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Physics Module-2
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rg,WQ p$ufpsryfuJopuruqpempurypry(l

Physics Module-2
 PHYSTCS
ll[oduIe-2
ENGINEERING
Work, Power and Energy
Center of Mass and Conservation of Linear Momentum
Rotafional Dynamics
Gravitation
Fluids
Simple Harmonic Motion
 GONTENTS
7. WORK, POWER & ENERGY 10. GRAVITATION

Theory 7.1 Theory 10.1

Exercise-l 7.24 Exercise-l 10.26

Exercise-2 7.29 Exercise-2 10.30

Exercise-3 7.35 Exercise-3 10.36

Exercise4 7.38 Exercise-4 10.38

Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAIN) 7.48 Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAII.D 10.47

Archives: (LAQs) (JEE ADVANCED) 7.50 Archives: (LAQs) (JEE ADVANCED) 10.48

Answer Key 7.54 Answer Key 10.s0

8. CENTER OF MASS & CONSERVATION 11. FLUIDS

OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
Theory il.1
Theory 8.1
Exercise-l fi.20
Exercise-l 8.24
Exercise-2 11.26
Exercise-2 8.28
Exercise-3 n.32
Exercise-3 8.34

8.37
Exercise4 11.35
Exercise-4

Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAIN) 8.48 Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAIN) 11.44

Archives: (LAQs) (JEE ADVANCED) 8.49 Archives: (LAQs) (JEE ADVANCED) n.45

Answer Key 8.52 Answer Key r 1.48

9. ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS 12. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Theory 9.1 Theory t2.t

Exercise-l 9.29 Exercise-l 12.26

Exercise-2 9.36 Exercise-2 12.32

Exercise-3 9.46 Exercise-3 12.41

Exercise4 9.49 Exercise4 t?,.43

Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAIN) 9.60 Archives: (LAQs) (JEE MAII\[) t2.54
Archives: (LAQs) (JEE ADVANCED) 9.62 Archives: (LAQs) (JEE ADVANCED) 12.56

Answer Key 9.66 Answer Key 12.60

 Chnprrn

7
Work, Power & Energy
1. CALCULATION OF WORK Solution:
7,7 WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE Displacement of the particle is
F
S : (: -z)i +(o-3);'lm : (?-:i)m
t
I
Path of obiect
'. w- F.3: t:i++iX?-li)'n :-er
F Special Cases
A constant force F acts on an object, while it has a tr'orce and displacement are paralleVperpendicular
I
displacement y'.
F
Work done by force F is given as F

'' :1,;,0: F (rcos o) W: F.V:Frcos0o:Fr

Force and displacement are in same direction: positive
This can be understood in the following manner. work
-----_r cos 0 I
F
:---\--- }1
I F F
Path ol object
I
(
W= F .7 = Frcos l80o:-Fr
F Force and displacement are in opposite direction: negative
Work done by the force F is the product of the force F work
with the displacement of the object along the direction of F F
I
force with an appropriate sign.
Sign is ths +ve if force and displacement component
along force are in same direction, otherwise it is -ve.
W= F.i :Fr cos90o:0
.6 ffiost Valuoble Points Force and displacement are perpendicular: zero work

O For a constant force the work done only depends on

displacement along the direction of force, not the For the following cases , comment on the sign of the
actual path ofthe object work done by the forces shown in the diagram
(s) Work done by Normal force, gravity and
7 friction when a body slides on a horizontal
A particle is moved by a force F = 1fi + 4j; N from rough surface.

point (2 m, 3 m) to (3 m, 0 m) in X-Y plane. Find the (D) Work done by the tension and gravity as a
work done by the force on the particle. pendulum swings in the vertical plane
7.2 Physics

(c) Work done by gravity and lifting force as we Solution:

lift a mass vertically up
Solutian:
(a) Consider a body sliding over a horizontal surface. (e)
N j* h1
h2

I
lnital Final

Salution:
mg

The work done by the force of gravity and the

(o)
reaction of the surface will be zero. This is
because both the force ofgravity and the reaction mg mg
act normally to the displacement. The work done The gravitational force is always perpendicular
by the frictional force is negative. This is because to displacement. W
o^ri,
:0
the frictional force acts in a direction opposite to
that of the displacement.

(b) The tension in the string of a mg

(b)
simple pendulum is always
perpendicular to displacement.
(Figure). So, work done by the
tension is zero. T
mg
The work done by gravity will
be *ve if the pendulum is going Gravitational force acts opposite to the
down and -ve if it is going up displacemenl. W
s,uuiry
is negative

(c) When a load is lifted, the lifting force and the WgruuitY: - mgl
displacement act in the same direction. So, work
done by the lifting force is positive.
When a body is lifted, the work done by the
gravitational force is negative. This is because (c) r

the gravitational force acts vertically downwards

while the displacement is in the vertically
upwards direction.
mg
Gravitational force is a constant force. Word
3 done by gravity does not depend on path by
Calculate the work done by gravity in the following only the displacement in the direction of force
cases: that displacement has a magnitude '/'and is in
m
I opposite direction to gravitational force
(a) (b) I
Is Wg'uuitY: -mg I

m
mg R

@
(c) tI Spherical Surface

I mg

Displacement in the direction of gravitational

R force is R in downward direction. (same as
@ gravity)

Spherical Surface Wgr^uitv= *mgR

 Work, Power & EnergY 7.3

Work done by friction,

hr- hr
= {pr zg cos 0) /
Wfri"tior= -l\mg (/ cos 0)
h2
(e) = _pkmg x
h1
This results can be generalised
lnital Wnr*= -rng(h, - h,) Final
tn
W*"rioo

.d lnost Voluobte Points = -lt*mg (x, + x, + 4)

o Work done by gravity does not depend on the path

traversed by the object. It only depends on the net
displacement along the direction of gravitational {-x1*X2*x3-}
force.
(c) Based on part (b) work done by friction is -po zgx
4
lmportdnt points obout work:
Calculate work done due to friction in the following
cases: l. Work done by a force is a scalar quantity. It's SI unit
is Nm.

(a)
2. Work done could be positive, zero or negative.
Rough 3. Work is done by the source or agent that applies the
force.
4. Work is defined for an interval or displacement.
There is no term like instantaneous u'ork similar to
(b) instantaneous velocitY.
5. For a particular displacement, work done by a force
is independent of type of motion i.e' whether it
G-x--+> moves with constant velocity, constant acceleration
or retardation etc.
6. For a particular displacement work is independent
of time. Work will be same for same displacement
(c) whether the time taken is small or large.
7. A force is independent of reference frame. The
displacement depends on frame, therefore work
done by a force can be different in different
reference frames.
Solution:
I 8. Effect of work is change in kinetic energy of the
particle or system.
(a)
Work done by more than one force
pr m9 ttr< m9
F3

Kinetic friction acts opposite to the displacement F1

Wfti"tion: -F1rmg I
F2 F3

fk

(b)
An object is has a displacement I . Constant force F, F,
{-x---------------- and { are acting onthe object.

fr-- VrY : Vrmg cos 0

[/, : Work done on the object by force Ft: F,';
7.4 Physics

Wr:Work done on the object by force F, : F2 r W: T.x .(2)

7, = Work done on the object by force { : E r where *= ! oP .(3)
Total work done by all the forces 2
Puttingx and lfrom (3) in (2), we obtain T
=Wr*Wz+Wt:1.; + 4.; *Fr.;
I
W: m(g+ a) at2 a
,d most Voluable Points 2 )
mg
o NWhen several forces act, work done by a force for
= w::@+a)aP
a particular displacement is independent of other
forces.
7
For example: Work done by 4 ir 4.i and is not
A horizontal force F very slowly lifts the bob of a
dependent on other forces d or d
simple pendulum of length L from a vertical position
to a point at which the string makes an angle 0o to
5
the vertical. Find the work done by
(r) Findworkdoneby
force F on A F=120N
100m
(a) Tension (6) Gravity (c) f,'orce F'
A
during 100 m Solution:
displacement. (a) Tension is always perpendicular to the instantaneous
(r, Find work done by force tr'on B during 100 mi displacement along the
displacement. I
circular path.
(alf) Find work done by normal reaction on n anO nl w. .
Ienslon -0 /sine
J
during the given displacement. (b) Net displacement along ,_,^^- + F

vertical (in direction of ' ''""

I
ol
Salution:
F mg
(r) (We)on,t= FAS cos 0 gravitational force) is
equalto/-/cos0 mg
= 120 x 100 cos 0o
Wg,^rity: -mg (/ - / cos 0)
= 12000 J
(c) Force F is a constant force. Displacement along the
(,r) (wr)oor= 0 4 rnls2
direction offorce F is / sin 0
'.' F does not act on I N 10 kg
We: +F (/ sin 0)
(iii) N:10x4=40N B

(Wu)oos: 40 x 100 x cos 0o 1 20 kg 40

1.2 WORK DONE BY A VARIABLE FORCE
: 4000 J
A When the magnitude and direction of a force vary in
three dimensions, it can be expressed as a function of
(WN)o,,q: 40 x 100 x cos 180' : - 4000 J , the position. For a variable force, work is calculated for
infinitely small displacement and for this displacement
force is assumed to be constant
A block of mass m is suspended dW: F .d;
by a light thread from an elevator. The total work done will be sum of all the infinitely small
The elevator is accelerating upward
with uniform acceleration a. Find
the work done during the first .t,
I
m
1"
workdW

wn-r:Fai:ftrcoso)ds
BB

seconds by the tension in the thread.

In terms of rectangular Jornoon"n,j
Salution:
Let the block moves up with an acceleration a F : r.i+F,)+r,i,
Fr"r:T-mg:ma
T: m{6+ a)
ai : axi+dyi +dzi
.(l ) xB la za
Now the work done W by the tension I wn-r:
block through a distance x is given as,
in displacing the
I r"ar* [ r,a** I r,*
xt ft z,
 Work, Power & Energy 7.5

I When spring goes to/from relaxed state to elongated/

A particle moves along the x-axis from x = 0 to compressed state, the magnitude of the work done is
.r = 5 m under the influence of a force F(in .l[) given :- 1

by F = 3* -?.rc * 7. Calculate the work done by this '2 k2.

alwavs

force. Relaxed length

.li{:}li.{i-:*ff Wspring
1
k'
W: Pa-
5

= 135 J
'+x+ )
l{1"'-2x+l\dx
0
Elongated
Wsplng + kx
2

) 2

I W"pring l(x
2

An object is displaced form position vector Compressed <-x+i )

i=(Zi+Slm to [=tlj+O[)m under a force )
W.spnng +
2
kx

6 = 13x'i + ZylN Find the work done by this force.

Sign of the work:
Solution:
Displacement of end point of spring and spring force are
i i
w-l vfr: I (t*'i +zyi) @xi + dyi) in same direction, then work done by spring is positive.
Otherwise, it is negative.
\ 4

:I 4

2
3x2 &+ I
Y.=6

h=3
zydy:83J
F
F"o
+ve

JF xi
I kl)a
Special Cases j-0uu1r01N i

(l) Force has a constant magnitude, but is tangential

tffi i
<_ ds
to path
F

( B +ve
-xi
( d5
/o - x.,-

79

.& : r a' tF ltEl Find the work done when a spring which is already
dw: F
compressed by x, from its relaxed length is stretched
w: lo* : lra' till the elongation is xr.
5*lutian:
r las
:F(length of pathAB) Method I
(il) Force has a variable magnitude , but along a
<+x.

fixed direction I

l-xzJ
We can take the example of the spring force.
I

Natural length of spring is /0. I

I
I
I
We compress spring by x from natural length. x=0

F:toi dW: F.A

aS : @x) t-i> U, is *ve as x is increasing) : -bi.dxi:-bdx
dw: F .dS =trlci .d*(-i) : - b x2

w"p;w: [0, :
dx
Workdone in compressing spring by xr is
l-wa*
-rl

-
law :- lueax=--tc-,
'L 1,2 =!t*-
2' 2'
!6
)--J2r
7.6 Physics

Method 2 77

W"piog: W"p*e(x, -+ relaxed) The figure shows the force-displacement graph

of a moving body, what is the work done by
+ I/.r** (relaxed -+ xr) this force in displacing body from x : 0 to
1., l-b? x=35m?
: + :ls?
2 -' 2"
15

7,3 AREA UNDER FORCE DISPLACEMENT CURVE ?,0

o
(,)
Graphically area under the force-displacement is the work
o
done LL 5
work
Fx
0 5 10152025 303540
Displacement (m)
---)x Solution
W = Area under given graph from.r = 0 to x : 35
Fy +ve work
: rr-+x5x5
)"eo+40)x
-ve work
575
The work done can be positive or negative as per the area =_J
2
above the x-axis or below the x-axis respectively.

gravity during the time block comes to the bottom.

1. Particle moves from position ir=3i +2j -At to
ngh
position iz=l4i+l3i+ei under the action of (a) -i , mgh (b) 0, mgh
force. (4f +j+f ie)N. The work done by this force
msh
will be (c) 0, ---=- (d) mqh cos 0, mgi sin 0
(a) 100 J (D) 50 J
(c) 200 J (d) 7s J 5. A force acing on a particle varies with the
displacement x as F: ax - b* where a : I N/m and
2. The work done in slowly pulling up a block of wood
D = I N/m2. The work done by this force for the first
weighing 2 kN for a length of l0 m on a smooth
plane. inclined at an angle of 30o with the horizontal one metre. (F is in Newton, x is in metre) is
by a force parallel to the incline is (a) tt6 J (b) 2t6l
@) a36kr (b) l0 kJ (c) 316 J (d) none of these
(c) 8.el kJ (d) t2.6W 6. A force F : 0.5x * l0 acts on a particle. Here F is
3. A body in Newton and '.x'is metre. Calculate the work done
is constrained to move in the y-direction. It
by the force during the displacement of the particle
is subjected to a force (ai +$i +Of)N. What is
fromx:0to.r:2metre.
the work done by this force in moving the body (a) 2t J (b) tsJ
through a distance of 10 m in positivey-direction ? (c) 10.8 J (A n.7 J
(a) 150 J (b) 100 J
(c) 75 J (d) 200J 7. A time dependent force .E: l0r is applied on l0 kg
block as shown in the figure. Find out the work done
4. A block of mass rn is byFin2seconds.
released from of a AS
smooth fixed inclined 10 kg F=101
plane of inclination . h

Find out work done by fixed (a) l0 J (b) 20 J

normal reaction and (c) 30 J (a 40J
 Work, Power & Energy 7.7
agent will be G:.10 m/s2)
8. An object is displaced from position ;t = Qi + lj) m
(a) l0kJ (b) 23H
to i"r=1+i +Afi under the action of a force (c) zskJ (d) 28U
F = Qxzi + 2yj), find the work done by this force 10. A particle is moved from (0, 0) Y

@)aoJ (D) soJ to (o, a) under a force P(a, a)

(c) 6sJ (A $J F =1li + 4j) from two paths.

45"
9. In figure, acariage P B
Path I is OP and path 2 is o
X
+
is pulled up from ,,4 to I
OQP. Let w, and w, be the
I
?
B. The coefficient of
o
i work done by this path force in these two paths.
friction between o
c)
I
Then:
carriage and inclined
plane is 0.4. The worko v
I
I (a) wr:w, (b) wt:2w,
done by the external"
c (c) wr:2w, (Q wr:4w,
Answer

r. (a) 2.(b) 3. (a) 4. (b) s. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8'(A e' (b) 10' (a)

2. WORK ENERGY THEOREM Wrt W^o: AK.E.

Sum of work done by all the forces on a particle is equal
to change in kinetic energy of the particle
For a particle = -mg(hr- h,) + w^-: )*(r? - t)
-=
LI, : MA
= Iruo= mg(hr- h,) +
:*(r? -t)
>F.aS : *4L.as
dt

: mdl.!!--*t'at A block is connected to spring while

dt
spring is in relaxed state. Find lo
maximum extension of spring.
work Done by resultant Force: JOFI' dS : m"1V . o, U=0
vi

I 2 I 2
mvl ffiYi Solution
2 2
Sum of work by all forces =2W: kf- ki Forces acting on block are spring and gravity. Work
done for x displacement

lllustration 72 w:msx-|u'
A balt of mass m is thrown in air with speed v, from at max displacement velocity should become zero
a height h, and it is caught at a height h, > h, when
its speed becomes vr. Find the work done on the ball k,: 0 and kr: 0
by the air resistance. /o+x
kx
Solution: *s*- b2: o
+.
Work done on the ball by gravity is 2mg
Wr: - mg(hr- h) k mg
Work done on the ball by air resistance is W^rr: ?
7.8 Physics
lllustration
S, alution
A block of mass m :2 kg is attached to a spring
/r: 8 N/m. The block slides
whose spring constant is T
A D

I h
on an incline for whir
sh p* = and 0 : 37o. If the
, I B EC
block starts at rest with the spring unextended, what
is its speed when it has moved a distance d = 0.5 m 5i:i.;?:*;:
down the incline ? The particle will finally come to rest on the flat part.
Hence displacement of the particle along vertical is h.
\(
lf Wrbe the work done on the particle by the gravity
then
wr: mgh'
where m: mass of the particle. . ..(l)
If total distance travelled by the particle on the flat part
is x, the work done on the particle by the friction is
Solution:
FS \: - vmsx
Since initially particle was at rest and finally it comes
...(z)
N
to rest. Hence change in its K.E. is zero.
f From work energy theorem
mg ws+ wf: LK.E.
+ mgh - $mgx: 0
The work done by gravity is positive; the work done
by the spring and by friction are negative. + ,: p.
':1{.0.2 :} x:7.5m
The work done by each ofthe forces on the block are
Since x > /, the particle will reach C and then will
Wr= * mgd sing rise up till the remaining KE at C is converted into
Wf=- trl,{d = - Vp(mS cos 0)d potential energy. It will then again descend to C and
it will have the same kinetic energy as it had when
w,= _1t& ascending but now will move from C to .B; At.B, the
2
same will be repeated (because 7 .5 > 2D and finally,
course, Work done by normal force, W*:0. the particle will stop at E such that
work-energy theorem, BC+Cg+BE:7.5
sin 0 - Fp(mg cos 0) d -
I
2
kd2 :1 mv' BE:7.5-6:1.5m
2

m : 2 kg; d : 0.5 m; k : 8 N/m and po =

1

8
lr P=0'5 10 kg A
xl0x0.sx0.6)- ;u (20x0.8x0.s) - ;2 (8x0.5F
"' Smooth
10 kg
B
100 N

: ! p1,*
2 2m
y=2rnls (r) Find out work done by applied force during
displacement 2 m.
75 (ir) Find out work done by frictional force on B by
A particle slides along a track with elevated ends and A during the displacement.
a flat central part as shown in the figure. The flat ': -:, r-i?,'f !:+:
part has a length / = 3 m. The curved portions of the
track are frictionless. For the flat part the coefficient (i) work done by applied force = 100 x 2 x cos 0o
of kinetic friction is lrr = 0.2. The particle is released :200 J
at point A which is at height h = 1.5 m above the
This is the work done by extemal force
flat part of the track. Where does the particle finally
come to rest ? (ii) f,^*: pmg = 0.5 x 10 g: 50 N
 Work, Power & Energy 7.9

Assuming they move together. l0-t:t

100=20a=a=5mlsz l0:2t
Check Friction onA l: 5 sec.
f:10x5:50N Va: Ye:5 m/s
d"qui..a
(4*
Finally, both blocks move with speed of 5 m/s
.'. They move together
1^
Hence (W)ora:-50 x2=- 100Nm (,,) Sr:10"5-rxlx5'
(Wt)oor= * 50 x 2 = l00Nm
:37 .5m
Net work done by internal static friction is zero
tr= xlx52:12.5m
77 i.
-+,V=10m/s (rii) work done bY
P=0.1 10 A i"ff::?: cos r8oo
10kg B V=0 : -375 J
Work done by friction on B
(r) Find the total work by internal forces on the =10x12.5cos0=125J
work done t' -:"1
system.
rA & B
(ii) Find out displacement of A and B till
becomes equal.
velocity I$;1 Y'r';ff
Heat generate6 = - (Work done by kinetic friction
(rA tr'ind work done by kinetic friction on A and B. on the system

i":!,Liirstt: 250 J

1 m/s2 --+1 m/s2

(,4 B ON
,6 roost Voluoble Points
10N

Vn= l0 I o In general work done by static/kinetic friction on an

object could be negative, positive or zero.
Vr= lt Total Work done by kinetic friction on a system is
Vn= v always negative.

l. A car running at a speed of 72 kmph stops its engine done by all the forces acting on the particle in time
just before ascending up a slant road. If 25Yo of intervalr:Oto,: l0s
energy is wasted in overcoming the friction, the car v(m/s)
10 rnls
rises to a height (g: l0 m/s2)
0
(a) 7.5 m (D) 15 m
(c) t2m (A 6m (second)

2. A body of mass 2 kg is projected at an angle of 60o -20 m/s

to the horizontal with a speed of 20 m/s. The work (a) 300 J (b) - 300 J
done by gravity by the time the velocity vector (c) 400J (A -400J
makes 30o to the horizontal (g: 10 rnls2)
_ 4. The distance 'x'moved by a body under the action
t")iJ 800
(b)- 800
3r
-
of a force varies with time 'l' as .r : 3P + 4t + 5,
where 'x' is expressed in metre and 't' in second. If
400 _
(");J (a- 400
rt
- the work done by the force in the first 2 seconds is
60 J, kinetic energy ofthe body at l: I sec is

3. Velocity time graph of a particle moving in a straight (a) 2s J (b) s9 l

line is shown. Mass of the particle is 2 kg. Work (c) 7s J (d) 100 J
 7.70 Physics
5. A 15 gm ball is shot from a spring gun whose 8. Ablockweighing lON travels down a smooth curved
spring has a force constant 600 N/m. The spring track AB joined to a rough horizontal surface. The
is compressed by 5 cm. The greatest possible rough surface has a friction coefficient 0.20 with
horizontal range of the ball for this compression is the block. If the block starts slipping on the track
G = l0 m/s2) from a point 1.0 m above the horizontal surface. The
(a) 6.0 m (b) t2.0 m distance it will move on the rough surface is

(c) 10.0 m (d) 8.0 m

6. The masses Mrand M2(M2> Mr) are released from
rest, using work-energy theorem find out velocity of
the blocks when they move a distance '.r'. t ----->

(a) 5.0 m (6) 10.0 m

(c) 15.0m (A 20.0m
9. A block of mass 50 kg is projected horizontally on
a rough horizontal floor. The coefficient of friction
between the block and the floor is 0.1. The block

,urffi
strikes a light spring of stiftess K = 100 N/m with
a velocity 2 m/s. The maximum compression of the
spring is
2mls
(c)
(Mr+M )sx
Mz- M,
(A@
\l 2(Mr+ Mr)
------->

50 kg
K

= 0.1
7. A particle of mass 0.1 kg is subjected to a force
which varies with distance as shown in figure. If it
(a) lm (b) 2m
starts its journey from rest at x : 0, its velocity at (c) 3m (d) 4m
x=12mis 10. A block of mass 5 kg is released
F(newton)
from rest from a position A on a
37o inclined plane as shown in
figure. Determine the maximum
compression of the spring if the spring constant is
8.8 N/cm and the coefficient of friction between the
block and the incline is 0.2.
(a) 0 m/s @1 zoJi m/s
cm
(a) 22.5 (b) 20.0 cm
(c) 20.6 .1. (d) 40 mls (c) 18.5cm (d) l6.0cm
.Answer Key

1. (D) 2. (b) 3. (a) a. @) s. (c) 6.(a) 7. (A 8. (a) e. (a) 10. (a)

^t ^
3. CONSERVATIVE FORCES AND POTENTIAL UB

ENERGY Path 1

h
Conservative forces
m Path 2
Forces for which calculation of work is independent of uB _t_
path taken by body. e.g. gravity, electrostatic force, spring A
As an example, work done by force of gravity is same for
force.
taking body froml to B by any path : + mgh
For conservative forces, total work done for closed
This means that the work done only depends on the
path is zero.
Locations of the Initial (A) and Final (B) points in space.
 Work, Power & Energy 7.77

If we assign a function (Physical quantity) to every point Solution:

in space whose value only depends on the position of
Zexrcmal force * w*uirr= A KE : 0
the point, then we can write the work in terms of such a
function Wsuniry: - (U,r- U)
B (Change in gravitational potential Energy)

IF
.X : (tunction of position ofl) Using ground as the reference level U, = 0
A - (function of position ofB) i
Such a function exists and is called potential energy (U)'
We assign a potential energy to every point in space and
then calculate the work done by using the expression coM R 4R
fin
below
Work done in taking an object from A to B (along any
B 4R
path): U,:0 Ut: mg
lF.x=-(ur-un)
A
,lZn
2Ji ms R
G RAV ITAT I O N AL POT E NTI AL EN E RGY [-.*t"*"1 fo.". : ---;-
(f) point objects
U: 0 for a particle at reference level. E LASTI C POT E NTI AL EN E RGY

U : mgh for a particle at a height h above reference

,A
level. k-x---1'
U: - mgh for a particle at a height h below
B
reference level.
U = +mgh
Work done by spring force in stretching the spring form
Ato B
tr
__t_ -------- U=0 W"ping: - (UB- UA)
J We assign zero potential energy to the relaxed state of
t U = -mgh
spring (Ue:0)

(d) Extended objects -!w':-(us)

2
For extended objects we use the height ofthe center
of mass (CM) from the reference point
Lw' : u^
2"
We could say that if the spring is alongated by 'x' it has
U = +mgh cm
elastic potential energy
h". "Wlto )U'
Similarly we can show that even when the spring is
h", Compressed by'x',its elastic potential energy i, +)U''

U = -mgh cm
.6 ffiost Valuable Points
78 o Gravitational PE can be *ve , -ve or zero but spring
PE will always Ss +ve.

