kelly Retractor Large, Deaver Retractor 2″, Volkman Retractor 4 Prong Blunt 9″,
Volkaman Retractor 6 Prong Blunt 9″, Cushing Vein Retractor, U.S Army Retractor, Balfour
Retractor 7″ Spread, Probe With Eye 5.50″, Pool Suction Tube Straight, Mayo Hegar Needle
Holder 6″ and Mayo Hegar Needle Holder 7″
 Figure 37: Shows the General Surgery Set Pack instruments

II) Dressing Set

These set comprises of 2 Dissecting forceps straight ½ teeth 130mm, 1 Forceps sinus 180mm, 2
dissecting Forceps straight plain 115mm, 1 Forceps sponge holding 200 mm, 1 Straight Mayo
Scissors 150mm,1 30. Dressing Scissors straight 165mm, 1 Ligature Scissors spencer 130mm, 2
Kidney dishes 24 cm and 1 instrument container s/s with cover300x200x50mm
Figure 38: Shows Dressing Set instruments

III) Dental set

This set comprises of Lucas Curettes, Aspirating Syringe, Bone Well, Adson Tweezers, Adson
Kocher Tweezers, Scapel Handle #3, Molt-9 Elevator, Prichard Elevator Blue, Probe CP 11,
Debakey Tweezers, Minnesota Retractor, Mayo Hegar Needle Holder, Goldman Fox Scissors TC,
Mirror #5 with Handle, Sterilization Instrument Box and Backhaus Towel Clamp
Figure 39: Shows Dental instrument set

IV) Orthopedic Set

The orthopedic pack comprises of: Retractor 8 1/2" One Sharp Prong, Steel Ruler, Suction Tube 8
Fr, Suction Tube 12 Fr, Stille Rongeur 7" 4x15mm Bite Curved, Hemostatic Forceps 7 1/2" Slight
Curved, Bone Cutting Forceps Angled Jaw 7 1/2", Stille Luer Rongeur 8 1/2" Curved 10mm Double
Action, Kern Bone Holding Forcep 8 1/2" Without Ratchet, Lambotte Bone Holding Forcep 10 1/2"
Swivel Head Adjustable Jaw With Ratchet, Lane Bone Forcep 13" Standard 2x2 Teeth Serrated Jaws
With Ratchet Maximun Opening 34mm, Lowman Bone Clamp 5" Jaws 1x2 Maximum Cap Opening
1",Lowman Bone Clamp 8" Jaws 1x2 Maximum Cap Opening 2 1/2", Ferguson Angiotribe Forceps
Curved 6 1/2", Hibbs Osteotome 9" Straight 1/4" (6mm), Hibbs Osteotomes 9" Curved 3/8" (10mm),
Hibbs Osteotome 9" Straight 1/2" (13mm), Hibbs Osteotomes 9" Curved 5/8" (16mm), Hibbs
Osteotome 9" Straight 3/4" (19mm), Hibbs Osteotomes 9" Curved 1" (25mm), Hibbs Osteotomes 9"
Straight 1 1/8" (29mm), Hibbs Gouge 9 1/2" Straight 1/4", Hibbs Gouge 9 1/2" Curved 3/8", Knife
Handle No 3, Knife Handle No 4, Mayo Hegar Needle Holder Serrated 8", Mayo Scissors Curved 5
1/2", Mayo Scissors Straight 6 3/4", Mayo Scissors Curved 6 3/4", Metzenbaum Scissors Straight 7",
Esmarch Plaster Shears 8", Thumb Tissue Forceps 1x2 Teeth 6", Tissue Forceps 4x5 Teeth 6",
Adson Forceps 1x2 Teeth 4 3/4", Crile Hemostatic Forceps Curved 5 1/2", Rochester Ochsner
Forceps Straight 8", Backhaus Towel Clamp 5 1/4", Mayo Scissors Straight 5 1/2", Crile Wood
Needle Holder Jaws Serrated 8", Retractor 9 1/2" 3 1/2" X 2" Large, Retractor 9 1/2" 2" X 5/8"
Small, Retractor Four Blunt Prongs 1 1/2" x 1 5/8" 9", Retractor Ring Handle 8 3/4" Four Sharp
Prongs, Retractor Ring Handle 8 3/4" Four Blunt Prongs, Retractor Small 9 1/2", Retractor Large 9
1/2", Retractor 9 1/4" 1" X 3" Blade and Retractor Hinged 4x4 Teeth 12 1/2" 3/4" X 1" Sharp
Figure 40: Shows example Orthopedic Surgery equipment Set

V) Opthamic Surgery Set

This set comprises of Micro Rehxis Forcep, Chopper, Tying Forceps, Rehxis Forceps, Needle
Holders, Vannas Scissor Angled, Westcort Scissors, Canula-23G, 22G and 21G and Liberman

Figure 41: Shows example Opthalmic Surgery equipment Set

 vi. Cataract surgical set

Figure 42: Shows example cataract Surgery equipment Set