Non-conservative forces
lll Forces for which calculation of work depends on path not
just on initial and final position eg. friction.
Find the work done in taking a chain of mass m from
ground and placing it on the hemisphere as shown in It is obvious that it would not be useful to define Potential
the diagram (II). energy for non-conservative forces.
7.72 Physics
4. CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENER6Y
Solution
Mechanical energy 'E' of an object or a system is defined a-u
as the sum of kinetic energy '-K" and potential enerry ,Lf ,
KE, =]mv KE,=6
i.e.,
E=K+U PE =6 PEr=*# 1
Change is mechanical energy is defined as
LE: LK+ LU According to the principle of conservation of energy
According to work-energy theorem, the work done by all KEt+ PEr: KEr+ PE,
the forces on a particle is equal to the change in its kinetic
energy. o*!w':t
2 ,mu'*0
1

*: cosI 0 -,
We can break the the total work into work done by various
internal and external forces use
W"*rlWtc+ WtNc: LK
Where,
and v- 2t E tl;
W"*ris the work done by all the extemal forces. We get e: 1
"o, 5
Wr" is the work done by all the internal conservative
forces.
0: 530

7^" is the work done by all the internal non-conservative 20

forces.
In the figure shown stiffness of the
We know that internal conservative forces are associated spring is k and mass of the block
with the concept of potential energy, that is is m. The pulley is fixed. Initially
the block m is held such that, the
wr": - a,U
elongation in the spring is zero and
So, Work-Energy theorem may be modified as then released from rest. Find:
k
W"*'* W^": L'K+ LU (c) the maximum elongation in the m

W"*, + WrNc: AE (change in mechanical energy) spring

If the work done by external forces and the internal

(D) the maximum speed of the
non conservative forces is Zero. Then there is no block m.
change in the mechanical energy of the system. This is Neglect the mass of the spring and that of the string
known as the principle of conservation of mechanical and the friction.
energy.
Solution:
79 (a) At maximum elongation the
One end of a spring of natural length / and spring block will come
constant /c is fixed at the ground and the other is instantaneously to rest.
fitted with a smooth ring of mass m which is allowed Assume the max elongation
to side on a horizontal rod fixed at a height / (figure).
Initially, the spring makes an angle of 0 with the
(an hence displacement of i xn

vertical when the system is released from rest. Ifthe

mass) is.r,, E} 9-= ._0_
_

speed of the ring when the spring becomes vertical is Initially, KEr:0
(2/3) m/s then find the vatue of angle 0: UI 0+0
J.t grdvity
# spring

T Finally KEf :0
I

t ,r: )d + ( mg x,\
 Work, Power & Energy 7.73
According to the principle of conservation of fi:2gd (t - cos 0)
energy
I{E,+ U,: Y\Ef+ Uf =4 gdri"'(:)
o: :d. -msx. o=2sin-rt'-g)
\zJsa )
*^K:'*r
21
(6) block will have maximum velocity when the net
A chain of length /: 80 cm and mass ,r, = 2 kg is
force on it will be zero
hanging from the end of a plane so that the length
i.e. mg: Kx' /o of the vertical segment is 50 cm as shown in the
ffiS
figure. The other end ofthe chain is fixed by a nail.
--,
- At a certain instant, the nail is pushed out, what is
the velocity of the chain at the moment it completely
Now using work energy theorem
slides offthe plane? Neglect the friction.
Wgruuity+ Wronor: Kf K,

+mgx'- 11, :
-22 ^K(x'Y -mu'-0 T
I
h
ry8
Putting x':
f lnitial
s*ier***:
v:g E
t_ We assume the zero potential energy level at the table
1r top. The initial andfinal configaration of the chain are
shown in the figure.
Initially, K,:0
A load Wis suspended from a self,propelled crane
by a cable of length dshown in figure. The crane and
(r,: o + (+,,)r(_1)
load are moving at a constant speed uo. The crane
,2
is stopped by a bumper and the Ioad on the cable
swings out. What is the angle through which the
or u.:
, -*'o
2l
p
o

Ioad swings?
5o/r.rfi*rn: T
u2
l_
coM
vo
t lnitial lnitial

Note that the part of chain lying over the table has zero
potential energy.
(a) v

The tension in the cable does no work on the load, so x

the load's energy is conserved. T
l2

lW
Ki+ U': Kr+ U, I
coM
;zg^v6" +0:0+Wd]_cos0) Final J,

Finally, Kt: 1 mv2

Final 2
d(1 -cose)]--- i-'.1
where v is the final velocity of chain.
I
and ut: -*g
(b) 2
7.74 Physics

l. A 2 kg block is dropped from a height of 0.4 m

on a spring of force constant K: 1960 Nm-I. The
maximum compression of the spring is (spring is
fixed at its lower and rigidly)
(a) 0.1 m (b) 0.2 m k

(c) 0.3 m (4 O.am

5kg
2. One fourth of uniform chain of mass 'm' arrd length
2kg
'/'is hanging from the end of a horizontal table. The
amount of work done by external agent such that
one sixth is hanging from the edge of the table is
(a) r6ms-l (b) 2.6ms-1
(c) o.a.6ms-1 (@ a6ms-1
@H @) 1#
7, It work is done in raising one end of uniform
12 J of

(c) 5mgl rod from its horizontal position through 37", the
,^ 5mgl
2S8 \d) 576 extra work required to raise it to vertical position is
(sin 37' :315\
3. A body is projected vertically upwards with some
velocity. At a point in its path the ratio of potential (c) lOJ (b) 8J
to kinetic energy is 25 : 144. Then the ratio of the (c') 12 J (d) 20I
velocity of projection to the velocity at that point is 8. A bead of mass 6M (:2 kg) slides from rest at I
(a) t2:13 (D e:a along the frictionless rod bent into elliptical shape
(c) 13 12 (d) 17:13 in vertical plane. The spring constant K: 17.5 N/m
has unstretched length of 450 mm. Find the speed of
4. A spring of spring constant '.rC placed horizontally
mass MatB.
on a rough horizontal surface is compressed against a
A
block of mass 'rz'placed on the surface so as to store
maximum energy in the spring. If the coefficient of
friction between the block and the surface is 'z'the
potential energy stored in the spring is
90 cm
lt'*'g' 2lt'*'g'
@)x (b)
K
mls
(a) 2.5 (b) 2.75 mls

3rr'*'g' (c) 3.23mls @) a.Omls

ttm'd
(c) x @ K 9. A spring of spring constant'rC'is fixed horizontally
at the bottom of a hilly terrain as shown in the figure.
5. A block of mass 250 gm is kept on a vertical spring
A small block of mass m, initially at an altitude '11'
of spring constant 100 N/m fixed from below. The
is gently pushed downwards. Assuming no friction
spring is now compressed to have a length 10 cm anywhere, the maximum compression in the spring
shorter than its natural length and the system is will be
released from this position. How high does the block m

g:
rise? (take l0 m/s2)
(a) 20cm (b) 30cm
(c) 40cm (d) 50cm
H

6. A system shown in figure is released from rest from

k
unelongated state of spring. Pulley and spring is
massless and friction is absent everywhere. The
speed of 5 kg block when 2 kg block leaves the @ OsH (b) mgH
contact with ground is (take force constant of spring EsH E *cH
k: OON/mandg: l0m/s2)
(c)
t/ I'
@
tI r,
 Work, Power & Energy 7.75
10. A particle is moved from (0, 0) to (1, l) along (i) the force is conservative
different paths. I force F : *'i+yzj acts on (ii) work done by force F' along path ,l -+ n rs I J
3
particle during this motion
(ili)work done by force along path A -+ C -+ B is
2.
J
J

B(1,1) (iv) the force is non-conservative

Among the above, the following set of statements

are only true
(a) i,ii, iii (b) ii, iv
A(1,0) C(1,0) (c) iii, iv (d) ii, iii, iv

r. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) s. (") 6.(c) 7. (b) 8.(c) e. (d) 10. (a)

5. VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION 22

(/) Point mass attached to massless string of mass z

Vo = €d
m m

Case 1. Min speed required so that the string becames Find the tension in the string when the string makes
horizontal 7l
m
an angle ;5 with vertical.
u=0
Sa!uti*sz:

m v.
-mm

i,;-
cos 0)
I
KE: - *u26 Ve=€gt
2

PE: 0 (reference level) yo:,lEi

Zr"*ioo: 0 Kq + Pq =KE +PE,
Mechanical Energy is Conserved

KE.+ U.: KEr + uf **<Ju,f*o = l ^u'+*sr(t-*';)

,t

1, ,: ,[gl
i*r'^"+0:0+mgl Using newtons second law along radial direction

''Pgt
'^^: 7l
3 T
Note: If we give any velocity 0 < v < ,ligl atthe bottom
ioi

most point the mass will swing by an angle O < and ___L_-----
| mo sin mo cos lt
come to momentary rest and then oscillate back and forth. f; mg 3
7.76 Physics
Using conservation of mechanical Energy
n:
t -mg cost *GIA)2
KEi+ Ui: KEt+ Ut

3mg
1r^l +mg(Zt)
t-
2
,*t^"*o: ;mvz
using v
"@
Case 2. If we give a velocity larger than Jzgi ,the object we get, v.rn = aE
1l
will cross 0: ; and then there are two possibilities.
,d most Voluoble Points
C Least speed required at bottom most point for the
object to complete the vertical circle is tli/ In this

case the tension at the top most point will become

zero and the speed at the top most point would be

'tst
Assume the object is at a position as shown and has a ff v > ,ligl the object will complete the circle.
velocity v.

Using Newtons second law for circular motion Possibility 2. If velocity at the lowest point is less than
Jjst
T+mg"ore: (
As an example lets consider velocity at the lowest
point to be vo: lfg/
T:4-zgcoso
I rg=|mv'
PEr = mgl(1 + cos 0)
This equation tells us that Tension 7 can became zero
o
for a given position (0). o
o
o
+
If tension becomes zero, the string will become slack
=
and the object will leave the circle along a parabolic path.
vo
Possibility 1. Min speed at the lowest position so the KEi = 1 mv2
2
object completes the circle. PEi=0

For the object to not to leave the circle the tension Tension will become zero at some instant.
shouldn't become zero before it reaches the topmost point. Let us assume string make an angle 0 with vertical at
If tension becomes zero at topmost point object can still that instant
z
keep moving along the circular path.
T+ mgcos 0: LI
To find the required min speed, we will assume that the
tension becomes zero at the topmost point. using T: 0
KE,=l mfu
PE=
,: Jsl"o.0
using conservation of mechanical energy
KEi+ Ui: KEr+ Ut

!2 *u?,u*o : 12 mv2 + mgl(l+

"' cos o)
KEr =

PEi=0 V.i,, usmg V0: Jrst

At the topmost point and g/ cos 0

T+ mg-
t' 2
1
I "o.0: 3
beyond this point the object leaves the circle and follows
Setting 7:0, t: ,[A a parabolic path (free fall in gravity)
 Work, Power & Energy 7.77
2i rf JrsR . r. Jsgn
A pendulum of length /, hanging from point O, is
The object will loose contact with the track at
taken in the horizontal level as shown in figure. A
some point (Ii: 0) and follow a parabolic path.
peg is placed at a distance x below the point O. Find
minimum value of x so that pendulum can complete u

the circular path after leaving it with zero initial =0

velocity.
I
A I I
I

I
I iR
--f
I
I
al
I
+ m
tt
tt
rO
tl
I, t
I

1l
I
24
-\t
\-
\l
|
You may have seen in a circus a motorcyclist driving
----:ri--
I
I
in vertical loops inside a 'death well' (a hollow
I
I
spherical chamber with holes, so that the cyclist does
Solution: not drop down when he is at the uppermost point,
Take OA as the reference level for gravitational PE.
with no support from below. What is the minimum
speed required at the uppermost position to perform
By conservation of energy between point A andpoint B, a vertical loop if the radius of the chamber is 25 m?
I
B
o i (2x- I)
5*ir-r#*ra;

T
Motion of the motorcyclist inside the chamber can
be understood as the motion of a point mass inside a
cylindrical or spherical surface.
Motorcyclist will complete the circular path if he
doesn't loose contact anywhere.
For the limiting case, if the contact is lost at the topmost
o: l*fi -mstt-2(t-x)) point then he still would be able to complete the circle

+ 4: zs{x - t) ...(l
safely.

Also minimum speed required at point I to complete

the circle is mg
,r: ,[g1t *1 ...(2
I
N

'. from (l) and (2) Ri

a
2sQx - D: s(l - x) At topmost point
3l *, 2

5 N+mg-
R

(II) Motion on the inside surface of cylindrical track

For least velocity at topmost point, we put N: 0

v^^:'[sR
: 15.65 m/s

lllustration
A small body starts
sliding from height 'ft'
down an inclined
mg h
groove passing into a ht2
Here the role of tension will be taken over by
half circle of radius
normal force. Object will complete the circular
hl2. Find the speed of
trackifv> S;R the body when it reaches the highest point.
7,78 Physics
speed doesn't become zero at any point before
reaching the top most point.
From the initial condition of the body it is apparent
Using conservation of mechanical energy
that the body cannot complete the circular path. So
it will discontinue circular motion when it makes an KEi+ Ui: KEr+ Ut
angle 0 with the horizontal.
l"
Consider FBD at that moment:
=*u'-:"+0:0+mg(21)
z
A
:r,
Vm,n ga
T
h If V^in >- J4gl then object will complete the
!2 *!2 sin e circle.
1 -U=O (IV) Motion of an object inside a vertical circular tube
(frictionless)
Conserving energy between points ,{ and B
Here the place of tension will be taken over by
mgh: Lr*u' * *(i.X'* r) normal reaction.

If v > J5gR the object will remain in contact with

Ptro ut point.B the outer surface and will complete the circle.
mV2
N+ mg srnU= .(,,)
R
- 2
= from (l) and (ii);sin 0: J
After this the body starts its journey as a projectile,
and its speed at highest point will be the horizontal
component of its projection velocity m V
) gh 2 FA
vsrntl: -
3 2
X_:
J tn If J-zgR . ,. .@ the object will loose contact

with outer surface of tube at some point and then

(III) Whenmasslessstringis K9= 0 u=0
will start to move along the inner surface.
replaced with massless PE =

rod Here again (as in the case III) the object will
In this case the rod complete the circular path as long as the velocity
can't get slack (even doesn't become zero before reaching the topmost
though the tension may point. Therefore as in the previous example
becomes zero) and
hence the min velocity KE, =l_
2
0vmin m Y^i, = fi"n is the minimum speed for which
required at the lowesl PEl = o

point can be calculated by assuming the objects object will complete the circle.

a-
1. The bob of a 2.45 m long pendulum has a mass of 2. A boy is seated on top of a hemispherical mound of
0.9 kg. When it is in vertical position a horizontal ice of radius R. He is given a little push and he starts
sliding down the ice. If ice is frictionless, the boy
velocity of 4.9 m/s is given to the bob, then the angle
will leave the ice at a point whose height is
made by the pendulum with the horizontal. When
(a) 3R (b)
2R
velocity of bob becomes zero is
*. -ut
(a) 30' (b) 60' 2R R
(c) 45" (A @t (c)
0" J
 Work, Power & Energy 7.79
3. One end of a string of length 50 cm is tied to a stone I 5
ofmass 200 g and the other end is tied to a small pivot (a) (b)
2 2
on a frictionless vertical board. It is to be whirled
2
in a vertical circle with the pivot as the centre. If (c) 1 (d)
g = l0 ms-2, what minimum horizontal velocity 5 3

must be imparted to the stone hanging vertically 8. The track shown in figure ends in a circular track
to take it to the top of the circle, without the string of radius r with centre at O. A small solid sphere of
becoming slack? mass m rolls from rest without slipping from a point

(a) rE ms-l (D) 5 ms-r A at a height h = 6r from the level ground. What is
the speed of the sphere when it reaches a point B at
(c) Jo ms-t (d) lo ms-r height r above the level ground?
Sphere
4. In the previous problem, if a horizontal velocity of A
m
5 ms-r is imparted to the stone when it is hanging
vertically, what will be the velocity of the stone 16r
h
when it is at the top of the circle? or____ B
(a) zero (b) .6ms-t
(c) 2 ms' (4 .6 ms-t
5. In previous problem, if it is imparted a velocity of @,ltosr *, W
5 m/s at its lowest point, what is the tension in the
22
string when the stone is at the top of the circle? (c) gr (d) zero
7
(a) zero (D) 6N
(c) l2N (d) 18N 9. A stone of 0.5 kg tied to a rope of length 0.5 m
revolves along a circular path in a vertical plane. The
6. A stone of mass I kg tied to a light in extensible tension at the bottom point of the circle is 45 N. The
string of length L : l0 /3 m is whirling in a circular height to which the stone will rise above the bottom
path of radius Z in a vertical plane. If the ratio of point if the rope breaks, the moment, its velocity is
the maximum tension in the string to the minimum
directed vertically upwards is (take l0 ms-2) g:
tension in the string is 4 and if g is taken to be (a) 2m (fi am
l0 m/s2, the speed of the stone at the highest point of (c) 3m (d) lm
the circle is 2x then the value of x is 10. AOB is a smooth semicircular track of radius r.
(a) | (b) s Ablock of mass m is given a velocity ,lirg parallel
(c) 3 (d) 7 to track at point A. Calculate normal reaction
7. A small block of mass m slides along a frictionless between block and track when block reaches at
loop inside loop track as shown in figure. Find the point O.
minimum ratio Rlr so that the block may not lose B ___l____ A
contact at the highest point ofinner loop.

o
(o) mg (b) zero
r
A (c) 3mg (d) 5ms
Answgr.Key

r. (b) 2.(c) 3.(b) 4. (d) s. (a) 6.(b) 7. (b) 8.(a) e. (a) 10. (d)
7.20 Physics
6. POTENTIAL ENER6Y DIAGRAMS
ln one dimensional motion, when an object is only under
F>0 B
action ofa conservative force F
---* F_
F<0
Work done by a conservative force = - (change in P.E.)
W :-LU
cons
To the left of B force is +ve, directed towards B and to
dW:_dU
its right force is -ve and directed towards B.
F&=-dU This means a particle displaced away from .B will
v=- { &
have a tendency to go towards B.
Therefore ,B is a position of static equilibrium.
: dY Similarly we can show D is the position of unstable
Object is said to be in equilibrium when F = O.
& equilibrium.
Slope of the U -x graph is zero. Any point between F and G is position of neutral
Types of equilibrium equilibrium.
(r) Stable equilibrium: When a particle is displaced
slightly from an equilibrium position and a force
acting on it brings it back to the initial position, it
W
The potential energy between two atoms in a
is said to be in stable equilibrium position.
It is indicated as a local minima n U - x graph or
molecule is given by, U(x) =
i - *, *n.." a rnd b
d2u
----=-) 0 are positive constants and x is the distance between
&' the atoms. The system is in stable equilibrium when.
(rr) Unstabte Equilibrium: When a particle is
displaced slightly from an equilibrium position (a) x:0 (b)
* *=
and force acting on it fries to displace the particle
further away from initial the position, it is said to z^\t'u ( /tta\
(Ox=(.*]
be in unstable equilibrium position. C)r:[;J
It is indicated as a local maxima n (l - x graph or Soluti*n:
d2tl
---( 0 Giventhat, U(x)= +-L
dx' xtz *6
(iz) Neutral equilibrium: In the neufial equilibrium dU
potential energy is constant. When a particle is we' know
displaced from its position it does not experience '=:
any force and continues to be in equilibrium in ufrr^:-13 - (- 6b)
x-7 = o

the displaced position. This is said to be neutral

equilibrium. or .:(+)'''
It is indicated as a flat (horizontal) U - x graph We can check that this is the point of stable equilibrium
gW - o atx = (+)'''
by checking
#>
A Analysis of potential energy diagrams
x U
unstable
c E { E_
I
total
Find out positions of equilibrium and determine \_/
istabte
I
I
I
energy
whether they are stable. unstable or neutral. I
I
I
I
I
I
Ssiution: I
I
I
I
I
I
Stable
B, D, E, F and, G are equilibrium points because F: 0
I
I
I
I
I
I

at these points. x1 x2 x3 x,
 Work, Power & Energy 7.27
1. Points where the total energy line (,4) crosses PE
curve are tuming points. Hare particles hare zero KE
Find the force whose PE is given by U = * + f .
and reverse direction of motion
: 5*iufi'el::
Total Energy U + 0 (KE) at such points
0u
2. Particle can only be at points below the total energy Fr0x l2x + 0l: -2x
line.
0u
Above the total energy line, say at point (5) U> E ,oy ^ :-(2y+0):-2y
F,,:-
But this means I<E : E - U is - ve which is not
possible. F:-zi-zyi
will be constrained to more
Therefore particle
(x, x2) and (x, xa).
between points
lllustration 30
3. On increasing x if U increases, force is in -ve x
direction attractive force
F'ind out the formula for PE of the force
= p= yi**j.
On increasing .r if U decreases, force is in *ve x
direction => repulsive force Solutian:
dU:_dW
28
dU:- tyr**il'@i+ay11
The potential energy function for a particle executing
linear simple harmonic motion is given by U(x) = Iou
:- l-re+ !-xdy
t,
-l<x', where /r is the force constant. For /r = 0.5 N
!0, :- Ia,y + u:-xy+c
m-1, the graph of U(x) versus x is shown figure. Show
that a particle of total energy 1 J moving under this 6. PAWER
potential 'turns back'when it reaches x = * 2m. Power is deflned as the rate at which work is done. If an
u(x) amount of work AZis done in a time interval At, then the
average power is defined to be

Pavg-AW
Lt
The SI unit of power is J/s which is given the name
I watt (W) in the honour of James Watt.
-2m-1m x= + m
Thus, 1W:lJls.
l+-x_----------.>
5*iv#*:-,: The instantaneous power is the limiting value of P_ as

At x : 0, total energy is in form of K.E. since U: 0x : Ar + 0; that is

0 and it tums back when its K.E. : 0 P: dW
dt
So, total energy is in form of P.E.
AU: - AK The work done by force F on a object that has an
1 kxz:l infinitesimal displacement di is dW: F.dl Since the
2
yz:lx)x) velocity of the object i, i =4!, the instantaneous power
=
x: *2m
dW
may be written as P F.d'
dt dt
General relation between F and U(x)
For one dimensional motion in a conseryation field
or P:F.;
Since the work and energy are closely related, a more
F:-dU general definition of power is the rate of energt transfer
dx
In general for three dimensions, we can write
from one body to another, or the rate at which energt is
transformed from one form to another

O_ -AU:-0U ,:-AU 2 P: dE
Ax Ay" 0z dt
7.22 Physics
37
_mgH
A stone is projected with velocity at an angle 0 with t
horizontal. Find out
(i) Average power of the gravity during time l. mg
1,
vsrnUt--st'
(ll) Instantaneous power due to gravitational force 2'
t
at time I where I is time of flight.
i:+f;;',*er,'::
Vsin0-gt : *r(,.i,e-|sr)
at time t

Instantaneous power : F' u

Vcos0
H
:- mgj (vcos0?+(vsin O-gt)i)
. power:
Work done by gravity
:-mg(vsin0-gf)
Average ---;-

1. A train is travelling with uniform velocity of u=0

6. (') (ii)
Zi- i +qi rn/son a level track. The engine has to
exert a force of d - Zi + Ziel Nto overcome friction.
The power of the engine is (iii) (iv)
(a) 7w (6) 10w
(c) l3W (d) l5w 10 m/s
(v)
2. A machine gun fires 360 bullets per minute, each
smooth
bullet moves with a velocity of 600 m/s. If the power
of gun is 5.4 kW, mass of each bullet is
(vi) moon
(a) 5ks (b) 0.s kg
(c) 0.05 kg (d) 0.002s kg
3. A pump of 200 W power is lifting 2 kg water from Of the cases above which is a case of stable
an average depth of 10 m per second. Velocity of equilibrium.
(a) i,ii,iii (b) iv,v,iii
water delivered by the pump is G:9.8 m/s2)
(c) i,iii,v (fl ii,iv
(a) 4 mls (b) 2.5 m/s of a particle in
7. The potential energy function a
(c) 3 m/s (d) zmls region of space is given as U : (2xz + 3y3 + 2z) joule.
Here, x, y, z are in metre. Find the force acting on the
4. A block of mass 'z' is allowed to slide down a fixed particle at pointP(l m, 2 m, 3 m)
smooth inclined plane of angle 0 and length /. The
-(u +xi +zi)t't
(o)
average power developed by the gravitational force is:
@ -6;+z+i +tt1x
m2 Kg sin 0)3
(a) (b) 2mlg sin0 (c) -(8?-loi'+ 26i)N
2
@ -(2i+xi -+i!u
(c) mlg(sin})3 (d) *'l1rin 013
8. The potential energy of u(x)
5. The water is falling on the blades of a turbine from a a particle U(x) varies B

height of 50 m. 100 kg of water falls on the blade in with distance 'x' as D

shown in the graph.

one second. If whole of energy is transferred to the c
The force acting on the
x
turbine, what is the power delivered to the turbine? particle is zero at
(a) l00kW (r) 50kw (a) c (b) B
(c) 25kW (d) 10kw (c) B andC (@ AandD
 Work, Power & Energy 7.23
9. The force acting on a body moving along x-axis 10. A particle of mass I kg is projected at an angle
varies with the position of the particle as shown in of 30o with the horizontal as shown in the figure.
the figure. The body is in stable equilibrium at Initial velocity of the particle is 20 m/s. Neglect air
F resistance (take g = l0 m/s2). The average power
developed by gravity during the time of flight is
u =20
smooth
x
x1 x2

(a) x: x, (b) x: x, (a) 0w (b) lOw

(c) both xrandx, (d) neitherxl nor.r2 (c) 30w (d) none ofthese

Answer Key

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) a. @) s. (D) 6.(d) 7. (a) 8. (c) e. (b) 10. (a)
 Unsolved Exercises
t
EXERC'SE _ 1

Colculation of Work 7. A 50 kg man with 20 kg load on his head climbs up

20 steps of 0.25 m height each. The work done by
1. A rigid body of mass m is moving in a circle of the man on the block during climbing is
radius r with a constant speed v. The force on the
(a) J5 (D) 3s0 J
*r2
"-' (c) 1000J (A 3s40J
body is and is directed towards the cenhe.
r 8. A ball is released from the top of a tower. The ratio
What is the work done by this force in moving the of work done by force of gravity in first, second and
body over half the cirumference of the circle. third second of the motion of the ball is
(a\ mv2" (b) Zero (a) t :2:3 (b) I :4:9
1lr' (c) l:3:5 (d) t:5:3
mv
2
fir' 9. A block of mass rn is suspended by
(c) (d)
r 2
mv' a light thread from an elevator. The T
a
elevator is accelerating upward with 1
2. Ifthe unit offorce and length each be increased by uniform acceleration a. The work m

four times, then the unit of work is increased by done by tension on the block during
(a) 16 times (b) 8 times I seconds is (z:0) :
(c) 2 times (d) 4 times
(r) mm(g+a)att (b)
3. A man pushes wall and fails to displace it. He does ; ,(g-a)atz
(a) Negative work m
(b) (d) 0
(b) Positive but not maximum work ,gat'z
(c) No work at all 10. A particle moves under the effect of a force F: Cx
(d) Maximum work from x : 0 to x : x,. The work done in the process is

4. A rigid body moves a distance of l0 m along a (a) Cxl o )c-i

straight line under the action of a force of 5 N. If the
work done by this force on the body is 25 joules, the
(c) Cx, (d) Zero
angle which the force makes with the direction of 11. Two springs have their force constant as k, and
motion of the body is k2(\ > k ). When they are stretched by the same
(a) 0" (D) 30' constant force up to equilibrium
(c) 60" (d) 90" (c) No work is done by this force in case of both the
springs
5. A rigid body of mass ,n kg is lifted uniformly by
(b) Equal work is done by this force in case of both
a man to a height of one metre in 30 sec. Another
the springs
man lifts the same mass uniformly to the same
height in 60 sec. The work done on the body against (c) More work is done by this force in case of
gravitation by them are in ratio second spring
(a) t:2 (b) t:t (d) More work is done by this force in case of first
spring
(c) 2: I (d) 4: I
12. A rigid body is acted upon by a horizontal variable
6. The work done in slowly pulling up a block of wood
force which is inversely proportional to the distance
weighing 2 kN for a length of l0 m on a smooth
covered from its initial position 's'. The work done
plane inclined at an angle of 15" with the horizontal
by this force will be proportional to :
by a force parallel to the incline is
(a)s (b) t2
(a) 436W (D) s.l7 kJ
(c) t
1
(c) 8.91 kJ (d) 9.82W (d; None of these
.t
 Work
,rvr r\r Power
r R Fncrnv
LrrL. gy 7.25
13. The work done by the frictional force on a surface
U
in drawing a circle of radius r on the surface by a
pencil of negligible mass with a normal pressing B
force N (coefficient of friction F1) is :
x
(a) 4xip*N (b) -2nPp*N
(c) -2nrp*N (d) zero
14. Consider the shown figure. An external (a) Positive, Positive (b) Positive, Negative
agent moves
(c) Negative, Positive (d) Negative, Negative
the masses slowly along the paths PQR and along
ABC. The rough surfaces shown are AB and PQR, 17. The potential energy of a particle varies with
and coefficient of friction for these paths is p. Select distance x as shown in the graph.
u(x)
the correct alternative from following:
R

1 D
2h A

c
ml2 x

P
{-- 2l ----------->
,l The force acting on the particle is zero at
(t) (o) c (r) B
c (c) B and C (d) A and D.
18. The diagrams represent the potential energy U as
1
a function of the inter-atomic distance r. Which
h
diagram corresponds to stable molecules found in
m nature.
A
<- I ----_______>
J
([)

(a) Work done by external (a) (b)

agent in case (I) is greater
than work in (II) r
I
(b) Work done by external agent in case (I) is less
than work in (II)
(c) Work done in both the cases are same
(c) (d)
(d) None of above

Conservative forces, Potential energy I I

15 . The potential energy of a particle in a field is 19. For the path PQRin a conservative force field, the
ab amount of work done in carrying a body from P to
U: where a and b are constant. The value
---,
r'r Q and, from Qto R are 5 J & 2J respectively . The
of r in terms of a and b where force on the particle is work done in carrying the body from P to R directly
zero will be:
will be
cl
(a)1J (b) 3l
(a) ; @)!a Jzt J d) zero
b @) (

2a 2b Work energy theorem, Canservation of mechanical

(c) . (d) energy
D -q
20. The kinetic energy of a body of mass 2 kg and
16. Potential energy v/s displacement curve for one momentum of 2 Ns is
dimensional conservative field is shown. Force at (a) lJ (b) 2J
A and B is respectively. (c) 3J (d) 4l
7,26 Physics
21. A particle of mass m at rest is acted upon by a force 26. A heavy stone is thrown from a cliff of height ft
F for a time /. Its kinetic energy after an interval t is: with a speed v. The stone will hit the ground with
maximum speed if it is thrown
F2t2
(a)
m
@\+
zm
(a) vertically downward
-F2t2 (D) vertically upward
Ft
(c) ^5m
(a^zm (c) horizontally
(d) the speed does not depend on the initial direction.
22. The graph between the magnitude of resistive force 27. A body moving at 2 m/s can be stopped over a
F acting on a body and the position of the body distancex.If its kinetic energy is doubled, how long
travelling in a straight line is shown in the figure. will it go before coming to rest, ifthe retarding force
The mass of the body is 25 kg and initial velocity remains unchanged ?
is 2 m/s. When the distance covered by the body is (a) x (b) 2x
4 m, its kinetic energy would be (no other force acts (c) 4x (d) 8x
on it)
28. The upper half of an inclined plane of inclination
c
t 45o is rough while the lower half is smooth. Ablock
o
E starting from rest at top of the plane reaches the
o
z bottom of the inclined plane of length 10 m with a
LL
velocity l0 ms-I. The value of coefficient friction is
01 2 3 4" I
Ji-t
(a) 50 J (b) 40J
@) P= *VJ (D) P=

(c) 20J (d) loJ

(c) p= Ji1.lz-r1 tO v=f
23. A particle of mass 0.1 kg is subjected to a force
which varies with distance as shown in figure. If it 29. A particle moves in a straight line with retardation
starts its joumey from rest at x = 0, its velocity at proportional to its displacement. Its loss of kinetic
x:12mis energy for any displacement x is proportional to
(o) * (b) d
E
o
E 10-
(c) x (d) loer'
o
z 30. A block weighing 10 N travels down a smooth
lJ-
x(m) curved track lB joined to a rough horizontal surface
04812 (figure). The rough surface has a friction coefficient
of 0.20 with the block. If the block starts slipping
(a) 0 m/s (D zoJi rr,ts on the track from a point 1.0 m above the horizontal
(c) 20.6 (d) 40 m/s surface, the distance it will move on the rough
"Y.
24. Aparticle is projected horizontally from a height fr. surface is :
A
Taking g to be constant every where, kinetic energy
E of the particle with respect to time I is correctly
shown in (Neglect air resistance) 1

(a)
E

(b)
E

(a) 5.0
Im (6) 10.0 m
Rough

t
(c) 15.0m (d) 20.0m
E E 31. The negative of the work done by the conservative
intemal forces on a system equals the change in its
(c) @ (a) total energy (b) kinetic energy
(c) potential energy (d) none ofthese
t
32. A body is dropped from a certain height. When it
25. lf v, p and E denote the magnitude of velocity, loses U amount of its potential energy it acquires a
momentum and kinetic energy of the particle, then : velocity 'v'. The mass of the body is :
(a) p: dE/dv (b) p: dE/dt (a\ zutf (b) zvt0
(c) p: dv/dt (d) None of these (c\ 2vtU (4 Utzv
 Work, power & Energy 7.27
33. A stone is projected vertically up with a velocity z,
reaches upto a maximum height h. wh"n iti;;;
(") So @ Jn
height of 3hl4 from the ground, the ratio of KE and 39. Ablockofmass2kgininitiallyatrestonahorizontal
PE at that point is : (consider PE:0 at the point of
frictionlesssurface.Ahorizontalforce F =e -r\i
projection)
(a)r: I Newtons acts on it, when the block is at x : 0. The
(b)t:2
maximum kinetic energy of the block between r: 0
(c) l:3 (d)3:t andr:3 m in joules is
34. A bob hangs from a rigid support by
an inextensible string of length /. If it
(a) 24 (b) 20

is.displaced through a distance / (from

(c) 18 (A ts
the lowest position) keeping the string M*tion in vertical cirele
straight and then released. The speed ofthe bob at 40. The mass of a simple pendulum bob is 10 gm. The
the lowest position is : length of the pendulum is I m. The bob is drawn
a side from the vertical position so that the string
@ Jst @ Jrs( makes an angle of 60o with the vertical and let go.
@ Ost @ Jist The kinetic energy of the bob while crossing its
vertical position will be (g:9.8 mls2 )
35. Two springs A and B (ka: 2kr) are stretched by
applying forces of equal magnitudes at the four ends. (a) 0.4e J (b) 0.941
If the energy stored in A is E, then in B is (assume (c) lJ (A t.2J
equilibrium): 41. A hollow sphere has radius 6.4 m. Maximum
(a) Et2 (b) 2E velocity required by a motor cyclist at bottom to
(c) E (d) Et4 complete the circle will be

36. When a spring is stretched by 2 cm, it stores 100 J of

(a) 17.7 m/s (6) 10.2 m/s

energy. If it is stretched further by 2 cm, the stored (c) 12.4m/s (d) 16.0m/s
energy will be increased by 42. Acradle is 'lr'meters above the ground at the lowest
(a) l00J (b) 2001 position and 'H'metres when it is at the highest
(c) 300J (A 400J point. If 'y'is the maximum speed of the swing of
total mass 'm'the relation between 'ft'and 'H'is
37. A block of mass m m
is attached to two k1 lY
(a) +tt=n t (*)+h=H
unstretched springs )mv2
of spring constants
k, and fr, as shown in figure. The block is displaced ., [f) *h=H (*)+H=h
towards right through a distance -r and is released.
Find the speed ofthe block as it passes through the 43. A simple pendulum
^ is o
mean position shown. B' i-- ,B
vibrating with an angular I
c[
I

k,+k"
(a) ---!--------L
m
x (b)
k,k"
tz
m(kr+ kr)
amplitude of 90" is shown
in the following figure. For ".. i
'---__!. --.'c
what value of cr is the A
2
lSrt; acceleration directed
(c) x (d) (l)
*(rt +14) *G +rd) vertically upwards (ii) horizontally
(iii) vertically downwards
38. A ring of mass I kg can P
slide on a smooth vertical
1.5 m (a) oo, *r-' rr"
rod as shown in figure. The
ring is connected to a A []),
spring of spring constant m

K : 40 N/m and natural (b) eo.,*.-,(+),0.

length of spring is 2 m. The
ring is taken at a height of 1.5 m and released. The (c) cos-r[+),oo,eoo
velocity of ring when it reaches point C, is equal to
(in m/s)
2Ji (dl cos-r(+),eoo,oo
@) @ zJto
7.28 Physics
44. A frictionless track ABCDE ends in a circular loop velocity of the car is 'lP ,the rate at which the engine
of radius R, a body slides down the track from point of the car is doing work will be
A which is at a height h: 5 cm. Maximum value of (a) RV (b) maV
R for the body to successfully complete the loop is (c) (R +ma)V (O @a-R)V
D
49. The average power required to lift a 100 kg mass
through a height of 50 metres in approximately
h
2R c 50 seconds would be ( g = 9.8 mls2 \
E
(a) 50 J/s (6) 5000 J/s
B
(c) 100 J/s (d) 980 J/s
l5 50. A block of mass ,n is moving with a constant
(a) 5 cm (b;)
4 acceleration 'a' ol a rough horizontal plane. If the
l0 coefficient of friction between the block and plane
(c) (d) 2cm is p. The power delivered by the extemal agent at a
3
time t from the beginning is equal to:
45. A body of mass 0.5 kg is rotated with uniform (a) mdt (b) pmgat
speed along vertical circle by means of light string. (c) pm(a+ pg)gt (d) m(a+ Pg)at
If tension in the string is 2.2 N when the body is
crossing the highest point of vertical circle, the 51. Aparticle moves with avelocityi = (Si -fj + Or0)
tension in the string when the body is crossing m/s under the influence of a constant force F =
lowest point of is ( g : 9.8 mlsz ) (l0i+l0j +ZOt1 N. The instantaneous power
(a) N
9.8 (D) 12 N
applied to the padicle is :
(c) l5N (d) le.6N
(a) 200 Jls (D) 40 J/s
46. Awater bucket of mass rz is revolved in a vertical (c) l40J/s (d) l70Jls
circle with the help of a rope of length r. If the
52. An electric motor creates a tension of 4500 N in
velocity of the bucket at the lowest point is W .
hoisting cable and reels it at the rate of 2 m/s. What
Then the velocity and tension in the rope at the is the power of electric motor ?
highest point are (a) eW (b) eKw
@)
^ligr,Zmg (D Jzgr,mg (c) 225W (d) 9000 H.P.
53. A Mrof mass 80 kg runs up a staircase in 15 s.
k)
'[s"*s @) o man
Another man Mralso of mass 80 kg runs up the stair
47. The bob of a simple pendulum at rest position is
case in 20 s. The ratio of the power developed by
given a velocity Y inhoizontal direction so that the
them(PrlPr) will be :
bob describes vertical circle of radius to length of
(") I (b) 4t3
pendulum /. If the tension in sfiing is 4 times weight
of bob when the string is horizontal, the velocity
(c\ 16/9 (d) None of the above
of bob when it is crossing highest point of vertical 54. Power versus time graph for a given force is given
circle is below. Work done by the force upto time (< lo).

,,8 @ "[a
t
P

N'E @) Jzct
P

b
t

Power (a) First decreases->t

then increases
(b) First increases then decreases
48. A car of mass 'rr?' is driven with a constant
acceleration 'a' along a straight level road against (c) Always increases
a constant extemal resistive force 'R'. When the (d) Always decreases
 Work, power & Energy 7.2g
EXERC'SE _ 2

Colculation of work
q
(mrz;
1. A force F=Qi +5j) N acts on a body due to
which its position varies as 3:efi-sj). Work
done by this force in first two seconds is: t (in sec)
(a) 23J (b) 32J ar(in nr/s2)
(c) zero (d) can,tbeobtaineds

2. The force exerted by a compression device is t(in sec)

given by F(x): ls(x - 0) for 0 < x < 0 , where
0 is the maximum possible compression, x is the -1
37"
compression and t
is a constant. The work required
to compress the device by a distance d will be
maximum when : (a) 22.s J (D) loJ
d:!4 (c) 0 (d) None ofthese
(a) @\d:+
,12 6. A block attached to a spring, pulled by a constant
(c,) d:!2 @)d:a
horizontal force, is kep on a smooth surface as
shown in the figure. lnitially, the spring is in the
natural state. Then the maximum positive work that
3. A triangle formed using three wir:es AB, BC and, CA the applied force F can do is: [Given that spring
is placed in a vertical plane. Coefficient of friction does not breakl
for all the three wires is same. If w, and w, is the
work done by the friction in moving an object from
k
Ato B through C' and Crespectively, then F

c'
B
F2
(a)
K @+
c
(a) wr: w,
(b) wr<w,
(c)* ,4#
(c) wr> w, 7. As shown in figure a body of mass
(d) the relation depends on the lenglh AB and, BC I kg is shifted from I
to D on
inclined planes by applying a
4. A force F=-K(yi+, j) where K is a positive
:8
force slowly such that the block is
constant, acts on a particle moving in the x_y plane.
always in contact with the plane
Starting from the origin, the particle is taken along 42 4
surfaces. Neglecting the jerk
the positive x-axis to the point (a, 0) and then parallel
experienced at points C and B, total work done by
to they-axis to the point (a, a).The total work done the force is: (p:0.1)
by the force F on the particle is (a) J
e0 (b) s6J
(a) -2Kd (0 zKd (c) l80J (O 0J
(c) -Kd (d) Ko2 8. Force acting on a particle moving in a straight line
5. In the figure the variation of components of
varies with the velocity v of the particle as K/v, F:
where K is a constant. The work done by this force
acceleration of a particle of mass I kg is shown
in time r is
w.r.t. time. The initial velocity of the particle is
il: (- l? + $1 m/s. The total work done by the K
@) jt (b) 2Kt
resultant force on the particle in time interval from
2Kt
/ = 0 to t:4 seconds is: (c) Kt (d) --;-
v-
7.30 Physics
9. The displacement of a body of mass 2 kg varies 14. The potential energy of a system is represented in
with 'r' as ,S: I + 2r, where ,S is in metres and 'r' is the first figure, the force acting on the system will be
in seconds. The work done by all the forces on the represented by
body during the time interval t = 2 sto, = 4 s is u(x)
(a) 36J (b) 64J
(c) l00J (d) t20l
10. A block of mass 2 kg is released x
from rest on rough surface as a

shown in figure. Find the F(x)

workdone on the block bY (a) p= 1

2
gravity (b) force of friction 600
(a) a (b)
a x
x
when the block is disPlaced
downwards by 2m? [8r = 10 ms-2]

(a) 10 J,-34.6 J (b) l0 J,34.6 J

(c) 34.6 J, - l0 J (A 3.46 J,- l0 J
11. A block of mass 'm' is pulled along a horizontal (c) @ x
surface by applying a force at an angle '0' with
a

the horizontal. If the block travels with a uniform

velocity and has a displacement 'd and the
coefficient of friction is p. Then find the workdone 15. The potential energy of a body is given by A - B*
by the applied force? (where x is the displacement). The magnitude of
force acting on the Particle is
pmgd cos0
(a) (b) (a) inversely proPortional to x
(cos0+psin0) (cos0+psin0)
(D) proportionaltol

r"rfrfffier
sin0
pmgd
@)
ptngd cosO
(cos0-psin0)
(c) proportionaltox
(d) constant
12. A box weighting 2000 N is to be slowly slid through 16. The total work done on a particle is equal to the
20 m on a straight frack having coefficient of friction change in its kinetic energy
0.2 with the box. Find the workdone by the person (a) ifconservative forces are acting
pulling the box with a chain at an angle '0'with (b) ifnon-conservative forces are acting
the horizontal? Find the work when the person
(c) ifboth conservative and nonconservative forces
has chosen a value of '0'which ensures him the
are acting
minimum magnitude of force?
(d) none ofthese
(r)
#Ho l,76sr #ffi
(,) r,76sor
17. The potential energy of a particle of mass m ftee to
move along r-axis is given bY U - lW
2
(d,
(,)
#r36er #ffiJ,3e6oJ for < 0 and U = 0 for x > 0 (x denotes the
r
x-coordinate of the particle and /r is a positive
Conservative forces, potentiol energy
constant). If the total mechanical energy of the
13. The potential energy for a force field F is given by
U(x, y\= sin (x +y). The force acting on the particle particle is E, then its sPeed atx: - -
ff
of mass n at is EE
[-;) (a) zero (b) ,l*
t_

(a) I @) Ji
I (c)
tr
t_ @
Ir
(d) \lz*
(c)
o 0 \*
 Work, Power & Energy 7.37
18. The potential energy of a 4 kg particle free to move (a) y^o:20m (b) y^*: 15 m
along the x-axis is given by (c) y^*:llm (d) lr.o=5m
1 -)
u(x): +
32 -+ + 6x +3
22. A wedge of mass Mfitted with a spring of stiffness
'f is kept on a smooth horizontal surface. A rod of
Total mechanical energy of the particle is l7 J. Then mass m is kept on the wedge as shown in the figure.
the maximum kinetic energy is System is in equilibrium and at rest Assuming that
(a) 10J (b) 2J all surfaces are smooth, the potential energy stored
(c) 9.s J (d) 0.s J in the spring is:

19. Aparticle of mass 'rn ' is projected with a velocity 'a'

at an angle 'cr'with the horizontal. Work done by k m
gravity during its descent from its highest point to
M
the position where its velocity vector makes an angle 0

*2 with the horizontal is,

m92 tan2 e m2gtan2 0
(a) ,0,
I 2K 2K
(a) *u2 tanz 0
, m292 tan2 e *2g2 tan2 o
(c) @
0, 2K K
@): *u2 tanz
2
23. A body of mass rn dropped from a certain height
I 2 ) o
(c) mu cos' tan2
i C[
2
strikes a light vertical fixed spring of stiffiress t. The
height of its fall before touching the spring if the
'td .'t
@: mu cos'-
2
-sm- o maximum compression of the spring is equal to
2
3mg
20. A small mass slides down an inclined plane of ls:
fr
inclination 0 with the horizontal. The co-efficient of
friction is p : po x where x is the distance through
3*g
which the mass slides down and po is a constant.
(a)
2k
@)'#
Then the distance covered by the mass before it 3mg
stops is:
lcl
4K
6yg
4K
(a)
24 (b)
-
tan 0 tan e
* * 24. Two equal masses are attached to the two ends of a
spring of spring constant t. The masses are pulled
(c) ^ll tan 0 (d) - tan 0
2lto Po out symmetrically to stretch the spring by a length x
over its natural length. The work done by the spring
21. A toy car of mass 5 kg starts from rest and moves
on each mass during the above stretching is
up a ramp under the influence of force F (F is
I I
applied in the direction of velocity) plotted against
displacement .r. The maximum height attained is
(a)
, t* (b) - 2d
given bY (8: l0 m/s2) : I I
(c)
Z
td (d)
4
td
Ym 25. A rod of length I m and mass 0.5 kg hinged at one
__) I end, is initially hanging vertical. The other end is
-_-....v
x=0 x=11m now raised slowly until it makes an angle 60'with
100 the vertical. The required work is: (use g = l0 m/s2)
'f 80
5
(b) 5.J
60
40
(o)
rr +
20

02 4 6 8 1012 x
(") t7
TJ ra ft
7.32 Physics
26. Asmall block of mass z is kept on a rough inclined 30. A block of mass 50 kg is projected horizontally on
surface of inclination 0 fixed in a elevator. The a rough horizontal floor. The coefficient of friction
elevator goes down with a uniform velocity v and the between the block and the floor is 0.1. The block
block does not slide on the wedge. The work done
strikes a light spring of stiffoess fr: 100 N/m with
by the force of friction on the block with respect to
ground in time t will be a velocity 2 m/s. The maximum compression of the
(a) zero (b) -mgvt cos2 0 spring is :

(c) -mgtsi*O (d) mgvtsin2O

27. A block of mass M is hanging over a smooth and 2mls
-------+
light pulley through a light string. The other end of 50 kg
k
the string is pulled by a constant force F. The kinetic p=!.1
energy ofthe block increases by 20 J in I s.
(a) the tension in the string is Mg (a) lm (b) 2m
(b) the tension in the string is F (c) 3m (O 4m
(c) the work done by the tension on the block is 20
31. A car of mass fit starts moving so that its velocity
J in the above I s.
(d) the work done by the force of gravity is 20 J in varies according to the law v = B 16, where B is a
-
the above I s. constant, and s is the distance covered. The total
work performed by all the forces which are acting
28. In the figure a block slides along a track from
on the car during the first I seconds after the
one level to a higher level, by moving through an
beginning of motion is
intermediate valley. The track is frictionless until
the block reaches the higher level. There a frictional (a) mBa P/8 (b) mp2 talS
force stops the block in a distance d. The block's (c) mpa Pl4 (d1 mp2 r't4
initial speed vo is 6 m/s, the height difference & is
l.l m and the coefficient of kinetic friction p is 0.6. 32. In a projectile motion, KE varies with time as in
The value of dis : graph : (0 + 0, l80o with vertical)

n-----> ,{
ffi Lh
k
k

(a) (b)

(a) 1.17 m (b) l.7l m

(c) 7.1I m (d) tt.l m k
k
29. A small particle slides along a track with elevated (c) @
ends and a flat central part, as shown in figure.
The flat part has a length 3 m. the curved portions
of the track are frictionless, but for the flat part the 33. A l0 kg small block is pulled in the vertical plane
coefficient of kinetic friction is p :9.2. The particle along a frictionless surface in the form of an arc of
is released atpointA, which is at a height h= 1.5 m a circle of radius l0 m. The applied force is of 200
above the flat part of the track. The position where N as shown in the figure. If the block started from
the particle finally come to rest is: rest at A, the speed at .B would be: (g = l0 m/s2)

{U A

It- 3.0m ------ll

(a) left to mid point of the flat part

(b) right to the mid point of the flat part
B
F

(a) rE m/s (b) 10.6 m/s

(c) Mid point of the flat part
(d) None of these (c) 10016 n/s (d) None of these
 Work, Power & Energy 7.33
34. A chain of mass M and length / is held vertically 38. The figure shows a particle sliding on a frictionless
such that its bouom endjust touches the surface of track which terminates in a straight line horizontal
a horizontal table. The chain is released from rest. section. If the particle starts slipping from ',4', then
Assume that the portion of chain on the table does how far away from the track will the particle hit the
not form a heap. The momentum of the portion of ground?
the chain above the table after the top end of the A
chain falls down by a distance //8.

(diMP o ftu@ I
hr=1m
B

1-o_ hz=0.5m
@ rouJs( @) irJr, (a) 0.5 m (D) I m
35. Velocity{ime graph of a particle of mass 2 kg (c) l.5m (d) 2m
moving in a straight line is as shown in figure. Work
39. A projectile is fired from the top of a 40 m high
done by all the forces on the particle is
cliff with an initial speed of 50 ms-l at an unknown
v(m/s) angle. Find its speed when it hits the ground?
20 (a) 47 ms-t (D) 37 ms-t
(c) 57 ms-r (d) 2l ms-r

40. A small disc I slides down with initial velocity

equal to zero from the top of a smooth hill of height
2
t(s) H having a horizontal portion as shown in figure.
What must be the height of horizontal portion 'ft' to
(a) a00J (b) -400J
ensure the maximum horizontal distance 's' covered
(c) -200 J (d) 200J by the disc? What is it equal to?
36. Inthe ideal pulley-particle system shown,
the mass m, is connected with a vertical
spring of spring constant K. (mr> mr).lf
---)
the mass rn, is released from rest when H
h
the spring is undeformed, find the {
maximum compression of the spring. Y
H,2H
*r@+ts ,^WP (a)
(c) H,4H
(b) Hl2,H
(A Hl4,H
mrB 2(mz- m)g 41. The figure shows a smooth track, a part of which is
(c) @
K K a circle of radius 'R'. A block of mass 'rz' is pushed
against a spring of spring constant r( fixed at the left
37. Block A has a weight of 300 N and block '.8' end and is then released. Find the initial compression
of the spring so that the block presses the track with
has a weight of 50 N. Determine the distance 'B'
a force 'mg' when it reaches the point P, where the
must raise from rest before. '7" obtains a speed of radius of the track is horizontal?
2.5 ms-I. Neglect the mass of cord and pulleys?

o,-E- P
K

(o) FA (b)
'2mgR
!1( K
(a) 1.56 m (b) 0.7 m 3mgR F*cR
(c) @
(c) 0.8 m (A tm K l2K
T.iN Physics
42. The masses m, : l0 kg and mz : 5 kg are 46. A small frictionless block slides with velocity
connected by an ideal string as shown in figure. The 0.5 t[g, on the horizontal surface as shown in the
coefficients of friction between mrandthe surface is
Figure. The block leaves the surface at point C. The
p = 0.2. Assuming that the system is released from
angle 0 in the Figure is :
rest. Calculate the velocity of blocks when z, has
vo
descended by 4 m? [S: 10 ms-21 +
B

c
I

o
(a) 2 msr (D) 3 msr (a) cos-l(4/9) (b) cos-t(3/41
(c) 4 msr (d) 5 ms-r (c) cos-t (1/21 (d1 none ofthe above
Motion of vertical circle 47. A sphere of mass m is suspended by a thread of
43. A particle of mass m begins to slide down a fixed length '0' is oscillating in a vertical plane, the
smooth sphere from the top with negligible initial angular amplitude being 00. What is the tension in
velocity. What is its tangential acceleration when it the thread when it makes an angle 0 with the vertical
breaks offthe sphere ? during oscillations ? If the thread can support a

@+ (t, +
g
maximum tension of 2 mg, then what can be the
maximum angular amplitude of oscillation of the
sphere without breaking the rope?
(c) s @ J (a) 3mg cos 0 - Zmg cos 0o , 0, = 60"
(b) 3mg cos 0 + 2mg cos 0r,, 0o: 60"
44. A ball suspended by a thread swing in a vertical
plane so that its acceleration values in the extreme (c) 2mg cos 0 - 3mg cos 0o , 0o = 30o
and the lowest position are equal. Find the thread (d) zms cos 0 + 3mg cos 00,, 0o = 30o
deflection angle in the extreme position.
48. A heavy particle hanging vertically from a point by
(a) 2tart 2 (b1 ztana !
a light inextensible string of length / is started so as
to make a complete revolution in a vertical plane.
(c) tan-t 2 @ t^'; The sum of the magnitude of tension at the ends of
any diameter :

45. A simple pendulum consisting of a mass M altached (a) first increase then decreases
in a string oflength I is released from rest at an angle (b) is constant
cr. A pin is located at a distance / below the pivot (c) first decrease then increases
point. When the pendulum swings down, the string
(d) decreases continuously
hits the pin as shown in the figure. The maximum
angle 0 which string makes with the vertical after 49. A particle initially at rest starts moving from point
hitting the pin is: I on the surface of a fixed smooth hemisphere of
radius r as shown. The particle looses its contact with
C[
L hemisphere at point B. C is centre of the hemisphere.
The equation relating o and B is

B
a/
(a) cos- .o.-'t"Ht]
["Xr]rar
(b) 2 sin cr:3 cos B
(c) cos-,
l"fil ra .o,-'
t+*r]
(a) 3sincr=2cosB
(c) 3sinB=2coscr (d) 2sinB:3coscr
 Work, Power & Energy 7.35
50. A collar'.8' of masq 2 kg is constrained to move speedsoftheenginewhenitpulls 12and6coaches
along a vertical smooth and fixed circular track of are (power of engine remains constant) :
radius 5 m. The spring lying in the plane of the
(a) 8'5 rn/s and
,
15 m/s respectivelv
circular track and having spring *;;
""r#;;;
is undeformed when the collar is at,A' .If the collar
(b) 6'5 m/s and 8 m/s respectively
starts from re st at' B' ,the normal reaction exerted by (c) 8.5 m/s and I 3 m/s respectively
the track on the collar when it passes through 'l' is: (d) 10.5 m/s and 15 m/s respectively

54. A man is supplying an instantaneous power of 500 J/s

to a massless string by pulling it at an instantaneous
speed of l0 m/s as shown. It is known that kinetic
c
A energy ofthe block is increasing atarate of 100 J/s
7m at that instant. Then the mass of the block is :

iD
(a) 360 N (r) 720N
(c) 1480N (d) 2880 N
Power

51. A pump motor is used to deliver water at a certain

rate from a given pipe. To obtain "n" times water
from the same pipe in the same time, the factor by (a) kg
5 (D) 3 ke
which the power of the motor should be increased is: (c) l0 kg (d) 4ke
(o) ,2 (b) n3 55. A body is moved from rest along a straight line by
(c) na (d) ,rtz a machine delivery constant power. The ratio of
52. An engine pumps up 1000 kg of coal from a mine displacement and velocity (s/v) varies with time I as:
100 m deep in 50 sec. The pump is running with t t
diesel and efficiency of diesel engine is 25%. Then
its power consumption will be G = 10 m/sec2): (a) (b)
(a) l0kW (D) 80kw
(c) 20kW (d) 24kw s/v s/v

53. An engine can pull 4 coaches at a maximum speed

of 20 m/s. Mass of the engine is twice the mass (c) (d)
of every coach. Assuming resistive forces to be
proportional to the weight, approximate maximum s/v s/v

EXERC'SE _ 3

NumericalType
1. In the figure shown, all the surfaces are frictionless, and mass of the block m: I kg. The block and wedge are held
initially at rest. Now, the wedge is given a horizontal acceleration of l0 m/s2 by applying a force on the wedge, so
that the block does not slip on the wedge. Then the work done (in J) by the normal force in ground frame on the
block in /3 s is

------) l0 m/s2
7,36 Physics
2. Aparticle is given a certain velocity v at point P as height (in m) achieved by the block from the ground
is (g =1g rrY.2,
shown on a hemispherical smooth surface. What is
the value of v (in m/s) such that when the particle
reaches point Q, the normal reaction of the surface
becomes equal to the weight of the particle? (Radius
of hemisphere, R: 1.6 m, g: l0 m/s2)
30o Fixed
v
P 7. The block shown in the figure is connected to a
spring of spring constant K which is in a relaxed
state. Now the block is displaced a distance A
towards left and released. It oscillates many times.
3. Aunidirectional force F : (2dx-:x'?)i is acting on A weak friction force F is acting on the block' It is
FA When the block comes to a
a block which is initially at rest on a smooth surface given that
i:;.
at position x = 0. The minimum kinetic energy is state of rest for the first two times, the deformations
found to be 4 units. Find the positive numerical ofthe spring are x, and x, respectively. The value of
value ofconstant cr. (A-x,)
IS
4. Work done by force F to move a block of mass 2 kg (xr - xr)
fromAto C very slowly is (76x) J. Force F is always K
acting tangential to path. Equation of pathAB is x2 :
8y and BC is straight line which is tangent on curve
8. The graph between the resistive force F acting on a
AB at point B (p between block and path ABC is
body and the distance covered by the body is shown
0.5). Then value of x is (g: 10 m/s2)
in the figure. The mass of the body is 25 kg and
YC initial velocity is 2 m/s. When the distance covered
l0'lZ by the body is 4 m, its kinetic energy would be 10r.
Find r?
p 0.5

A g 20
(0,0) o
3
5. In the diagram shown below, the rod is uniform zo) 0
IL
having mass M and length L. The rod is released
01 2 34
from the state of rest when it is making an angle 0 :
(m)

60'. The rod comes to state of rest when the angle 0 9. Asmallblockliesona i
le
xMg
reduces to 30o. The spring constant is .
rough horizontal ----+--r
block
L(/Y - 1) platform above its
Find (x + Y). centre C as shown in C
-
figure. The platform-- -Rt- I
-_-_____ i_-_
is moved in a vertical o ]P

plane such that it

always remains
---a- I

horizontal and the Sl

centre C moves in a
vertical circle with
Assume the #:,ffit#:,ton to be zero
constant angular velocity ,: \[ .The block
6. A block of mass 5 kg is released from rest on an
remains at rest with respect to the plank and the
inclined plane when the compression in the spring
is 2 m. The block is not attached with the spring and
block does not loose contact with the plank
anywhere. The ratio of net contact fotE between the
natural length of the spring is 4 m. The maximum
block and plank at point P and S is f . fioa rf
 Energy 7.37
Work; Power &
10. A body of mass 6 kg is acted upon by a force which 15. One end of a light spring of natural length d and
spring constant k: 64 N/m is fixed on a rigid wall
causes a displacement in it given by *: ! and the other is attached to a smooth ring of mass
^"t "
m : I kg which can slide without friction on a
where I is the time in second. The work done by the
vertical rod fixed at a distance d = 3 m from the
force in 2 seconds is _ J
wall. Initially the spring makes an angle of 37o with
11. A 5 kg brick moves along an X-axis. Its acceleration the horizontal as shown in fig. When the system is
as a function of its position as shown in figure. What released from rest find the speed of the ring when
is the net work performed on the brick by the force the spring becomes horizontal. [sin 37o = 3/5]
(x x 102) causing the acceleration as the bricks
moves fromx : 0 tox : 8.0 m? Ring
A
a (m/s2) v=0

t
20
(. h

15
't0 37"

5 d B

012345678 Road

x(m)
16. Ablock ofmass m: lkgis dropped onto a spring of
12. A particle moves along the x-axis from x = 0 to
constant k= 400 N/m from a height 'h'.The second
x : 5 m under the influence of a force F(in,\I) given
end of the spring is attached to a second block of
by F = 3f - 2x + 7. The work done by this force is
[130 + x] J find x?
mass M:4 kg as shown. Find the minimum value
of h (x l0-lm) so that the block 4 kg bounces offthe
13. A body of mass 5 kg is acted upon by a variable
ground if the block of mass I kg sticks to the spring
force. The force varies with the distance covered by
immediately after it comes into contact with it.
the body. The speed ofthe body when the body has
covered 25 m is 10x m/s find x _? 17. Blockl of mass I kg is placed on the rough surface
Assume that the body starts from rest. of blockB ofmass 3 kg. BlockB is placed on smooth
horizontal surface. Blocks are given the velocities as
1 ON
shown. Find net work done by the frictional force.

1 fin -ve J]
o
g 8 m/sec
o 4 m/sec
LL
25m 50 m
---+
Distance 18. The masses mr= l0 kg and hz:5 kg are connected
14. A system consisb of two cubes of nusses m, and m, by an ideal string as shown in figure. The coefficients

respectively, connected by a spring of force constant &. of friction between m, and the surface is p = 6.2.
Find the force (F) that should be applied to the upper Assuming that the system is released from rest.
cube for which the lower one just lifu after the force is The velocity of blocks when m, has descended by
removed. (take mr: 0.1 kg mr: 0.2 kg, g : l0 m/s2)
4m? lg: 10 ms-21 (in m/s) is
F =O,2
m1

m2
7.38 Physics
19. A block of mass M= 2 kg slides along a horizontal tangential speed (m/sec) of the mass such that the
table with speed vo : 4 mls. At x : 0 it hits a spring string with tension T, does not become slack when
with spring constant k = 200 N/m and begins to the mass is directly above rod. Take length of string
experience a friction force. as l:2.4m
I
The coefficient of friction is variable and is given by I

p: 10r. Find the loss in mechanical energy in joules

when the block has first come momentarily to rest?
Tr
20. Figure shows a massless rod arranged at an angle of
30o from the horizontal. Two massless strings are
attached to rod and a mass 'z'as shown in figure. T3 m
The rod is rotated maintaining its direction in space,
so that m travels in a circular path. The string are
of equal length and make angle of 60' with the 300
rod as shown. Calculate the minimum value of the
EXERC'SE _ 4

Single Option Correct 3. One end of a light rod of length I m is attached

with a string of length I m. Other end of the rod
1. A block of mass lz is placed inside a smooth hollow
is attached at point O such that rod can move in a
cylinder of radius R whose axis is kept horizontally.
vertical circle. Other end of the string is attached
Initially system was at rest. Now cylinder is
with a block of mass 2 kg. The minimum velocity
given constant acceleration 2 g in the horizontal that must be given to the block in horizontal
direction by external agent. The maximum angular direction so that it can complete the vertical circle is
displacement of the block with the vertical is: G = lo m/s2).

@) ali (b) s\6

29 (c) l0 @ 3^ls
-|>
4. The sphere at P is given adownward velocity vo and

(a) 2tan-t 2 (b) tanl2 swings in vertical plane at the end of a rope of /: 1 m
attached to a support at O.The rope breaks at angle
(c) tan-rl (4
"-,(;) 30o from horizontal, knowing that it can withstand a

maximum tension equal to three times the weight of

2. A bob is attached to one end ofa B the sphere. Then the value of vo will be: (g = n2 ml
string other end of which is fixed
s2)
at peg A. The bob is taken to a
position where string makes an P l=1m
o
angle of 30' with the horizontal. vo
0

On the circular path of the bob in vertical plane there

is a peg 'B' at a symmetrical position with respect to
the position of release as'shown in the figure' If v"
and vo be the minimum speeds in clockwise and
anticlockwise directions respectively, given to the
(al lmls (b) ?€
2 J ^r,
bob in order to hit the peg 'B' then ratio v" : vo is
equal to

(a)l:1
:

(\t:J2
<">
ff*" {a l-t,
(c) l:2 (d)r:4
 Work, Power & Energy 7.39
5. A ring of radius R lies in
vertical plane. A bead of mass a2
'm' can move along the ring y
a1
without friction. Initially the
bead is at rest the bottom most
point on ring. The minimum
constant horizontal speed v with which the ring must
tl L2 Time
be pulled such that the bead completes the vertical
circle

@) JW
:

@) J4sR
,,#c-il *, #ot-tt
(c) 16sn @ J,.ssR (c)
ffai-,ft ,^ ffQi-t)
6. The figure shows a hollow cube of side 'a' ofvolume
L i, 9. A large slab of mass 5 kg lies on a smooth hoizontal
Z. There is a small chamber of volume tt
4 " surface with a block of mass 4 kg on the top of it.
cube as shown. This chamber is completely filled by Co-efficient of friction between the block and slab
m kg of water. Water leaks through a hole H and is 0.25. If the block is pulled horizontally by a force
spreads in the whole cube. Then the work done by
of F = 6 N, what is the work done by the force of
gravity in this process assuming that the complete
water finally lies at the bottom of the cube is : friction on the slab between the instants t : 2 s to
l: 3 s? (take g: l0 ms-2)

Hole

@) 2.a J (b) 5.ss J

@) a.aa J (a t0J
I

a-N 10. The flexible bicycle type chain of length {2 ana

1 mga mass per unit length 'p' is released from rest in the
(a) (b)
2 imsa smooth circular channel and falls through the hole in
I the supporting surface. Find the velocity of chain as
@ ]*s' (d)
8
m8a
the last link leaves the slot?
7. A particle of mass 'm' moyes on a straight line with
its velocity varying with the distance travelled
according to the equation v = a.[ , where 'a' is a
constant. Find the total workdone by all the forces
during a displacement from x 0 to :
d'l x:
(a\-mad mad2 (n4)
22 B)- (a) c'lr-;)
(c) mda (d\ ma a
42
- - (b) gr( n + 4
8. Acceleration-time graph of a particle is shown. 2 1l

Work done by all the forces acting on the particle

of mass m in time interval t, and t , while a, is @) ,[s,
the acceleration at time t,, is given by: (Consider
particles starts from dust at l:0)
@) ,lrs,
7.40 Physics
11. A smooth narow tube in form of an arc AB of a 13. The springs are unstretched when system is released
circle of centre 'O' and radius 'rR' is fixed so that A is from rest. The spring constant is l0 N/m for each
vertically above 'O' and OB is horizontal. Particles of the spring. The mass of each block is 3 kg. The
P of mass 'm' and Q of mass '2m' with a light
square of the maximum speed of block A (inm2ls2)
inextensible string of length T2 co*ecting them
k: l0 m/s2) is

are placed in side the tube with P at A and Q at B (

-e00e!0[- A
and released from rest. Assuming the string remains
taut during motion, find the speed of particles when
P reaches B ?
A
P

B
r

o
o B

1
(a) 4.8 (b) 2.1
(")
lo+"ts,
(b)
i@+
2)sr (c) 3.s (A 2.4

14. As shown in the figure a person is pulling a mass

)
-1@-r)sr 'm' from ground on a fixed rough hemispherical
(c) (d)
trn-rt* surface upto the top of the hemisphere with the help
c of a light inextensible sfting. Find the work done by
12. Rod AO, of length Z can A _o,
rotate aboutl. Initially rod tension in the string if radius of hemisphere is R and
I

was at position AO,when

I
I
friction coefficient is p. Assume that the block is
I
I
spring OB offorce constant I pulled with negligible velocity.
B
K, attached to block B of o3
mass rn was at position OA o1
with unstretched length I.
D
The smooth block B can
slide on rod when
(a) pmgR (b) (p + t)mgR
o
by the block D of mass z mgR
through massless string and smooth pulley at O,. (c) rr
(d) 2pmgR
Find the velocity of block B, when rod and spring at
B make an angle of 30o with their respective initial
15. The blocks I and B shown in the figure have masses
positions: (,8 is the middle point of the block) Mr:5 kg and Mo:4 kg. The system is released
from rest. The speed of .B after I has travelled a
distance I m along the incline is
lrcmgr-ru] Q-Jr)'1'''
(a)
L*l
I z*gr- Kr] tJZ -t)1'''
(b)
l*) t/2 B 37'
smsr - Kr] (J, -D2
(c)
4m (o)
..6-
7tl8
amgr- KI] dr-l)'.|"'
I
G G
@
l*) (c)
,G @ 2
 Work, Power & Energy 7.47
16. A small bob suspended by a thread swings in a (a) only statement I is true
vertical plane so that angle made by thread in (b) only statement II is true
extreme positions with the vertical i. e : ,in-' [{). (c) only I and III are true
\.5i (d) only II and III are true
Find the difference in radial acceleration of bob in 20. A block ofmass m is P
lower position to the extreme position:
being pulled up the
(a) gcos 0 (D) gsin2 0 p
rough inclined by an
(c) g sin 0 (d) gtan9 agent delivering 0
17. For a particle moving on a constant power P.
straight lint the variation The coefficient of friction between the block and the
of acceleration with time inclined is p. The maximum speed of the block
is given by the graph as during the course of ascent is
shown. Initially the (s)
P
particle was at rest. Then the corresponding kinetic (a) u:
energy of the particle versus time graph will be mg srn 0 + pzg cos 0

K.E. P
(a)
K.E.
(b)
(b) v:
mg sin 0 - png cos 0

2P
K.E.
(c) ,:
K.E, mg sin 0 -;rrzg cos 0
(c) (d)
3P
(d) v: mg sin 0 - png cos 0
18. The potential energy (in SI units) of a particle of
mass 2 kg in a conservative field is U:6x - 8y. If 21. A weightless rod of lenglh 2l -----o------c
c
the initial velocity of the particle is i = (-1.5i + 2 j) carries two equal masses 'm',
one tied at lower end ,{ and the
then the total distance travelled by the particle in
other at the middle of the rod
first two seconds is
B. The rod can rotate in vertical
(a) lOm (b) t2m plane about a fixed horizontal m

(c) l5m (d) l8m axis passing through C. The rod is released from rest
in horizontal position. The speed of the mass.B at the
19. Two identical blocks A and B are placed on two
instant rod, become vertical is:
inclined planes as shown n diagram. Neglect air
resistance and other friction.
A
LN
,,8 *,8
Fixed Fixed N'E ,AE
J K
I 2t 22. One end of an unstretched vertical spring is attached
Read the following statements and choose the to the ceiling and an object attached to the other end
correct option. is slowly lowered to its equilibrium position. If ,S be
gain in spring energy and G be loss in gravitational
Statements I: Kinetic energy of 'l' on sliding to J potential energy in the process, then
will be greater than the kinetic energy of B on falling (a) S: G (b) S:zG
to M.
(c) G:25 (d) None of these
Statements II: Acceleration of 'A' will be greater
23. The potential energy function associated with the
than acceleration of 'B' when both are released to
slide on inclined plane. force F =4ryi+2x2 j is:

Statement III: Work done by extemal agent (a) U:-2*2y (b) U:-2*y+constant
to move block slowly from position B to O is (c) :
U 2xzy +constant(fl not defined
negative
7.42 Physics
24. Starting from the position D 28. A particle is projected vertically upwards with
shown, two similar balls A a speed of 16 m/s, after some time, when it again
and B connected with a passes through the point of projection, its speed is
massless rod, slip down to a
E found to be 8 m/s. It is known that the work done by
horizontal platform K- 2t -----N
BC.
What should be the inclination of the platform CD air resistance is same during upward and downward
with horizontal so that velocity of each of the ball on motion. Then the maximum height attained by the

it is -i
I
times the velocity of these balls on
particle is (Take g: l0 m/s2) :
,12 (a) m8 (D) a.8 m
horizontal platform and both balls completely cover (c) 17.6m (d) 12.8m
the inclined plane
29. lnthe track shown in figure sectionlB is a quadrant
30'
(a) (b) 45'
of a circle of I metre radius. A block is released at
60'
(c) (d) 75'
*A uuutu I and slides without friction until it reaches B. After
25. Block 'l' is hanging from a vertical
B it moves on a rough horizontal floor and comes
spring and is at rest. Block 'B' strikes
the block 'A' with velocity 'v' and to rest at distance 3 metres from ,8. What is the
k
sticks to it. Then the value of 'v' for coefficient of friction between floor and body?
which the spring just attains natural A 1 meter
length is
E!n
'60mg2
Wv+ 1 meter
(a)
k
(D)
!/, I
m B

'lo*g' B D
(c) (d) none ofthese
k (a) tt3 (b) 2t3
@) ua @) 3t8
26. Aparticlel ofmass nt is moving in the positive
f 30. In the figure shown initially spring is in unstretched
direction of x. Its initial position is x : 0 and initial state and blocks are at rest. Now 100 N force is
velocity is I m/s. The velocity at.r = 10 is: (use the applied on block A & 4 as shown in figure. After
graph given) some time velocity of 'l' becomes 2 m/s & that of
Power (in watts) 'B' 4 m/s & block ,{ displaced by amount l0 cm
and spring is stretched by amount 30 cm. Then work
4 done by spring force on will be : I
AB
2
100 N 2kg - uuuuuu * 1kg 100 N
>

surface

10 (in m)
X (a)et3J (b) -6J
(c) 6 J (d) None of these
(a) 4 m/s (b) zrnls
M u lti p le O pti on s Correct
g1 3Ji mts (d) 100/3 m/s
31. Work done by force of friction
(a) canbezero
27, A fire hose has a diameter of 2.5 cm and is required
to direct a jet of water to a height of at least 40 m.
(b) can be positive
The minimum power of the pump needed for this
(c) can be negative
hose is :
(d) information insufficient
(a) 21.5 kW 32. When a man walks on a horizontal surface with
constant velocity, work done by
(b) 4okw
(c) 36.5 kw
(a) friction is zero
(D) contact force is zero
(c) gravity is zero
(d) None of these
(d) 48kw
 Energy 7.43
Work, Power &
33. If the resultant force is always perpendicular to (c) the object has no motion but the point of
motion of a particle application of the force moves on the object
(a) KE remains constant (d) the object moves in such a way that the point
(b) work done :0 (of the body) of application of the force remains
(c) speed is constant fixed.
(d) velocity is constant 40. The kinetic energy of a particle continuously
34. When work done by force of gravity is negative increases with time
(Assume only gravitational force to be acting) (a) the resultant force on the particle must be
(a) KE increases (r) KE decreases parallel to the velocity at all instants.
(c) PE increases (A PE stays constant (b) the resultant force on the particle must be at an
angle less than 90o with the velocity all the time
35. When total work done on a particle is positive
(a) KE remains constant
(c) its height above the ground level must
continuously decrease
(D) Momentum increases
(c) KE decreases
(d) the magnitude of its linear momentum is
increasing continuously
(d) KE increases
41. One end of a light spring of spring constant k is fixed
36. A particle is taken from pointlto point B under the
to a wall and the other end is tied to a block placed
influence of a force field. Now it is taken back from
B to A and it is observed that the work done in taking on a smooth horizontal surface.,In a displacement,
the particle froml to B is not equal to the work done the work done by the spring is The possible
)ta'z.
in taking it from B to A.lf Wn" and W" is the work
done by non-conservative forces and conservative cases are
forces present in the system respectively, AU is (a) the spring was initially compressed by a distance
the change in potential energy, Aft is the change in .x and was finally in its natural length
kinetic energy, then
(D) it was initially stretched by a distance x and
(o) W*- LU: Lk (b) W": - LU finally was in its natural length
(c) W*+ W": Lk (d) W,"- LU: -Lk
(c) it was initially in its natural length and finally in
37. Select the correct alternative. a compressed position
(a) Work done by kinetic friction on a body always (d) it was initially in its natural length and finally in
results in a loss of its kinetic energy.
a stretched position
(b) Work done on a body, in the motion of that
body over a close loop is zero for every force in 42. The given plot shows the variation of U, the potential
nature. energy of interaction befween two particles with the
(c) Total mechanical energy of a system is always distance separating them is r. Then which of the
conserved no matter what type of internal and following statements is / are correct. :
extemal forces on the body are present.
A
(d) When total work done by a conservative force
on the system is positive then the potential E

energy associated with this force decreases. F

38. A heavy stone is thrown from a cliff of height h in D
a given direction. The speed with which it hits the
ground
(a) mustdependonthespeedorprojection
(6) must depend on angle of projection lil :lll;"tr;rt}ll1::ilffi::,,
(c) The force of interaction between the two
(c) must depend on height h of the cliff
particles is attractive between points c and D
(d) maybesmallerthanthespeedofprojection
and repulsive between points D and E on the
39. No work is done by a force on an object if curye.
(a) the force is always perpendicular to its velocity (;1 The force of interaction between the particles is
(b) the force is s arwilys PtrrPt',uruurar to
always perpendicular Lu rrs
its repulsive between points E and F on the curve,
acceleration
7.tU Physics
43. A particle moves along a horizontal circle such that
the radial force acting on it is directly proportional (c) Speed of point f is I
5
to square of time. Then choose the correct option :

(a) tangential force acting on it is directly (d) Work done by the string on the block is non-zero

proportional to time 46. The system is released

(D) power developed by total force is directly from rest. The spring is in
proportional to time vertical position (AB = ln)
(c) average power developed by the total force over and in unstretched
first / second from rest is directly proportional to condition. The block of
time mass rz moves on smooth
(d) angle between total force and normal decreases horizontal surface and
B
withtime breaks the contact when
spring makes an angle 0
44, A single conservative force F(x) acts on a particle with the original vertical
that moves along the x-axis. The graph of the position.
potential energy with .r is given. At x = 5 m, the (a) the magnitude ofangle 0 increases ifthe stiffiress
particle has a kinetic energy of 50 J and its potential ofthe spring used decreases
energy is related to position '.f,' as tI = 15 * (* -3)2 (D) the total work done by the tension in the thread
Joule, where x is in meter. on both the blocks is negative for certain
U (Joule) moment of the block
(c) the vertical component of the spring is equal to
weight of the block
(d) the sum of potential energy in the spring and
5
the kinetic energies of two blocks at the instant
x(m) contact is lost is 2mglotan0
0
S
47. Displacement time graph c
(a) The mechanical energy of system is 69 J. of a particle moving in a B

(D) The mechanical energy of system is 19 J. straight line is as shown in

A
figure. Select the correct
(c) At x:
3, the kinetic energy of particle is
alternative(s)
minimum
(d) The maximum value of kinetic energy is 54 J. (a) work done by all the forces in region AB is not
45. A block of mass m is pulled by an external agent by zero
an inextensible string at point I as shown in figure: (b) work done by all the forces in region AB is zero
(where v and a are velocity and acceleration ofpoint (c) work done by all the forces in reglon BC is
negative
,4 respectively):
(d) work done by all the forces in region OA is
negative
48. Mark the correct statement(s) related to conservative
forces.

m
q
-+a

2
(a)

(b)
A force constant in magnitude

A
as well as in
direction always behave like a conservative
force.
force always oriented towards a common
point and magnitude depends upon distance of
particle form that common point is a conservative
mv
(c) Kinetic energy of the block is force.
-
50
(c) The workdone by a conservative force is
independent of the frame of reference.
(D) Power delivered by the extemal agentis ry (d) none of these.
25
 Work, power & Energy 7.45
49. Abody of mass Mwas slowly hauled up the rough R
hill by a force F which at each point was directed
along a tangent to the hill. Work done by the force :
m
(a) is independent of shape offtajectory
vo = 2€R
(b) depends upon vertical component of
displacement but independent of horizontal (a) the minimum tension in the string during
component subsequent motion is mg
(c) depends upon both the components (6) the initial acceleration of the particle will be 49
(d) does not depend upon coefficient of friction
(c) the minimum initial velocity to be imparted to
50. A horizontal plane o particle in the position shown for it to complete
supports a plank the vertical circle will be J:gn
with a block placed
Friction F, (A the tangential acceleration of the particle when
on it. A light elastic Friction F
the velocity vector becomes horizontal is zero.
string is attached F

to the block which 53. The potential energy (in joules) of a particle of mass
is attached to a fixed point O, Initially the cord is I kg moving in a plane is given by V: 3x + !y,
unstretched and vertical. The plank is slowly shifted the position coordinates of the point being x and y,
to right until the block starts sliding over it. It occurs measured in metres. If the particle is at rest at (6,4);
at the moment when the cord deviates from vertical then
by an angle 0 : 00. Work done by the F equals : (a) its acceleration is of magnitude 5 m/s2
(a) energy lost against friction F, plus strain energy (D) its speed when it crosses the y-axis is l0 m/s
in cord (c) it crosses they-axis (x : 0) at y : - 4
(b) work done against total friction acting on the (d) it moves in a straight line passing through the
plank alone
origin (0, 0)
(c) work done against total friction acting on the 54. Two blocks, of masses Mand2M,are connected to a
plank plus strain energy in cord lightspring ofspring constantKthathas one endfixed,
(d) work done against total friction acting on the as shown in figure. The horizontal surface and the
pulley are frictionless. The blocks are released from
plank plus strain energy in cord minus work
when the spring is non deformed. The string is light.
done by friction acting on the block
-rnnfirnl (l
51. A block is kept at rest on a rough horizontal surface.
Observer I is at rest and observer 2 is moving
along the horizontal with a constant velocity v. The
following quantities will be same as observed by the
two observers.
(a) K.E. of the block attime t
(a) Maximum extension in the spring i, !-Y! .
(D) work done by friction on the block
(c) relative velocity of the block w.r.t horizontal (D) Maximum kinetic energy of the system is
surface 2M'g'
(d) acceleration ofthe block K
(c) Maximum energy stored in the spring is four
52. Aparticle of mass lz is connected to a fixed point O times that of maximum kinetic energy of the
by means of an inextensible string and is free to
system.
move in a vertical plane. The particle is initially
(d) When kinetic energy of the system is maximum,
given a velocity vo: 2t[gR when the string is in
energy stored in the spring . *F
horizontal position. Then
7.46 Physics
55. The potential energy of a particle moving along 58. If the particle is isolated and its total mechanical
.r-axis is given by U : 20 + 5 sin (4nr) when U is in energy is 60 J, then
J and x is in metre under the action of conservative
(a) the particle can be found anywhere from
force
__o <r< @
(a) if total mechanical energy is 20 J, then at
7 (b) the particle's maximum KE is 95 J
,: g
*, particle is at equilibrium
(c) the particle's KE is not getting zero anywhere on
(b) if total mechanical energy is 20 J, then at X-axis.
7
, : tn, particle is not at equilibrium
; (d) all of the above are true

(c) if total mechanical energy is 20 J, then at Passoge-2 (Question 59 to 67)

,: ;3 -, particle is at equilibrium A system of two identical small cubes each of mass 2 kg

are linked together by compressed weight less spring of
(d) if total mechanical energy is 20 J, then at
spring constant 100 N.m-I. The cubes are connected by a
x : - m, particle is not at equilibrium
thread which is burnt through at certain moment. Assume
thatg=l0ms-2.
Comprehension Type
Passoge-7 (Question 56 to 58)

The figure shows the variation of potential energy of a

particle as a function of x, the X-coordinate of the region'
It has been assumed that potential energy depends only on
x. For all other values of x, U is zero, i.e., for x < -10 and
x>15,U:0.
59. Of the following, at which value of A/ the initial
u (x)
J compression of the spring, the lower cube can

bounce up after the thread has been burnt.

x (m)
(a) 42cm (b) 48 cm
5
(c) 52cm (d) 6lcm
-35
60. To what height does the centre of gravity of the

56. If total mechanical energy of the particle is 25 J, system raise if the initial compression of the spring
then it can be found in region is 140 cm
(a) -10<x<-5and6<xc15 (a) 200cm (D) 160 cm
(b) -10<x<-5and6<x<15
(c) l20cm (d) l00cm
(c) -5 <x<6
(A -10 <x< l0 61. The given spring is cut into two equal halves and

57. If total mechanical energy of the particle is -40 J, the initial spring is replaced with one half piece. To
then it can be found in region what height does the centre of the gravity raise if the
(a)x<-l0andx>15 initial compression is 70 cm?
(b) can be found in region
(a) 60 cm (6) 80 cm
(c) l0<x< 15
(d) It is not possible. (c) l00cm (d) l20cm
 Work, Power & Energy 7.47
Passoge-3 (Question 62 to 64) 67. The observer B finds that work done by pseudo force
A spring lies along an.r axis attached to a wall at one end is
and a block at the end. The block rests on a frictionless (a) zero (b) -mdto
surface as x = 0. A force of constant magnitude F is applied (c) + mozto (d) - mgato
to the block that begins to compress the spring, until the 68. According to observer.B, the net work done on the
block comes to a maximum displacementx.o. block is
l1
(a) -, mazto2 (b)
, ma2toz
Energy 4..
or work
(c)
1^r
mgato,
2
, @) -, mgahz
3-
x Possage-S {Question 69 to 77)
Xr*
A vertical frictionless
semicircular track of radius .R is
62. During the displacement, which of the curves shown
fixed on the edge of movable trolley. Initially the system
in the graph best represents the kinetic energy
is at rest and a mass m is kept at the top of the track. The
of the block.
trolley starts moving to the right with a uniform hoizontal
(a)| (b) 2
(c)3 (A4 acceleration : +. The mass slides down the track,
" 9
63. During the displacement, which ofthe curves shown eventually losing contact with it and dropping to the floor
in the graph best represents the work done on the below the trolley.
spring block system by the applied force.
(") I (b) 2
(c)3 (d) 4
2o
64. During the first half of the motion, applied force h
4R a=d
3
transfers more energy to the
(a) kinetic energy (D) potential energy
(c) equal to both (d) depends upon mass of 69. The angle 0 with vertical, at which it losses contact
the block with the trolley is
Passoge- (Question 65 ta 68) (a) 37' (b) 53'
Ablock of mass z is kept in an elevator
which starts moving downward with an
acceleration ao as shown in figure. The in
{a" (") **r (3) @ ;-*'-'(?)
70. The height at which mass m losing contact is
block is observed by two observers I t
B

and.B for atime interval t .

65. The observerB finds that the work done by gravity

a> 1* tot Nn
is (c) R <O l5 *n
I I
(a) mdh2 (b) mdt02 71. The time taken by the mass to drop on the floor, after
2 2
losing contact is
(c)
I
2
mgat] @ -,
I
mgato 2
En
(b)
m
I-

'' t/r" !s
66. The observer B finds that work done by normal
reaction N is @rE (d) Can't be determined
(a) zero (b) -Natoz

(c) + M
2
(d) None of these
7./ts Physics
Matching Column Type Column I Column II
72. A block of mass m lies on wedge of mass M. The (a) Work done by friction (p) positive
wedge in tum lies on smooth horizontal surface. force onblockl is
Friction is absent everywhere. The wedge block
system is released from rest. All situation given in (b) Work done by friction (q) negative
column-I are to be estimated in duration the block force on block B is
undergoes a vertical displacement 'ft' starting from (c) Total work on the system (r) less than p mgl,
rest (assume the block to be still on the wedge). in magnitude
Match the statement in column-I with the results in
column-Il. (g is acceleration due to gravity) (d) Work done by force F (s) equal to FL in
m on block B is magnitude

74. Aparticle moving along x-axis is being acted upon

by one dimensional conservative force F. In the F-x
curve shown, four points "I, K, L, M and marked on the
Column I Column II
curve. Column II gives different type of equilibrium
(a) Work done by normal reaction (p) positive
for the particle at different position. Column I gives
acting on the block is
certain positions on the force position graph. Match
(b) Work done by normal (q) negative the position in Column-I with the corresponding
reaction (exerted by nature of equilibrium at these positions.
block) acting on wedge is c4
tt
I

The sum of work done by (r) zero

I
(c) M
-----t-----
o
I

K L
--'x
normal reaction on block and
work done by normal reaction t J

(exerted by block) on wedge is

Column I Column II
(dl Net work done by all forces (s) less than
on block is mgh in (a) Point J is position (p) Neutral equilibrium

magnitude of
(6) Point K is position (q) Unstable
73. A block I of mass z kg lies on block B of mass
of equilibrium
mkg. B in turn lies on smooth horizontal plane. The
from /:
0 second till the lower block B undergoes a (c) Point L is position (r) Stable equilibrium
displacement of magnitude Z, match the statements of
in column-I with results in column-Il.
(d) Point M is position (s) No equilibrium
of
F=pmg (t) equilibrium

Archives: Least Attempted Questions(LAQs) AEE MAIN)

NumericolType
1. A particle (m: I
kg) slides down a frictionless track (AOC) starting from rest at a point A(height 2m).After
reaching C, the particle continues to move freely in air as a projectile. When it reaching its highest point P (height
kinetic energy of the particle (in J) is : (Figure drawn is schematic and not to scale; take g: t0,;ffi}
Tl:]n.
A Height
a P

2m c I

o
 Work, Power & Energy 7.49
Single Option Correct
2. Consider a force F:-xi +yj. The work done by *
this force in moving a particle from point A(1, 0) to
B(0, l) along the line segment is :
(All quantities are in SI units) 120201
ffit'
ms't'
i.=

v
t") --i- (b) 0
B (0, t)
3msst2
(c) --- (a -*g't'
6. A time dependent force F = 6t acts on a particle of
x mass 1 kg. If the particle starts from rest, the work
(0,0) A(1,0) done by the force during the first I sec. will be :

(o)
l3 J
@) a.s (b) 22J l20t7l
(b) (c)el
T , (d) l8J
(c)2 (Ar 7. A person tying to lose weight by buming fat lifts a
3. A block of mass m, lying on a smooth horizontal mass of I 0 kg upto a height of I m I 000 times. Assume

surface, is attached to a spring (of negligible mass) that the potential energy lost each time he lowers
ofspring constant k. The other end ofthe spring is the mass is dissipated. How much fat will he use up
fixed, as shown in the figure. The block is initially considering the work done only when the weight is
at rest in its equilibrium position. If now the block is lifted up ? Fat supplies 3.8 x 107 J of energy per kg
pulled with a constant force F, the maximum speed which is converted to mechanical energy with a20o/o
of the block is [20191 efficiency rate. Tinkeg= 9.8 ms-2: t20161
(a) 6.45 x t0-3 kg (D) 9.89 x l0-3 kg
(c) 12.89 x l0-3kg (d) 2.45 x t0-3kg
F
8. A point particle of mass nt, moves along the
unifonnly rough track PQR as shown in the figure.
(a\ F The coefficient of friction, between the particle and
,/mk the rough track equals p. The particle is released,
- from rest, from the point P and it comes to rest at a
(b\ F
point R. The energies, lost by the ball, over the parts,
x^lmk
PQ andQR,of the track, are equal to each other, and
-
(c) |tF no energy is lost when particle changes direction
,lmk from PQ to QR. The values of the coefficient of
- 2F friction p and the distance x(= QR), are, respectively
(a_ close to: [2016]
'lmk +
4. A force acts on a 2 kg object so that its position is I
I
given as a function of time asx:3P + 5. What is the I
I

work done by this force in first 5 seconds? [20191 h=2m I

I

(a) 850 J I
I
I

(b) e50 J I
oR
(c) 875 J Horizontal ----+
surface
(d) e00 J

5. A block of mass z is kept on a platform which starts (a) 0.2 and 3.5 m
from rest with constant acceleration (b) 0.29 and 3.5 m
f upwards, as
shown in figure. Work done by normal reaction on (c) 0.29 and 6.5 m
block in time t is [20191 (d) 0.2 and 6.5 m
T.5O Physics
9. For a simple pendulum, a graph is plotted between where a and b are constants. The work done in
its kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (pE) stretching the unstretched rubber-band by L is :

against its displacement d. Which one of the

I
tn\
(a'S ntz + ht3
alz+bl3 (6) ;2 (aL2+bL3) [20141
following represents these correctly ? t20151
(graphs are schematic and not drawn to scale) ot] bt
E
KE
@) z* t ,, i(+.+)
11. At time I : 0s a particle starts moving along the
(o) d x-axis. If its kinetic energy increases uniformly
with time 'l', the net force acting on it must be
PE proportional to : [201U
E (a) constant (b\ t
(b)'--. ...PE
(") --r
I
@ {
KE v,
E 12. An athlete in the olympic games covers a distance of
KE
(c) 100 m in 10 s. His kinetic energy can be estimated to
,rPE
d be in the range [2008]
E (a) 2x l05J-3 x lOsJ
,PE
(d) (b) 20,000 J - 50,000 J
KE
d (c) 2,000 J - 5,000 J
10. When a rubber-band is stretched by a distance x, it (a 200 J-s00J
exerts a restoring force of magnitude p:6 + b*

Archives: Least Attempted Questions (LAQs) (tEE Adv)

Single Option Correct (c) radially outwards initially and radially inwards
later
1. A wire, which passes through the hole is a small
(d) radially inwards initially and radially outwards
bead, is bent in the form of quarter of a circle. The
later.
wire is fixed vertically on ground as shown in the
figure. The bead is released from near the top ofthe 2. The work done on a particle of mass m by a force,
fxtvnl
wire and it slides along the wire without friction. As
the bead moves from I to B, the force it applies on
Kl6;W'.Gryi| (r being a

the wire is constant of appropriate dimensions), when the

particle is taken from the point (a, 0) to the point
120141
(0, a) along a circular path of radius a about the
A
origin in the x-y plane is : [20131

(a)
2Kn
@) a [!
B a
o -
(a) always radially outwards Kn
(c) (40
(b) always radially inwards 2a
 Work, Power & Energy 7.57
3. Ablock (B) is attached springs,S, 5. Statement - I :
to two unsfietched 120071
andSrwithspringconstants kand4 /c,respectively A block of mass rz starts moving on a rough
(seefigurel).Theotherendsareattachedtoidentical horizontal surface with a velocity v. It stops due
supports M, and M, not attached to the walls. The to friction between the block and the surface after
springs and supports have negligible mass. There moving through a certain distance. The surface is
is no friction anywhere. The block B is displaced now tilted to an angle of 30o with the horizontal
towards wall I by a small distance r and
(figure II) and the same block is made to go up on the surface
released. The block returns and moves a maximum with the same initial velocity v. The decrease in the
distance y towards wall 2. Displacements x and y are mechanical energy in t}re second situation is smaller
measured with respect to the equilibrium position of than that in the first situation.

the block B. The ratio Z is Figure 120081

Because
x
2 1
Statement - 2

M2 sl The coefficient of friction between the block and the

surface decreases with the increase in the angle of
I
2 I
inclination.
tr x s, (a) Statement-l is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
x Statement-l

@)a (b) 2 (b) Statement-l is True, Statement-2 is True;

@iI @i Statement-2
Statement-l
is NOT a correct explanation for

4. A bob of mass Mis suspended by a massless string (c) Statement-l is True, Statement-2 is False

oflength L The horizontal velocity Zat position I (d) Statement-l is False, Statement-2 is True.
is just sufficient to make it reach the point B. The
6. A particle moves under the influence of a force
angle 0 at which the speed of the bob is half of that :b
F in one dimensions (k is a positive constant
at l, satisfies t20081 and x is the distance of the particle from the origin).
Figure: Assume that the potential energy of the particle at the
B origin is zero, the schematic diagram of the potential
energy Uas a function of x is given by [2004]

U U

(o) x (b) x

(a\ 0= L (b) 1<oI

4 42 U U

Tt^3n
(c\ -<0<- (c)
@ +<o<n X @ X
24
T lr Dhvcir<
7. A particle, which is constrained to move along the
.r-axis, is subjected to a force in the same direction
(a) vi -zgn: lsn
which varies with the distance x of the particle from
the origin as F(x) = + at'. Here k and a are
-lo-,
(b) ui - zgn: lsn
positive constants. For x > 0, the functional form of
(c)the centripetal force required at points r and z is
the potential energy U(.r) of the particle is 120021 zeto
U(x) u(x)
(Athe centripetal force required is maximum at
(a) (b)
points x and z
x x
10. A particle of mass m is initially at rest at the origin.
U(x) U(x)
It is subjected to a force and starts moving along
the x-axis. Its kinetic energy K changes with time
(c) (d) as dKldt:yt where l, is a positive constant of
x x appropriate dimensions. Which of the followirtg
statements is (are) true? 120181

8. An ideal spring with spring-constant /r is hung from (a) The force applied on the particle is constant
(D) The speed of the particle is proportional to time
the ceiling and a block of mass M is attached to its
(c) The distance of the particle from the origin
lower end. The mass is released with the spring increases linearly with time
initially unsteched. Then the maximum extension (d) The force is conservative
in the spring is 120021 Numerical Type
@) alldsk (b) zM.sk 11. A particle is moved along a path AB-BC-CD-DE-
(c) Mg/k (d) Mstzk EF-FA, as shown in figure, in presence of a force
M ulti ple Options Correct f = (ayi+ zaxi)N, where x and y are in meter
and o: - I Nm-I. The work done on the particle by
9. A student skates up a ramp that makes an angle 30o this force F will be Joule. t20191

with the horizontal. He/she starts (as shown in the B

1.0
figure) at the bottom of the ramp with speed vo and DI
C
wants to turn around over a semicircular path xyz of
F E
radius R during which he/she reaches a maximum x
0 O.S 1.0
height & (at point y) from the ground as shown in the
12. A spring-block system is resting on a frictionless
figure. Assume that the energy loss is negligible and floor as shown in the figure. The spring constant
the force required for this turn at the highest point is 2.0 Nm-t and the mass of the block is 2.0 kg.
Ignore the mass of the spring. Initially the spring is
is provided by his/her weight only. Then (g is the in an unstretched condition. Another block of mass
acceleration due to gravity) 120201 1.0 kg moving with a speed of 2.0ms-|. collides
elastically with the first block. The collision is such
that the 2.0 kg block does not hit the wall. The
distance, in metres, between the two blocks when
the spring returns to its unstretched position for the
first time after the collision is [2018]

lkg 2ks
 Work, Power & Energy 7.53
1 3. Consider an elliptically shaped ra il PQ in the vertical 14. Aparticle of mass 0.2kgis moving in one dimension
planewith OP:3 mand Ob4 m.Ablockofmass under a force that delivers a constant power 0.5 W to
I kg is pulled along the rail from P to Qwith a force the particle. Ifthe initial speed (in ms-ll ofttre particle
of 18 N, Which is always parallel to line PQ gee is zero, the speed (in m5-t; after 5s is : t20131
the figure given). Assuming no frictional losses,
15. A light inextensible string that goes over a smooth
the kinetic energy of the block when it reaches p is
fixed pulley as shown in the figure connects two
(z x 10)joules. The value ofn is (take acceleration
blocks of masses 0.36 kg and, 0.72 kg. Tirking g :
due to gravitY: l0 ms-2) l20l4l
l0 m/s2, find the work done (in joules) by the string

r
4m
on the block of mass 0.36 kg during the first second

afterthe system is released from rest. t20091

900
J P
3m -*

Matching Column Type

16. A particle of unit mass is moving along the x-axis under the influence of a force and its total energy is conserved.
Four possible forms of the potential energy of the particle are given in column I (a and Uo are constants). Match the
potential energies in column I to the corresponding statement(s) in column II.

[201s|
Column I Column II

:UO ' (p) The force acting on the particle is zero at x: a

(o) Ur(x)
2 [,-(;)']

(b) Ur(x) :UO (:)' (q) The force acting on the particle is zero at;r : 0
2

:
(c) u 3@)
+(:)' *, [-(r' ] (r) The force acting on the particle is zero at x : --a,

*uo (s) The particle experiences an attractive force towards

(d) Uq(x)
2 h +o'l x:0intheregionlxl<o.

(l) The particle with total energy *"oscillate about

?
thePointx:-a
7.54 Physics
Answer
Exercise 7
r. (D) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) (b)
5. 6.(b) 7.(c) 8. (c) e. (a) r0. (6)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. @ 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (D) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (b\ 22. (d) 23. @ 24. (a) 25. (a) 26.(d) 27. (b) 28. (c) 2e. (a) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (D) 3e. (c) a0. (c)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. @ 45. (b) 46. (a) 47.(A a8. (c) 4e.(a s0.(d)
51. (c) s2. (b) 53. (b) s4. (c)

Exercise 2
r. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) (b)
l. 6.(b) 7. (a) 8. (c) e. (b) 10. (c)
11. (D) t2. (D) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a\ 2e. (c) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (r) 36.(d) 37. (a) 38. (D) 39. (c) 40. (b)
4t. (c) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (b) a7. @) 48. (b) ae. @) 50. (c)
sl. (b) s2. (b) 53. (o) s4. @ 55. (a)

Exercise 3

1.(lso) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (s) (5) 6. (5.50) 7.(l) 8.(l) e.(5) 10. (3)
11. (4) 12. (s) 13. (l) 14. (3) 15. (e) 16. (3) 17. (6) 18. (4) le. (8) 20. (6)
Exercise 4
1.(a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) (b)
5. 6.(c) 7.(d) 8.(D) e.(b) 10. (D)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17.(d) 18. (c) te.(d) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (a) 2e. (a) 30. (b)
31. (a, b, c) 32. (a, b, c) 33. (a, b, c) 34. (b, c) 3s.(a
36. (a, b, c) 37. (d) 38. (a, c) 39. (a, c, d) 40. (b, a
41. (a, d) 42. (b, d) 43. (b, c, d) 44. (a, d) 45. (a,b, d)
",
46. (a, c, d) 47. (b, c) 48. (a, b) 49. (a) 50. (a, b, d)
51. (b, c, d) 52. (a, c, Q 53. (a, b, c) 54. (a, b, c) 55. (a, c)
56. (a) s7.(d) sE.(d) se. (a 60. (a) 61.(d) 62. (c) 63. (a) 6a. @) 6s. (c)
66. (d) 67. (a) 68. (D) 6e. (a) 70. (d) 71. (b)
a+ (q, s); b (p, s); c (r, s); d'--+ Qt, s) 73. a (p, r); b (q, r); c (p,s\; d + (p)
72. ---+ ---+
- - -
74. a (s); (q, t); c (r, t); d @, t)
--+ D
- -'-+ ---+

Archives: Leost Attempted Questions (LAQs) (tEE Moin)

1. (10) 2. (A 3. (a) 4. (d) s. (c) 6.(a) 7. (c) 8.(b) e. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (c)
Archives: Least Attempted Questions {LAQs) (JEE Adv)
L (A 2. @) 3. (c) 4. (d) (c) 6.(a')
s. 7. (A 8. (b) 9. (a,4
10. (a, b, d) 11. (0.7s) 12. (2.0e) 13. (5) 14. (s)
15. (8) 16. a-+(p, q,r t);b+(q,s');c'-.(p, q,r s);d---+(t,rt1
 Chnprrn

8
Center of Muss und
Conseryation of Linear Momentum
1. CENTER OF MASS lllustrotion 7

A system of particles means a collection of two or more- The position vector of three particles of masses rz, =
point masses. It can also be a continuous body of definite lkg, mr= 2k1and nr, = 3 kB are i, : ti + li + i1 *,
size and shape.
In a system ofparticles, there is one special point that
i2=(i+i+i1* and 4=(2i-i-zi)-
has some interesting and simple properties no matter how respectively. Find the position vector oftheir centre
complicated the system is. This special point is called the of mass.
centre of mass. .! r"iiulinn '

For a Discrele system of n particles, the position vector The position vector of COM of the three particles will
of the centre of mass is defined as the weighted average of be given by
the individual position vectors, that is
m.l
;
,COM _ _ mrTr+mrVr+mrit
mt+ m2+ m3
rs
m^
Substituting the values, we get

13
(r)0'+ qi +tl+(2)(f +i +i1
+(3)(2i-i-ztt
tor'.r
1+2+3
Position vector r" of centre of mass for a system of l^
= 7(3i+j-k)m
z
n-particles
mri, + mri, * ....+ mrin Position of COM of two Particles
v"
mt + m2 + ....+ mn
Taking COM as origin, tou : \ ml+
4 ! m'v' :
O

-1
; =2*,i,
tc
m2

M Therefore
where M=Zm, mrTr+m2i2 -0
Where iy,i2,...., f, are the position vectors of masses 2,, This implies center of mass lies on the line joining two
nt
2 r..... t n, respectively. masses
The components of the position vector of centre of mass F-t+
are defined as t,l coM
mlom2
*"='#, Also mtrz: m2r2

nffiz
:
vc='#, or --'!-
rz -ml
:2*,,,
,cM Center of mass divides the line joining the masses in the
inverse ratio of the masses.
8.2 Physics
m2r 7.2 CENTRE OF MASS OF A CONTINUOUS MASS
Thus r DISTRIBUTION
mt+m2
For continuous mass distribution the centre of mass can
frrf
/2= be located by replacing summation sign with an integral
mt+mz
sign. Proper limits for the integral are chosen according to
the situation
rr: 12: I it *,= *r,
i.e., COM lies midway between the two particles of equal
xcm tu
masses. Id*
Similarly, r | ) r
2
if m, < m, and r I I t2 if m, < m, i.e.,
COM is nearer to the particle having larger mass. l"* tu
!d*
2
Find the position of centre of mass of the system of
3 objects of masses llrg,2 kg and 3 kg located at the
zcm !-
!d*
corner of an equilateral triangle of side 1 m. Take I
kg mass object at the origin and 2 kg along x-axis. I
J
a* : M(mass of the body)

Solution:
Y- axis
v",: +
MJ fia*
Note: If an object has symmetric mass distribution aboutx
m3: 3kg
axis theny coordinate of COM is zero and vice-versa
(xr, yr)= (;,s) Center of Mass of Symmetric/Regular Shaped Objects
Mass center of uniform and symmetric mass distributions
lies on axis of symmetry or plane of symmetry
x-axls Centre of mass of a uniform rectangular, square or
mt:l m2:2kg circular plate lies at its centre.
(xr, yr): (o,o) (xz,yz): (l,o)

mlxl +m2x2+m3x3 com

a
cm
ml+m2+m,j com

lx0+2x1+:r!
+ x"= l+2+3
lllustration 3
A composite body is made of joining two or more
7 bodies. Find mass center of the following composite
= cm
-m
t2 body made by joining a uniform disk of radius r and
a uniform square plate of the same mass per unit
mtltlm2y2+m3y3
Y=
cm
mt+m2+m3
area.

lx0+2xO+f r,€ To find center of mass the component bodies are

Ycm 2 assumed particle of masses equal to corresponding
l+2+3 bodies located on their respective mass centers. Then
we use equation to find coordinates of the COM of the
J1
f=-m
cm4 composite body.

Co-ordinates of centre of mass (x"-,!"-)

7Jl
124
 CoM and Conservotion of Linear momentum 8.3
To find COM of the composite body, we first have Denoting masses of the truncated body, removed
to calculate masses of the bodies, because their mass portion and original body by ffi$, frrp and moo and
distribution is given.
location of their mass centers by x,6, x* and xob, we
If we denote surface mass density (mass per unit area)
by o, masses of the bodies are can write mfixfi + frrbxrp = frobxob
Mass of the disk From the above equation we obtain position
mr:Mass per unit area x Area co-ordinate x,u of the mass center of the truncated
:o(nP\: onf body.

--T -
Mass of the square plate ffiobxob ntrbxrp

:Mass per unit area x Area

*,u- ...(1)
z,
: c(2r)2:4oP Denoting mass per unit area by o, we can express the
Location of mass center of the disk masses frtb,ffirpandmou.
xr:Centre of the disk: r Mass of truncated body
and /a:0 (
Location of mass center of the square plate ,,u : I , -T,')l
o1n[. 3onr2

x-p =Center of the surface plate 3r

)J= 4

and !a=0 Mass of the removed portion

Using eqn., we obtain coordinates (x", !r) of the on2
composite body. m rp4

+msx; _ r(n+12)
xc _mdxd
tt, * r/t, (n+ 4 Mass of the original body

* mrx, moo = onP

and ,^:frdxd
- -g
tfl1 * tfi, Mass center of the truncated body.rr,

r(n+12) Mass center of the removed portion

Coordinates of the mass center are 0
(n+4\ ' r
x=-
rp2
Center ol Mass of Truncated Bodies Mass center of the original body
4 xot:0
Find mass center of the following truncated disk Substituting the above values in equation (l), we
made by removing disk of radius equal to half of the
obtain the mass the center of the truncated body.
original disk as shown in the figure. Radius of the
original uniform disk is r. : frobXob - frrbXrp
*ru
v ,r\o

(on 2)ro- cn2 L

x ) r
3onr2 6
4
.5oi,.i{rnn:
To find COM of truncated bodies we can make use of
r
Mass center ofthe truncated body is at point ( 6
0
superposition principle that is, if we add the removed
portion in the same place we obtain the original body.
The idea is illustrated in the following figure. lllustation 5
yyy

+.+-+
Find the center of mass of a uniform rod having
length Z and mass rr.
Also find the position of center of mass when mass
per unit length is given as l. = hP.
8.4 Physics

Solution R"? gd0

-ftJ lsin
0

2R
x +tdxt+ lr^ TC
...(2)

*
dm: d*
L
L Find coordinates of center of mass of a half disc of
tm
l-xtu radius ^R with centre at origin.
x", b-
y-
iL
* -,
L

Consider a strip of thickness dr and radius.

When mass per unit length is given as X = l* ( m\ 4mr
Mass dm: l---lx2nrdr= ; dr
= *:ld dm:1rdx:l* e \nR'12) R'
Length
L
t lx3 a*
xr^ tu:
lo*
o
L
3L
4
* lx2
ax
o

6
Find coordinates of center of mass of a half ring of
Rr2r
radius ^R with centre at origin. 4m
l_ rdr
Solution: v dm in R'=
Figure shows the object (semi circular ring). By l"^ dm
observation we can say that the x-coordinate of the
centre of mass of the ring is zero as the half ring is
\#,*
symmetrical about y-axis on both sides of the origin.
Only we are required to find the y-coordinate of the
centre of mass.
-;y:
0
#-y*
Y=Rsin0

-eF1=-o^
rc R2 3r
To findy", we useycm : !, o* ...(l) 2
i
8
Here for dm we consider an elemental arc of the ring at
an angle 0 from the x-direction of angular width ai0. If Find the centre of mass of an annular half disc
shown in figure.
radius of the ring is R then itsy coordinate will be R sin
0, here dre is given as

dm L,Rdg
lrR
So from equation (l), we have

v :
Jcm f-"lL^ae(Rsino)
M i"R
Let p be the mass per unit area of the object. To find its
centre of mass we consider an element as a half ring
 CoM ond Conservotion of Lineor momentum 8.5
of mass dm as shown in figure of radius r and width (6) Hollow cone
dr and there we have
mass
Now, dm: pnr dr
area
? -=O
Centre of mass of this half ring will be atheight
It dm=ox(2nrdx)
x
L
H

R2 J
R2 R
I
!r^ M &I @.n,
ai.? xH
TI
Y: L
L

I
R2
2p
!"^:
o|{ni -
J
ni1 &
,2 dr

!"^
I ydm
0
yox2nr&
2H

: 4(4 -Ri)
znffr, - n?l
I dm
I
L
(a2xrdx)
3

Alternative solution: We can also find the centre of

lllustotion 70
mass of this object by considering it to be complete
half disc of radius R, and a smaller half disc of radius Find coordinates of COM of a hemispherical shell
R, cut from it. If yr^be the centre of mass of this disc of radius r:
we have from the mass moments. 5,:iunort:

[' +)'(*).(' I'B - *?t)'o,^> Considering an element at angle 0 and of thickness Ra0.
radius of element
( 4)"(s\
:lP'- r: Rcos0

[' 2 )[:"./ mass of element dm: o ' 2nr R d0

4(4 -Ri)
v
n@l-nl1

W
tr'ind coordinates of mass center of a solid cone and
hollow cone of radius r and height.tL
/r^
I ydm
I RsinO o2w Rd$
Sslution:
(a) Solid cone:
,I r = Rcos0
I dm I o2ttr Rd$
nl2

R ],
R
J sin0cosOd0
0
!r^ r./2
Taking elemental disc.
J coso de
dm: QcPdy)p
0

H fil2

J sin20d0
'cm
tilam) 3H :4 2 t12
0 R
2
4
or lrrR' H J cosO d0
J
0
8.6 Physics
71 The mass dm of this disc can be given as
Find the center of mass of a solid hemisphere with
mass M and radius rR. a* = lV-^xnr2
znR' ' +
2R"@2 -f)
dy =
' dy
3#:tt€1**:
!".of the hemisphere is given as
To find its centre of mass (only y-coordinate), we
consider an element disc of width dy, mass dm at a
v--.=
rcm = M- |
tf ydm
distancey from the centre of the hemisphere. The radius Jo

of this elemental disc will be given as

r R'-y' +[#,*'-v')vdv

#i ,"' -v\vdv
3R
x x !r^ : 8

1. The distance between the centres of carbon and

oxygen atoms in the carbon monoxide gas molecule
is 1.l3xl0-10m. The distance of centre of mass of
(,)
[*-""0 f.) o (]^*d *,,)
the molecule relative to carbon atom is
5. Two uniform rods ,,{ and .B of lengths 5 m and 3 m
(a) 0.48x10-rom (D) 0.64x10-rom are placed end to end. Iftheir linear densities are 3
(c) 0.56x10-rom 1d; 0.36x10-rom kglmand2 kg/m, the position of their centre of mass
2. The co-ordinates of centre of mass of particles of from their interface is
mass 10, 20 and30 gm are (1, l, 1) cm. The position (a) l9ll4 m on the side of heavier rod
coordinates of mass 40 grn which when added to the (b) 817 m on the side of lighter rod
system, the position of combined centre of mass be
(c) 2 m on the side of heavier rod
at (0,0,0) are,
(d) 2 mon the side of lighter rod
@) (312,312,312) @) (-312,-312,-312)
@) (314,314,314) (O c314,-314,-314) 6. A uniform disc or radius R is put over another
3. Two particles of masses 4 kg and 6 kg are at rest uniform disc of radius 2R of same thickness and
separated by 20 m. If they move towards each other
density. The peripheres of the two discs touch each
under mutual force of attraction, the position of the
point where they meet is other. The position of their centre of mass is

(a) 12 m from 4 kg body

(r) at * from the cente of the bigger disc towards
(b) L2 m from 6 kg body 3
(c) 8mfrom4kgbody the centre of the smaller disc

(A rcmfrom4kgbody
@) at *5 from the centre of the bigger towards the
4. Three particles of masses I kg, 2 kg and 3 kg are
centre of the smaller disc
placed at the vertices A, B and C of an equilateral
triangle ABC. If A and ,B lie at (0,0) and (1,0) m, the
coordinates of their centre of mass are G) atT5 from the cente ofthe bigger disc towards

(a)
f and (b) I mand f-) the centre of the smaller disc

2 ;-) 6 4) (d) None of the above

 CoM ond Conservotion of Lineor momentum 8.7
7. placed
r@
Three identical spheres each of radius 'R'are
mL U _m\t
i6
(
(') (b)
l"J:T:-,n:*TJH:::#X'"H,il""1T:#'j#"?
mass from I is
(c) +zm\t
(u 2ML
2@+6 @
(o)
2R
(D) n @+*)
J
12. A uniform square sheet has a side length of 2R. A
5R
(c)
T @+ circular sheet of maximum possible area,is removed
from one ofthe quadrants ofthe square sheet. The
distance of centre of mass of the remaining portion
8. A thin uniform rod of length .L is bent at its mid from the centre of the original sheet is
point as shown in the figure. The distance of cenfre
T.R R
of mass form the point 'O'is (") (b) a

Olt6-") {'_GI
(c)
R
(a Rn
fr6-n 16-n
13. The centre of mass coordinates of a block of shape
LE
(a) -cos-
L.0
(b) -sm- shown in fig. is
22 42 Y
LE
(c) -cos- L.0
(d) -sm-
42 22 L L
T 2 2
9. A uniform wire of length Z is bent in the form of a L
circle. The shift in its centre of mass is

(a)
i
L2L (b) Tt
I K- L
X

(c)iLL @G
10. The C.M of a uniform card board cut in '7" shape as
@, (i,i) ot (]',],)
shown in figure is. (A & B are C.O.M. of respective
parts.) a> (i',i,) (d)
(i,i)
14. A circular disc of diameter d and a square plate of
side d are placed as shown in figure. The centre
5
I 2cm of mass of this combination from centre of disc is
10 cm (both the object are having same mass per unit area)
-*
€
2cm
(a) 4 cmfromA towards B
(b) 4 cm from B towards I t-d*d+
(c) 3 cm from I towards I 4d 4d
(A 3 cmfroml towardsB (a)
4+n
(b)
3+n
11. On a large tray of mass M an ice cube of mass m,
2d +3n 3d +7n
edge L is kept. If the ice melts completely, the centre (c) (d)
of mass of the system come down by 4+n 4+n

Answer Key
r. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) a.@) 5. (a) 6.(b) 7. (b) 8.(c) e. (c) 10. (a)
u. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) u. (a)
S.S Physics
2. MOTION OF CENTER OF MASS
ffiioi
Velocity of Centre of Moss i=1
dcu
Let us consider the motion of the system of 'n ' particles M
of individual masses mp mz...mn and total mass M. It is Further , in accordance with Newton's second law of
assumed that no mass enters or leaves the system during motion F : md. Hence, Equation (2) canbe written as
its motion, so that Mremains constant.
Mdcu: Fr*Fr*""Fn
The, instantaneous position vector of centre of mass is

vct,t=
mrV, + mri, +......+mnVn or MacM= iFt
mt+ m2*......fr, i=l

mt4 t mzVz * """+ m'7'

Mdcu: x4*r..rr +xF.t -"r
Vr, - M But X,fL","a=0 as all internal forces cancel each
other because they are action reaction pairs.
or Mirr: mtit+m272+.....+m,i,
Differentiating both sides with respect to time l. we have
Mdcu: o Fe*temal

Thus, the cenfie ofmass of a system ofparticles moves

Mfrc,
dt
= *,di, ' "'' dt *........4
"'' dt +m"fr2 """""n dt as if it was a particle of mass equal to that of the whole
system with all the extemal forces acting directly on it.
M icu : mtit + mri2 * ...... + mni,

-"cM-_ mrir+ mrir+ .......+ mrin

M T$o 3 kg masses have velocities q- 2? +3i mls
n
and I, =fi -ej m/s. Find (a) velocity of centre of
E*,t,
or vcu: i=1 mass, (D) the total momentum of the system, (c) The
M velocity of centre of mass 5 s after application of a
Momentum of Centre of Mass constant force F = 24i N (d) position of centre of
Further from above equation, mass after 5 s if it is at the origin at t:0.
Micu: mtit+ mri,* """Imnin SaJufi*n;
mi : p is momentum ofaparticle. - rntir+m,i., -tc : 3(2i+3il+ZW-eil
\A) rc:
Therefore, Equation can be written as
mt+m2 ---_--)--
o
-:,
: h+ Fz+....+ F, Velocity of centre of mass
Mvcu
V" : zi-t.sirnr-'
+ pr, : fF, (b) The momentum of the system
i=1

The total momentum (P"r) of the system is equal to *" -__[,'l];l*:' '
the product of total mass of the system M and the velocity
v.- of the centre of mass of the system. In other words the
motion of many particle system can be viewed as a single (c) To find the velocity of centre of mass after 5 s of
particle of mass Mmoving with velocity 2"..
application of the force F =Zfilf we first find the
Acceleration of Centre of Mass acceleration of the centre of mass. It is given by
M icu : mri, + mri2 * .... * m,in
Differentiating Equation with respect to time, we get o" : +=2+=4ims-2
M6
frr, :
'dt **"ffi,
'dt *....**-frn
The velocity of cenke of mass before the force is
dt -,ffi, "dt applied is I".
MA,M : mrdt + mrd', + .... + mndn
and from the equation
mrdr+ mzdr+....+ md, ., : i"+d".t
dM i"
M
 CoM ond Conservation of Lineor momentum 8.9

ic' : (3;-r.sj)+(+?)s Maximum height attained by CM from initial

position,
: 1ti-t.si +zG1
l) : hcm:&2g-= toz :5m
lzti-r.slyms-'
(d) From the equation of the position
^
vector Maximum height atcained by CM of 4kg and2
i _ l_ 0 (origin at t: kg from the ground
= ro *iot + -dt' where [ = 0);
I
l0+5:15m
i: (3; - t.5 ils * z^L<qi)2s lllustration

i: (tsi -t .si + soi!

A projectile is fired at a speed of 100 m/s at an angle
of 37o above the horizontal. At the highest poin! the
7 :(65i-7.5 j)m projectile breeks into two parh of mass ratio I : 3,
the smaller piece coming to rest tr'ind the distance
The coordinates of the centre of mass after 5 s of
from the launching point to the point where the
application of the force F
are (65 m, - 7.5 m)
heavier piece lands.
Solution:

An objectl is dropped from rest the top ofa 30 m high Internal forces do not affect the motion of the centre of
building and at the same moment another object I mass, the centre of mass hits the ground at a position
is projected vertically upwards with an initial speed where the original projectile would have landed. The
of 15 m/s from the base of the building. Mass of the range of the original projectile is
object A is 2 kg while mass of the object B is 4 kg.
Find the maximum height above the ground level
attained by the centre of mass of the A and B system
(takeg= 10 m/s2) (0, 0)
+Xr + 3m
r:.
;: ! :: li '-:
,;
+- x2
mt 4kg,mr:2kg
--\m---.+
222 sin0cos0
---->
Initially 4 kg is on the ground X,, o
xto 6

2 kg is on top of the building 2xllar1r1

x2 30m 55 m:960m
10
mt\+tflzxz _ 0+2x30 :l0m
x-.:
cm The centre of mass will hit the ground at this position.
mr+ m2 4+2 As the smaller block comes to rest after breaking, it
Initial height of CM: l0 m. falls down vertically and hits the ground at half of the
Initial velocity of CM, range, i.e., at x = 480 m. If the heavier block hits the
ground atxr,then
m(r+ fr2uz
ucm mfit+ mzx2
mt+m2 X,,
mt+ m2
4xl5 +0
:
ucm l0 m/s upward. (4 (480) + (3 m)(xr)
4+2 = 960
(m$m)
Acceleration of CM, o"_= g: l0 m/s2 downwards
2ke x2 ll20 m
E
Problems related to Lr"r:0
If initiallycenter of mass is at rest (ur^:0) and the net
um t Initial msition
ofCM external force on the system is also zero
lOcm Fo,=0+e"-=0. This would mean center of mass
t
would remain at rest and the displacement in any given
4ke
interval would be zero (Lr"*:0)
8.70 Physics
+ + A4 +...
Lrcm
mt+mz+m3+.. A dog of mass 10 kg is standing on a flat boat so that
it is 20 meters from the shore. It walks 8 m on the
mrLrr+ mzMz* mrLrr* ...=0
= boat towards the shore and then stops. The mass of
the boat is 40 kg and friction between the boat and
\Mhat is the minimum frequency of light to get A the water surface is negligible. How far is the dog
from the shore now?
balloon of mass M, the light rope and a monkey of
mass ,r as shown in figure are at rest in air. If the
monkey reaches the top of the rope of length I then
find the distance moved by balloon.
V
Ni.rrrEraE2C
*"*R
m 11111111---------r-t.-

Solution: 5*iuti*rs:
Take boat and dog as a system. Initially centre of mass
of the system is at rest. Since no extemal force is acting
ffi* -----l'
I or,
on the system along horizontal, hence centre of mass of
the system will remain stationary.
r______ of the dog will not change
J"-l It means that the motion
x-coordinate of the centre of mass of the system

' Vrrro-r..o==-=o--,-N
SaarralEi:izcmr i-
aYr= L - Lyz
maEa+m6Li6 _n
i.e., LX=
mb+md
...(l)
LYz

Let the displacement of boat is s i

Let the C.M.of monkey ascends by Ayr while C.M. of The displacement of the dog with respect to boat,
balloon descends by Lyz,where Lyr: L- Lyr.
As the whole system (balloon + monkey) is at rest, and
Mo,o:- li
also Fn,t : 0. Therefore the position of C.M. will not The displacement of the dog.

change, i.e Lyr-:0. Thus we have Ma: Ma,t + Lfb : - I i + si=(-/ +s)r'

mrLyr+ mrLy2
^J cm from (i)
mr+ m2
maGl + s)i + m6si =0
m(L- Lyr) + M(-Lyz)
0- 3 m,l l0x8
m+M =-:l-6m
(m1 + m) (10 + 40)
After solving
Hence position of dog from the shore
mL\
Ly2: _l
m+M ) L' : L+ Lid=2Oi +(-8+1.6)i=13.6i

INTEXT EXERCISE:2
1. A man of 50 kg is standing at one end on a boat of 2. Particles of masses I kg and 3 kg are at (2i + 5j +
length 25 m and mass 200 kg. If he starts running l3/c) m and (-6;++i-zk)m then instantaneous
position of their centre of mass is
and when he reaches the other end, he has a velocity
1
2 ms-l with respect to the boat. The final velocity of (a ) (-t6i+t7 i +7k)m
4
the boat is (in ms-r).
? ( b)
2 (b) I (-ti+n i +tk)m
4
(a
5

q
3

8
(c) I (-6i+17 i +7k)m
4
(c) (d)
5 3 I
(d)
4
(-oi+ t7 i +sk)m
 CoM ond Conservotion of Linear momentum 8.77
3. Two particles having masses m and 2 m are travelling 7. A body falling vertically downwards under gravity
along x-axis on a smooth surface with velocities n, breaks in two parts of unequal masses. The centre
and ur, collide. If their velocities after collision are of mass of the tryo parts taken together shifts
v1 and vr, then the ratio ofvelocities oftheir centre horizontally towards
of mass before and after impact is (a) heavierpiece
(a) 2: I (b) 2:3 (b) lighter piece
(c) l:l (d) t:2 (c) does not shift horizontally
4. A balloon of mass M is stationary in air. It has a (d) depends on the vertical velocity at the time of
breaking
ladder on which a man of mass m is standing. If the
man starts climbing up the ladder with a velocity v 8. A man of mass M stands at one end of a plank of
relative to ladder, the velocity of balloon is length Z which lies at rest on a frictionless horizontal
m surface. The man walks to the other end of the plank.
(4 uPwards
Mu If the mass of the plank is (Ml3), the distance that
the man moves relative to ground is
@
ffi1downwards (") L @)x
mv
@ 3L
@+*)upwards lc) 4
@*
mv
@ downwards 9. A particle of mass m is kept m
@rd on a smooth cube of mass
5. Two blocks of masses 2 kg and M and side Z as shown in
I kg respectively are tied to the figure. Cube start moving
ends of a string which passes with a constant velocity v. Displacement of the
over a light frictionless pulley. center of mass along the horizontal direction when
The masses are held at rest at particle hit the ground is
the same horizontal level and
then released. The distance 2kg
1kg
(a)
mv w'1lr'' -t:-l:..81
transversed by centre of mass in *+ Ml;-f/; ] @) m+ MIL s l rr/

2 seconds is (g: l0 m/s2)

(a) 1.42m
(c) 3.12m
(b) 2.22m
(d) 3.33m
(c)
Mv
m*M :.81 ,^ #l;.8)
6. A uniform rod of length /
is kept vertically on 10. Two particle of mass I kg v
a smooth horizontal surface at x = 0. It is rotated and 2 kg are kept on a A 2kg
slightly and released. When the rod finally falls on horizontal plane as shown in
the horizontal surface the lower end will remain at the figure. Distance between
them is 5 m. Mass of I kg
shifted to point A and that of 1 kg
2 kg shifted to the point B, such that centre of mass

x-axrs
ofthe system does not change, then distance between
x=0 the masses will
@r:t (b) *, L (a) lncrease (D) does not change

(") ,. L (A x:o (c) h7 @

lli
2 2

Answer Key
r. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) s. (D) 6.(a) 7. (c) 8.(b) e. (c) 10. (d)
8.72 Physics
3. CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM 18
A gun is mounted on a stationary rail road car. The
*,** *r**....* *,.ff= Itfr"^ mass of the car, the gun, the shells and the operator
is 50 m, where m is the mass of one shell. Two shells
d_
= fi@fi + mrir+....+ m,i)=E4*t are fired one after the other along same horizontal
line in same direction. If the muzzle velocity (velocity
:) d.- -- I,F.*,
with respect to gun) of the shells is 200 m/s, then find
7(Fr+Fz+....+P^) the speed ofthe car after second shot.
where Ft+Fz,....and pnare the linear momenta of the Soiu*'ar;;

If If* Let il be the muzzle velocity of the shell and i be the

particles. =6
velocity ofthe car after first shot.
h+ Fz+....+ Fn: Constant ...(l)
Pi:o
Hence, in the absence of any external force, the total
[initial momentum of the sYstem]
momentum of a system of particles remains constant.
Py:49mi + m(il +i) "'(2)
17
[final momentum of the system]
A man of mass rr is standing on a stationary wooden
board of mass Mkepton smooth ice. The man starts
i:Pt P

running on the board and acquires a speed u relative = 50mi+mil:0

to the board. Find the speed of the man relative to -fr "'(3)
stationary observer. The board is long enough.
= ':-;
Negative sign shows that il and i are oppositely
-----+ directed. For the second shot, before second shot
momentum of the system is

Solution:
p'i :49 mi ...(4)

The system is initially at rest. Hence its momentum is 1f il'be the velocity ofthe car after second shot then
zero. Since no net extemal force is acting on the system p'f : 48 mi' + m(i + i') ...(5)
along x-axis. Therefore momentum of the system
from COM we get
will remain zero. Considering the X-direction, the
momentum of the system (man + board) should be zero. 49i'+n :49n

--->
v 49i, :4gn -il =-9A
50
-t
x

AS
_il
Given velocity of the man with respect to board, 50
(t l)
l^6: Ul i':-fi I-+-
\.50 49
|

)
Let velocity of the board,

vb: vbt
lllustration 79
Hence velocity of the man, Each of the blocks shown in figure has mass
I kg. The rear block moves with a speed of
i*:i.t+ib : ui +uui =(u +v)i 2 rn/stowards the front block kept at rest. The spring
mu
trIi6 + mi^:O vb: -
= *. M attached to the front block is light and has a spring
Velocity of the man constant 50 N/m. Find the maximum compression of
( mu \^ the spring. Assume, on a friction less surface.
i*:lu--li m+M) +
\
k = 50N/m
_Mu.
,,, m+M
tm
-
 CoM ond Conservotion of Lineor momentum 8,73
Solution:
Find maximum height reached by small mass nr in
Maximum compression will take place when the
fig assume frictionless surfaces.
blocks move with equal velocity. As no net external
horizontal force acts on the system ofthe two blocks,
the total linear momentum will remain constant. If Z
is the common speed at maximum compression, we
have,
(l ke) (2 m/s): (l kg)r/+ (l kg)l/
or, V: I m/s. Solution

Initial kinetic energy : I f , kg) (2 mts)z :2 J.

z
Final kinetic energy
lt
: (t kg) (l n/s)2 + (t kg) (1 m/s)2: I J
, i
The kinetic energy lost is stored as the elastic energy mass of both the block: z
in the spring.
bigger block remains at rest till smaller reaches at
l^(50N/m)xz:2J- bottom of circular part.
Hence,; lJ=lJ or, r=0.2m.
Velocity of smaller block at lowest point n : tlrgR
Now bigger block also start moving let smaller block
reaches up to height fr.
Find total work done by friction assuming plank is
sulficiently long. By momentum conservation
+u mu:Zmv
u
v-
\smoottr 2

Solution: By energy conservation increase in PE of smaller block

When slipping stops both move with same speed by = dec. in KE of smaller block + KE of bigger block
momentum conservation l-l^ :;m(u'-tr)
mgh+;mf
tz
mu = 3mv
u R
y=
J
h: 2
m
t 4. C FRAME
We may attach a frame of reference to the center of mass
smooth of a system. Relative to this frame, the center of mass
work done by friction is at rest (vcu:0). This is called the centre of mass or
C-frame of reference. In view of equation P : Mvr*, the
L KE: Kr K,
total momentum of a system of particles referred to the
I
2
I (r\2
t , C-frame of reference is always zero.
*(:) +-m | - | --mu'
2 2 \3/2 F =lF, : 0 in the C-frame of reference.
i
3mu2 | For that reason the C-frame is sometimes called the
18 , *'-
_,,,
zero momentum frame. The C-frame is important because
I many problems can be more simply analyzed in the
- t *"' Joules C-frame compared to ground frame. It is clear that the
: C-frame moves with a velocity v"rrelative to the ground
Note: Prr, conserved if f"*r.= 0 although internal
frame. When no external forces act on a system, the
forces (friction) are doing work. C-frame can be considered as inertial.
8,74 Physics
A system of two particles
Suppose the masses of the particles are equal to m, and m, In C.O.M. frame. KE,: :
lvVi,,
and their velocities in the K reference frame to i, andi2,
at the time of maximum elongation both the masses
respectively. Let us find the expressions defining their will be moving in same direction with same speed.
momenta and the total kinetic energy in the C-frame.
KEr= o
The momentum of the first particle in the C-system is (both will be at rest relative to CM)
Pr,r= *, itt" : *t (n, -t") Initial relative velocity vr"r:3v
where t" is the velocity of the centre of inertial (of the C Dec. in KE:lncrease in PE of spring
system). Substituting in this formula expression f" lz I
t*
=
: we obtain
2Evrcl 2
)L*,t,=*2u,, I mx2m,^ ,2 1 ldz
F,: v(\-iz) 23m 2
I
where p is the so called reduced mass of the system. J m* lxz
2
mtmz
u: E;
mt+ m2
*: ulT
similarly, the momentum of the second particle in the C
frame is

Fzt, : P('z -'r) TWo blocks of masses m and Mconnected by a spring

This, the momenta of the nvo particles in the C-frame are placed on frictionless horizontal ground. When
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction; the the spring is relaxed, a constant force F is applied
modulus of the momentum of each particle is as shown. Find maximum extension of the spring
Ftt, : lwr"t= Fzt" during subsequent motion.

where v,", :
F
Iq - rr l is the velocity of one particle relative
to another.
I
Finally, let us consider kinetic energy. The total kinetic 3*l;;tian:
energy of the two particles in the C-frame is Ifwe use ground as inertial frame as we usually do,
62 62 solution of the problem becomes quite involved.
Kr,, = Kr+ Kr=i- *i-
zffit 2ffi2
Therefore, we prefer to use the C frame, in which mass
center remains at rest.
p2 CM
then K,slc =Pv1"t I
F
21t 2

Y^=-
mx v =- Mx
IWo blocks A and .B of masses m and 2 m placed on m+M m+M
smooth horizontal surface are connected with a light
F
spring. The two blocks are given velocities as shown
when spring is at natural length.
(a) Find velocity of centre of mass In the adjacent figure is shown horizontal position of
(D) maximum extension in the spring. mass center (CM) by dashed line. It remains unchanged
K in C frame.
2v
Mass center of two particle system divides separation
A B between them in reciprocal ratio ofthe masses; therefore
displacements .x, and x, of the blocks must also be in
Solution:
reciprocal ratio of their masses. The extension x is sum
Velocity of C.M. ,"-: \9 3m :, of displacements .rl and x, of the blocks as shown in
the figure.
 CoM and Conservotion of Lineor momentum 8.75
When extension of the spring achieves its maximum Using above fact in applying work energy theorem on
value, both the block must stop receding away from the system relative to the C frame, we obtain
the mass center, therefore, velocities of both the
blocks in C frame must be zero. K,* W,--rf: Kr'0 + Wi-+T
rprrnglror"r* W,-l, r:0
During the process when spring is being extended,
FMx
total work done by pseudo forces in C frame become o-!u' +- :0
2 m+m
zero, negative work done by spring forces becomes
equal to increase in potential energy and work done 2FM
by the applied force evidently becomes Fx l'
x: ,r1*arn)

1. A gun of mass M fires a bullet of mass m with a momentum during the impact with the ground.
Kinetic energyEw.r.t. ground. The velocity ofrecoil
of the gun is (mass of gun refers to mass of empty (a) mg(hr+ hr) 101 *(tis4 + Jrstk)
gun)
1,1 *(,lisn, - Jrrh) (d) zero
(a)
J2tt4E
(bt J2*E
m M 6. The momentum of a body in fwo perpendicular
(c) -J2*E (A -'f2ME direction at any time '/' are given by P"=Ztz +6
M+m (M+m) t.2
- of mass M fires a bullet of mass m with a
2. A gun and P,=111.
,2 The force acting on the body at
velocity v relative to the gun. The average force l: 2 sec is
required to bring the gun to rest in 0.5 sec. is (a) 5 units (b) 2 units
(at 2Mmv (b) _ Mmv (c) l0 units (d) 15 units
M+m- 2(M+n)
7. Aboy ofmass m kg boards a
(c) 3Mmv \-'/
Mmv trolley of mass 2m moving
2(M + m) (M +n) with constant speed z along a
3. Two particles of masses m, and m, in projectile horizontal track. Neglecting
- have velocities ( and Z, respectively at friction, if the boy jumps
motion
time t : 0. They collide at time to. Their velocities
vertically up w.r.t, state of ' ,-
trolley after the jump to catch hold of a branch of a
become \' and Vr' attime 2t0 while still moving in tree, the speed of trolley after the boy has jumped offis
air. The value of mr\'* mzVz'-(*rVr+ mrVr) is (a)u (b) 2u
(a) Zero (b) (*r+ mr)gto
(c);u3u
t4 @:
I
(c) 2(mr+ mr)gts (A 8. A revolver of mass m,fires
1@t+mr)gto a bullet of mass muin a
4. A railway flat car, whose mass together with the free space. The bullet is to hit a resting block mass
artillery gun is M, moves at a speed Z. The gun m, at a distance S away from the revolver. Distance
barrel makes an angle o with the horizontal. A shell travelled by the centre of mass of the bullet and block
of mass m leaves the barrel at a speed v, relative to
system when the bullet travels through a distance x
the relative to state of the car after firing. The speed
towards the block is
of the flat car in order that it may stop after the firing
is (let mass of railway car includes mass of the h--x--r{

W
mr
shell).
mvcosa. mv
G>
mb ffi^,
@|-
M M+m k-s--+l
Mvcosu ffibx
(c) (M +m)vcosa (d)
M+m
(a)
mr+mb
6 !*)!,s
tn6 * m,
5. A body of mass m falls from a height lz, and rises mr(s - x)
to a height hr. The magnitude of the change in (c)
mr+mb
(4 A[ A,B,C
8.76 Physics
9. Two boys of equal mass m jump offfrom the border of same mass from bogie B exchange their position
line of a stationery carriage of mass M with same by jumping in a direction normal to the track w.r.t.
horizontal velocity u relative to the state of the respective bogies, then bogie ,4 stops while B keeps
cariage after the respective jumps. Neglecting the moving in the same direction with new velocity vr.
effect of friction The initial velocities A and B are given by
ffl^.
(M+m)
A
li i$l
a a
(M+m)
(o) they wilt impart greater velocity to the carriage {I i <- Ue
by j umping off simultaneously.
(b) they will impart greater velocity to the carriage
by jumping one after the other. M -m M-m
(c) they will impart equal velocity to the carriage in
@)mvr.Mu,
whatever manner they jumP off. ffivB Mr,
(d) (b)
data is insufficient (M -m)' (M -m)
10. Astronauts Mr. X and Mr. f float in gravity zerc mYn Mrs
space with no velocity. Mr. Xthrows a mass of 5 kg (c)
(M +m)' (M +m)
towards I with speed 2 ms-l w.r.t. space. If Mr. I
catches itthe changes invelocity ofXarrdYare (M +m)v, (M +m)vu
(d)
5kg m'M
120 kg

Y 12. On a smooth horizontal surface, a ring of mass M

lies with two insects of mass m, onits diametrically
opposite points. The insects move with same speed
v relative to the ring. The velocity of the ring as the
insects meet is
x
90 kg

(a) O.2l ms-l, 0.80 ms-t 1b; 0.80 ms-r, 0.21 ms1
(c) 0.ll mrr,0.08 ms-t (d) 0.08 m-r,0.ll ms-r
11. Two similar bogies A and B of same mass M (a)
Mv (b\ M-m
^
2m M +m
(empty bogie) move with constant velocities Unand
U, towards each other on smooth parallel tracks. At
(c) zero (d\ -_v
2m
an instant a boy of mass m from bogie A and a boy M

1. (D) 2. (o) 3. (c) a. @) s. (r) 6.(c) 7. (o) 8.(a) e. (b) 10. (c)
11. (6) 12. (c)

4. IMPLULSE-MOMENTUMTHEOREM i^o: F(tt)

If a force F acts on a body, its impulse in a time interval For one-dimensional force, impulse equals to area
from l, to rris given by the following equation. between force-time graph and the time axis.

I^o: l,,
Fat

If the force is constant, its impulse equals to product of

the force vector F and time interval A/. ti trt
P
 CoM ond Conservotion of Lineor momentum 8.77
lmpulse Momentum Principle size completely after collision. Some fraction of
If the force acts during time interval from ti to tf and mechanical energy is retained by the colliding
particles in the form of deformation potential
velocity of the body changes from il1 to i.,integrating
energy' Thus' the kinetic energy of the particles
the above equation with time over the interval *-""i--"?
from r, to r.
wehave no longer remains conserved. However, in the
absence ofextemal forces, law ofconservation of
l'! Fat = miy -mi,
Jti
linear momentum still holds good.
(iii) Perfectly inelastic: If velocity of separation along
24 the line of impact just after collision becomes zero
then the collision is perfectly inelastic. Collision
A particle of mass 2 kg is moving in free space with
is said to be perfectly inelastic if both the particles
velocity n, = Qi - 3i + [1rolr is acted upon by force stick together after collision and move with same
velocity,
F =1Zi+i-Zi! N. Find vetocity vector of the
particle 3 s after the force starts acting. 5.1 COEFFTCIENT OF RESTTTUTION (e)

Srslutiar:
Let u, and urbe the velocities of the bodies respectively
before collision and v, and v, are their final velocities after
Fy = Fi + Ir, mit = mio + FLt collision and acting along same line in the same direction.
=
Substituting given values, we have Then the coefficient of restitution (e) is defined as the
ratio of the relative velocity of separation (v, - vr) after
2nr: z(zi -ti +i)+(zi + i -zt)"t the collision to the relative velocity of approach (u, - u2)
toi -ti -+i before collision.
v2-vl
ir: (5i-l.si -zk)
^rc
": ilt -uz
In an oblique impact: upu2arethe components of the
5. COLLtStONS velocities of m, and mrbefore collision along the line of
Collision is an event in which an impulsive force acts impact andvpvrarethe components of the velocities of
between two or more bodies for a short time, which results m, and m, after collision along the line of impact.
in change of their velocities. (i) The value of coefficient of restitution (e) is
Note: independent of the masses and velocities of the
(a) In a collision, particles may or may not come in colliding bodies. It depends only on the nature of
physical contact. their materials.
(6) The duration of collision, A, is negligible as
(ii) For a perfectly elastic collision, e : I
compared to the usual time intervals of observation For a perfectly inelastic collision, e : 0
of motion. For other collisions, e lies between 0 and 1

(c) In a collision the effect of extemal non impulsive 5.2 HEAD ON COLLISON
forces such as gravity are not taken into a account
as due to small duration of collision (Al) average
Two balls A and B have velocities along the line joining
impulsive force responsible for collision is much their centres. Such collision would be called a head-on/
larger than external forces acting on the system. central or one dimensional collision

Cla ssifi cotio n of Col t isio ns B

(l) Elastic collision: In an elastic collision, the uB

colliding particles regain their shape and size n

completely after collision. i.e., no fraction of

mechanical energy remains stored as deformation Cenfal lmpact
potential energy in the bodies. Thus, kinetic energy
ofsystem after collision is equal to kinetic energy
Method to Analyse Heod on Collisions
of system before collision. Thus in addition to the
linear momentum, kinetic energy also remains
m1 m2

conserved before and after collision.

(ll) Inelastic collision: In an inelastic collision, the (a) Before Collision
colliding particles do not regain their shape and u' ) tlz
8.78 Physics
By momentum conservation, Now from equation (i) and (ii), we obtain
mtul+ ffizuz: mrvr* mrv, ,A
"5m/s
Equation for coeffcient of restitution and v, : 3.5 m/s
v2-vt: e(ur-u2) (6)For value e:0.6, equation 2 is modified as
mj m2
vu-vn = 3.6 ...(iib)
#' (b)After Collision
Now from equation (i) and (iib),we obtain
rA:-1'6mls
Using the equations, we can solve for vrandv, and v, = 2.0 mls
Block I reverse back with speed 1.6 m/s and B
mfi+m*z-mze(q-") also move in opposite direction to its original
vl= -
ml+m2
direction with speed 2.0 m/s.

,,:T mlq+mzuz+mp(u1-u2)
tllustration 26
On a frictionless surface, a ball of mass rz moving at
25
a speed v makes a head on collision with an identical
A btock of mass 5 kg moves from left to right with a ball at rest. The kinetic energy of the balls after the
velocity of 2 m/s and collides with another block of .
collision is 3/4th of the original. Find the coefficient
mass 3 kg moving along the same line in the opposite of restitution.
direction with velocity 4 m/s.
Solution:
(a) If the collision is perfectly elastic, determine
velocities of both the blocks after their collision. As we have seen in the above discussion, that under the
given conditions:
(D) If coefficient of restitution is 0.6, determine mm
velocities of both the blocks after their collision- __>
V

Solution: Before Collision

Denoting the first blockby A and the second block by B
mmv, vl
velocities immediately before and after the impact are ----
shown in the figure.
A A After Collision
B B
ua= 2 ug=4 vA vB
By using conservation of linear momentum and
equation of e, we get,
belore
lmmediately lmmediately after
/t+e\
starts
impact imPact ends
v,=1" lv
Applying principle of conservation of momentum, \z /
we have /t-e\
and vr=l ,lv
mBvB+ffiAYA: mAuA+mBuB - \./
3vu+5vn : 5x2+3x(-4\ -K,
Given that Kf
3vr+5v1 =
4'
-2 "'(')
Applying equation of coefficient of restitution, we have
or I
., mv
.l
t'2 mv3
3(r
- a[, mv
I
2

vt-vA: e(un-u3)
vB-vA: e{2-($} Substituting the value, we get

vr- vn : 6e
(a)For perfectly elastic impact e = l.
.'.(rr)
Using this
(+)'.(+)':i
value in equation (ii), we have 1
or
vr-vn:6 ...(iia) G
 CoM and Conservation of Linear momentum 8.19
Special Cases for Head on, Elastic Collision Resolve initial and final velocities along two directions
Case 1: If the masses are equal mt: mz= m, (i) Line joining the centers (normal)

weget yt: ilz

(ll) Common tangent (r)
Impulse always acts along the normal and hence we
and rz: ul
can use momentum conservation along this line.
which means when two particles of equal mass collide
frlutr* fr2u2r: ffitylr* fr2v2,
elastically and the collision is head on, they exchange
We can also use the equation of restitution along the
their velocities., e.g.,
normal
4mls 3m/s
m ----t <-- m yzn- rtn: e(urr- u2n)

Before Collision From these equations, we could calculate vrnand vrn.

To find vr,and,vr,:
3mis
{-- tfl 4mls There is no force on colliding objects along the tangent
tTt
--} (r) so momentum of each object does not change in that
After Collision
direction.
=Q For object I
Zmls
mtuu: mtvb
llt: urt
Before Collision
For object 2
'":o & zrrs m2u2t= m2v2t
ffi ffi l2r= u2t

21
case 2: when one #Tf'Hsiderabely heavier than Ilvo smooth balls I v
other,mr)))> mr.
and B, each of mass nr
using z, + m2 m, and !Z*g and radius .R, have x(m)
in the equations to find their centre at (0, 0, ,R)
ml
final velocities, we get
and (5n, R, n) A
respectively, in a B
(a) ,r: z, No change in the speed of the heavier object coordinate system as
(b) vz= ur * e(ur - ur), in case when e = I and the shown. BallA, moving along positiver-axis, collides
lighter mass is at rest its final velocity gets doubled. with ball B. Just before the collision, speed of ball I
vr= 2u, is 4 m/s and ball B is stationary. The collision
between the balls is elastic. Velocity of the baIIA just
5,3 OBLIQUE COLLISION after the collision is
Ifvelocity vectors ofboth or ofany one ofthe bodies are Solution:
not along the line ofjoining the centers ofthe objects, the
impact is called an oblique,impact.
ti B 4 rn/s
Ai
------rl
u"

Oblique lmpaa Before collision

4 sin 30"
Method to Analyse the Oblique lmpact

v2n

--n --n
u2 cos 3O'

After collision
8,20 Physics

Along the normal

6. PROBLEMS RELATED TO IMPULSE
MOMENTUM THEOREM
rnr(4 cos 30') : Mal/A+ MBVB
29
By equation of restitution
In the shown figure, the heavy block of mass 2 kg
VB -YA = (l) (4 cos 30" - 0) rests on the horizontal surface and the lighter block
of mass I kg is dropped from a height of 0.9 m. At the
Solving V,= 0
instant the string gets taut, find the upward speed
YB 4 cos 30o (in m/s) of the heavy block.
Velocities get interchanged along the normal.
1kg
Along the tangent
Velocity component of each ball will remain
E
o?
o
unchanged.
qE
(Y), : 4sin30o (\l

(V), : o

We note that final velocities of A and B are at angle

90'. This is in general true when we have an elastic Salutioss:
collision with equal masses.
Velocity of lighter block at the instant the string just

gets taut u: tlZgh = x10xl.8:6mls

A ball of mass nr hits a floor with a speed v making an Now by impulse-momentum theorem,
angle of incidence 0 with the normal. The coefficient Assuming upward direction as positive
of restitution is 'e'. Find the speed of the reflected
ball and the angle of reflection of the ball.
.ir l:,:::i i i.'
fi . TLt=pu*r-pioii"r =l?Yt)-1(-6)

Suppose the angle ofreflection is 0' and the speed after

+ TLt: pfir,al -piritiul
:2(+ l/2) - 2(0)
the collision is v'. The floor exerts a force on the ball
along the normal during the collision. There is no force Equating, we get
parallel to the surface. Thus, the parallel component of 2Yz= -l(l/r-6)
the velocity of the ball remains unchanged. Also Vr: Y2

This gives v' in 0': v sin e ...(D Y2= Zmls

Heavier block moves with a speed of 2 m/s in upward
For the components normal to the floor, the velocity of
direction.
separation is v' cos 0' and the velocity of approach is
v cos 0'.

A small steel ball,,{ is suspended by an inextensible

thread of length I -- 1.5 m from O. Another identical
ball is thrown vertically downwards such that its
0 0' surface remains just in contact with thread during
downward motion and collides elastically with the
suspended ball. If the suspended ball just completes
vsin0 l v'cos0' vertical circle after collision, calculate the velocity
f* of the falting ball just before collision. G = 10 ms-l.
Vr"o.o l+v,sine,

T
lnitial velocitY Final veloc1y

Hence, v'cos 0': ev cos 0 ..(,D

From (i) and (ii) ,r' : ,Jri* g *7 *{ g

 CoM ond Conservation of Linear momentum 8,27

Salation:

B lnitial velocity of the flat car is zero. Let v be its

velocity at time t and m its mass at that instant. Then
sin0: ' -l
212 t=0
0=30o vt v2 -+F

Since impulsive force is along the normal, so velocity t=t

along the tangent doesnot change. mr+Pt
F,+ +Vr=V
Yt: Ir sin30" : L / dm
+F, v
2

T At =0, y=0
t
and fr: fro
VA
at t:t, v=v
and m=mo+pt
Here, vr: I (backwards)
Along the normal
dm

-NAr: mv,- -(@) ...(,)

a:r'
' (2) Ft vr
dm
(backwards)
After collision the velocity ofl is hoizontal (yn) d,:l"
NAt sin 30" = mVt ...(rr) Net force on the flat car at time t is
{* :F_F,
dv
Since the collision is elastic, along the normal we can
write the eqn. of coefficient of restitution.
or *A:F-tw ...(,)

Yn cos 30" - Vz : ( Z cos 30" - 0) ...(iii) or (zo+tLt)A =F-pv

dv
Using (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
v : 12.5 m/s or
r;h:!: dt
mo+pt
7, VARIABLE MASS SYSTEMS
or
Ft
Ifa mass is added or ejected from a system, atrate p kg/s mo+pt
and relative velocity i..1 (w.r.t. the system), then the force
exerted by this mass on the system has magnitude plil*rl . 32
A uniform chain of mass nt and length / hangs on a
Thrust Force (Fr, = O,r(#) thread and touches the surface of a table by its lower
end. Find the force exerted by the table on the chain
when half of its length has fallen on the table. The
fallen part does not form heap.
A flat car of mass rro starts
moving to the right due to
a constant horizontal
force F. Sand spills on the
M ffi
ffi
flat car from a stationary p ilii
hopper. The rate of -+F
Ioading is constant and
equal to p kg/s. Find the Solution:
time dependence of the velocity of the flat car in the l. Weight of the portion BC of the chain lying on the
process of loading. The friction is negligibly small. table,
8.22 Physics
2. Weight of the rocket
w: ry(downwards)
W: mg (downwards)

2.Thrust force
3. Net force on the rocket
Fr"r= Fr- W (upwards)
(-am\
'r: "r(#) A .6/ or Fn.=v,l * )-*r
v:v I
dm
r

=l\V
'm 4. Net acceleration of the rocket
-dt F
a=-
m
F,=Lf
d": Yt( -dm
or
(where, ,=1,is mass per unit length of chain) dt n[ dt -o 6

;=1,tgl)2 =gl or dr= L(- dm)- g dt

tn

,,=(+) (gl)=mg (downwards) or !'* =,, !L+-s !'oat

Net force exerted by the chain on the table is

Thus, v=u-gt-trr"(#) ..(,)
ms3
F:Wt+F,: f +ms=r*t
Note:
So, from Newton's third law the force exerted by the ( dm\.
will be ) *g @ertically upwards).
l' F,=',1-; upwards' as v' is downwards and
table on the chain
I
)is
dm.
,t negatlve.
7,7 ROCKET PROPULSION d,
Let mobe the mass of the rocket at time t = 0- m its mass 2. If gravity is ignored and initial velocity ofthe rocket
at any time t andv its velocity at that moment. Initially, let
us suppose that the velocity ofthe rocket is a. u= o,Eq.(i) reduces to v = v, t (*)
UV
Fr

At t=0 At t=t A rocket, with an initial mass of 1000 kg, is launched

v=lJ ms- Ft ITt = tno- pt vertically upwards from rest under gravity. The
= ffio v=v
rocket burns fuel at the rate of 10 kg per second.
lTl
,t
The burnt matter is ejected vertically downwards
Exhaust velocitY = v, with a speed of 2000 ms-l relative to the rocket. If
( burning stops after one minute. Find the maximum
Further,t.,[-dm\ be the mass of the gas ejected Per velocity of the rocket. (Take g as at 10 ms-2)
* J
Solution:
unit time and v, the exhaust velocity of the gases with
Using the velocity equation
respect to rocket. Usually (+)and v, are kept constant
v: u-gt *v, ln (+)
throughout the journey of the rocket. Now, let us write few
equations which can be used in the problems of rocket :0, ,:60s,
Here u
propulsion. Attime t= t,
1. Thnrst force onthe rocket 8 : 10 m/s2,
v, : 2000 m/s,
F,= v,(+) (uPwards) mo : 1000 kg
 CoM qnd Conservotion o! Linear momentum g.2g
and m=1000-10x60=400kg or v : 2000 ln 2.5 - 600
1000 The maximum velocity ofthe rocket is
We get v =0-600+2000In
400 200 (10 ln 2.5 - 3) : 1232.6 mrl

1. Two particles moving in the same direction 6. Ball I collides with an another identical ball 2 at rest
with speeds 4 mls and 2 m/s collide elastically as shown in figure. For what values of coefficient of
(the collision being head on). After collision, the restitution e, the velocity of second ball becomes two
velocity of first particle becomes 3 m/s in the same times that of I after collision
direction. The velocity of the second should be
(a) 2 mls in same direction
(1)+ o
(fi a mls in same direction I
(a) (b) 1
(c) 5 m/s in opposite direction 2 3
(d) 5 m/s in same direction I I
(c) (d)
Z. UgaV of massm, strikes a stationary body of mr. 4 6
f^
If the collision is elastic, the fraction of kinetic
energy transmitted by the first body to second body 7. A particle of mass rz moving with velocity I m/s
is collides perfectly elastically with another particle of
mtnz 2mrm, mass2m.If the incident particle is deflected by 90..
(a) (b) The heavy mass will make an angle 0 with the initial
m\+m2 mt+ m2
direction of rn equal to
4mtmz 2mrmz
(c) @ (a) 60' (b) 45"
(mr+ nr)2 (mr+m,)z (c) 15" (A 30.
3. A wooden block of mass 0.9 kg is suspended from 8. Aball ofmass I0 kg strikes another ball ofmass 25 kg
the ceiling of a room by thin long wires. A bullet at rest. If they separate in mutually perpendicular
of mass 0.1 kg moving horizontally with a speed of directions then the coefficient of restitution is
l0 mrr strikes the block and sticks to it. What is the l0
height to which the block rises? (take g = l0 ms-2)
(o)
2s (6) 25
lo
(c) I
r">
*^
(c) 20m
rur *. 9.
(d) 0.s
Displacement of a particle of mass 2 kg moving in
(d) l0 m a straight line varies with time at s = (2f + 2) m.
4. In inelastic collision of trvo bodies, which of Impulse of the force acting on the particle over a
following do not change after the collision. time interval between r= 0 and t= I s in
(a) Total kinetic energy (a) l0 N-s (D) 12 N-s
(D) Total linear momentum (c) 8 N-s (d) 6 N-s
(c) Total mechanical energy 10. In a one dimensional collision between two
(d) Linear momentum of individual bodies. identical particles ,4 and B,B is stationary and A has
5. An alpha particle collides elastically with a stationary momentum P before impact. During impact B gives
nucleus and continues moving at an angle of 600 an impulse J to A. Then coefficient of restitution
with respect to the original direction of motion. The between the two is
nucleus recoils at an angle of 30. with respect to this
direction. Mass number of the nucleus is
@f+r ot !-t
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 8
<">
l*, o f-r
t. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) s. (D) 6.(b) 7. (d) 8. (a) s. (b) 10. (b)
 Unsolved Exerclses
EXERC'SE _ 1

Calculotion of COM
(a) 2019 cm (b) 5 cm
(c) 7.5 cm (d) 4019 cm
1. The cente ofmass ofa bodY:
(a) Lies always at the geometical cente 6. A uniform thin rod of length 50 cm is bent so as
(D) Lies always inside the bodY
to form the five sides of a regular hexagon. The
distance of centre of mass from either end is
(c) Lies always outside the bodY
(d) Lies within or outside the bodY (a).@ cm (D) dX cm

2. A uniform solid cone of height 40 cm is shown in @) J22 cm (d) l0 cm

figure. The distance of centne of mass of the cone
from point B (cenfie of the base) is: 7. A semi-circular plate with cavity having inner radius
A R and outer radius 2R with uniform density is a
shown. The centre of mass of the thin plate is at

a
o
40 cm

(r) 4 along axis of symmetrY

It
4R
(b) along axis of sYmmetry
;
28R
<") along axis of sYmmetry
(a) 20cm (D) l0/3cm i
(c) 2013 am (d) l0 cm along axis of sYmmetrY
@+
3. The centre of mass of a system of particles is at the
origin. From this we conclude that 8. A semi-circular plate of radius R has
' ' The number of particles on positive x-axis is
(a)
of particles on
density p = por, where r is the distance
o
equal to the number negative from centre. The position of centre of
x-axis mass from O is
(D) The total mass of the particles on positiver-axis 3ft 2R
is same as the total mass on negative r-axis (a) (6)
(c) The number of particles onX-a<is may be equal
^zlt -
1t

4R R
to the number of particles on Y-uris. (c) ^5TE
@-
(d) If there is a particle on the positive X-axis, there IC

must be at least one particle on the negative

9. The centre of mass of a triangular lamina of uniform
X-axis.
densrty of height ft is
4. All the particles of a system are situated at a distance
r from the origin. The distance of the cenhe of mass
of the system from the origin is
(a) =, (b\
(c) >r (O =r
>-r
5. A rod AB of length 10 cm, has its mass per unit
length varying from I kg/m (at end l) to 2 Kg/m
(at end B). The distance of centre of mass from end from base
(a) hl3 from apex
.B is:
@) +
AB (c) hl3 from base (d) centre ofbase
 CoM ond Conservotion of Linear momentum 8.25
Motion of COM 16. There are two particles of same mass. If one of the
10. A uniform rod leans on a smooth horizontal floor particles is at rest always and the other has an
against a smooth vertical wall. If the rod is released, acceleration d . Acceleration of centre of mass is
the path traced by its centre of mass will be
(a) Astraight line (6) Acircle (a) zero
(c) An ellipse (A Ahyperbola
11. Two particles of mass I kg and 0.5 kg are moving iu
ru>
in the same direction with speed of 2 mls and 6 m/s
respectively on a smooth horizontal surface. The k)a
speed of centre of mass of the system is:
(d) centre of mass for such a system can not be
(a) l0 n/s (A)
l0
nVs defined.
, 7
(c)
ll t2 17. A body of mass I kg moving in the x-direction,
1m/s @) , mts
suddenly explodes into two fragments of -ur. I kg
12. Two particles of equal mass have initial velocities
7
2i ms-r and 2i ms-l. First particle has a constant and kg. An instant later, the smaller fragment is
;
acceleration (; +j) ms-2 while the acceleration of
0.14 m above the.r-axis. The position of the heavier
the second particle is always zero. The centre of fragment is
mass of the two particles moves in
(a) Circle (D) parabola (") m above x-axis
(c) Ellipse (d)
*
Straight line
13. Two particles having mass ratio n i I are (b) m belowx-axis
interconnected by a light inextensible string
*
that passes over a smooth pulley. If the system is @)* m below-r-axis
released, then the acceleration of the centre of mass
of the system is:

(a)(n-t)zg *, (#f r @* m above x-axis

ln-l\2 tn*t\ 18. A uniform sphere is placed on a smooth horizontal

t"l \,*, /s <O \fi)s surface and a horizontal force F is applied on it at a
distance h above the centre. The acceleration of the
14. A bomb travelling in a parabolic path under the
centre of mass of the sphere
effect of gravity, explodes in mid air. The centre of
mass of fragments will: (a) is maximum when ft:0
(a) Move vertically upwards and then downwards (b) is maximum when i:R
(b) Move vertically downwards (c) is maximum when h: Rl2
(c) Move in irregular path
(d) is independent offt
(d) Move in the parabolic path which the unexploded
bomb would have travelled. 19. A body A of mass M while falling vertically
15. Two balls of different masses are thrown in air downwards under gravity breaks into two parts, a
with different velocities. While they are in air body.Bof mass mass ,.n"
acceleration of centre ofmass ofthe system. (neglect ! ^robodyCof I
air resistance) centre of mass of the bodies B and C taken together
(a) Depends on the direction of the motion of two compared to that of bodyl
balls (a) Does not shift
(b) Depends on the masses of the turo balls
(D) Depends on height ofbreaking
(c) Depends on the magnitude of velocities of the
two balls (c) Towards body B
(d) Isequaltog (d) Towards body C
8.26 Physics
20. A man of mass z is standing on a platform of mass M 24. Ashell is fired from a canon with a velocity V atan
kept on smooth ice. If the man starts moving on the angle 0 with the horizontal direction. At the highest
platform with a speed v relative to the platform, with point in its path, it explodes into two pieces of equal
what velocity relative to the ice does the platform masses. One ofthe pieces come to rest. The speed of
recoil? the other piece immediately after the explosion is
(a) 3(cose (b) ZZcos0
+v (c)
1
(d) Zcos0
i[cosg
25. Two masses of I g and 4 g are moving with equal
kinetic energy. The ratio of the magnitude of their
linear momentum is
(a) l:l (b) t:2
(c) I :3 (d) t:4
(a) IuIvl(M+ n) (b) mv I (M+ m)
26. The spacecraft of mass Mmoves with velocity Zin
(c\ Mvlm (d) mv I M free space at first, then it explodes breaking into two
pieces. If after explosion a piece of mass tn comes
21. A child is standing at one end of a long trolley to rest, the other piece of space craft will have a
moving with a speed v on a smooth horizontal track.
velocity:
If the child starts running towards the other end (a) Mt4(M-m) (D MIrl(M+m)
of the trolley with a speed r, the centre of mass of
the system (trolley-child) will move with a speed (c) mY/(M-m) (d) mYl(M+m)
(Consider mass of the trolley is very high to mass of 27. A ball of mass 50 gm is dropped from a height
the child) h= l0 m. It rebounds losing 75 percent of its kinetic
(a) zero (b) v + u energy. If it remains in contact with the ground for
(c)v-u (d) v Al = 0.01 sec., the impulse of the impact force is:
(takeg= l0m/s2)
22. A mass m is rest on an inclined plane of mass M (a) 1.3N-s (b) 1.06N-s
which is further resting on a smooth horizontal (c) 1300 N-s (d) 105 N-s
plane. Now, if the mass starts moving position of
28. The area of F-, curve l, where 'F' is the force
is
C.M. of mass of sYstem will:
acting on one mass due to the other. If one of the
colliding bodies of mass M is at rest initially, its
speedjust after the collision is:
(a) AtM
h
(b) MtA

AM (A m
(a) Remains unchanged
(c)
ln
29, A bullet of mass m moving vertically upwards
(D) Change alongthe horizontal
instantaneously with a velocity 'a'hits the hanging
(c) Change along the vertical block of mass 'nt' and gets embedded in it. The
(d1 Change along the vertical as well as the height through which the block rises after the
horizontal. collision. (assume sufficient space above block) is:
lmpulse, Conservotion of Linear Momentum (a) u2l2g (b) uzlg
it (c) *lSs (d1 u2l4s
23. A500 kg boat has an initial speed of 10 msr as
passes under a bridge. At that instant a 50 kg man 30. A stationary body explodes into two fragments of
masses mrndmr. If momentum of one fragment is
jurnps straight down into the boat from the bridge.
p, the minimum energy of explosion is
The speed of the boat after the man and boat attains
p2 p2
a common speed is

(a) 100 msr (a) msr

("\
,@rry)
(b)
,@
, ff (c)
p2(mr+mr\ p2
@ 2(mr-mr)
(c)
50 _l
ms' rdt 1 ms-r
2m1m2

ll ll
 CoM ond Conservation of Lineor momentum 8.27
Collisions 36. Amassive ball moving with speed v collides head-on
31. A bullet of mass m : 50 gm strikes (4, r 0) a sand with a tiny ball at rest having a mass very less than
bag of mass M: 5 kg hanging from a fixed point, the mass of the first ball. If the collision is elastic,
with a horizontal velocity i, . If bullet sticks to the then immediately after the impact, the second ball
sand bag then just after collision the ratio of final
will move with a speed approximately equal to:
and initial kinetic energy of the bullet is: (a) v (b) 2v
(a) r\a (b) 10-3
(c) vlZ (d) *.
(c) l0{ (4 to4 37. Asphere of mass ze moving with a constant velocity
hits another stationary sphere of the same mass. If e
32. In the arrangement shown, the pendulum on the is the coefficient of restitution, then ratio of speed
left is pulled aside. It is then released and allowed ofthe first sphere to the speed ofthe second sphere
to collide with other pendulum which is at rest. A after head on collision will be:
perfectly inelastic collision occurs and the system
rises to a height hl4. The ratio of the masses
(a) (#) .,' (i-)
(mr l m) of the pendulum is:

(c)
(e+t) (d)
/r\
[, - r,l t;.1
I
ml
I 38. A ball of mass 'm', moving with uniform speed,
h collides elastically with another stationary ball. The
incident ball will lose maximum kinetic energy when
m2
the mass of the stationary ball is
(") | (b) 2 (a\ m (b) 2m
(c) 3 (d) 4 (c) 4m (d) infinity
33. There are hundred identical sliders equally spaced 39. Ball I collides head on with an another identical ball
on a frictionless track as shown in the figure. 2 at rest. Velocity of ball 2 after collision becomes
Initially all the sliders are at rest. Slider I is pushed two times to that of ball I after collision. The
with velocity y towards slider 2. In a collision the coefficient of restitution between the two balls is:
sliders stick together. The final velocity of the set of
(a) e: ll3 (b) e = ll2
hundred stucked sliders will be:
(c) e = ll4 (d) e: 213
Systems with Vsriable Mass

@# (b)# 40 If the thrust force on a rocket which is ejecting gases

with a relative velocity of 300 m/s, is 210 N. Then
(c) zero (d) v the rate of combustion of the fuel will be:
34. A solid iron ball I of radius r collides head on with (a) kglsec
10.7 (b) 0.07 kg/sec
@) l.a kg/sec
another stationary solid iron ball B ofradius 2r. The (A 0.7 kg/sec
ratio of their speeds just after the collision (e 0.5) :
is: 41. A wagon filled with sand has a hole so that sand
leaks through the bofiom at a constant rate 1,. An
(") 3 (b) 4
extemal force F acts on the wagon in the direction
(c)2 (4r of motion. Assuming instantaneous velocity of the
35. Two perfectly elastic balls of same mass m are wagon to be f and initial mass of system to be rzo,
moving with velocities a, and ur.They collide head the force equation governing the motion of the
on elastically. The kinetic energy of the system wagon is:
finally is:

(a)
lm ui2
(b) 1 lllt1 +ui
@) F=moff+)'t @) F=*o*-xt
2n 2 -lui
n

(c) -m@l ub @
1
mn@l +u)1 G) F=(mo-^0* @ F=(mo-xtff+xt
2
8.28 Physics

EXERC'SE -2
Colculation of COM 5. A ring of mass m and a particle of same mass are
fixed on a disc of same mass such that centre of mass
1. The centre of mass
of the system lies at centre of the disc. The system
ofthe shaded portion
rotates such that centre of mass of the disc moves in
of the disc is: (The
a circle of radius R with a constant angular velocity
mass is uniformly
ro. From this we conclude that
distributed in the
shaded portion)
(a) An external force ma2R must be applied to
central particle
R
(a) to the left ofl (b) An external force ma2R must be applied to the
n ring
R
(b) to the left of I (c) An extemal force 3ma2R must be applied to
i central particle
R (d) An external force 3ma2R must be applied any
(c) to the right ofl
n where on the system
R 6. A block of mass M
@o to the right ofl with a semicircular
track of radius R rests
2. A semicircular portion of I on a horizontal
M.

radius 'r'is cut from a uniform I frictionless surface.

T
rectangular plate as shown in Auniform cylinder of radius r and mass z is released
I

2r a ? o
figure. The distance of centre c I from rest from the top pointl. The cylinder slips on
of mass'C'of remaining Plate, I the semicircular frictionless track. The distance
from point'O'is: I I
travelled by the block when the cylinder reaches the
pointB is:
(') (3 21 (b)
3r
. , M(R-r) (b)m(R-r\
") - 4a - n1 1"7ffi M;
21 2r
r") @ 3$-tt) (M +m\R
t+*^l (t)
ff (d) none

3. Arod AB of / is such that its linear density (mass per

7. In the above question, the velocity ofthe block when
unit length ) p varies as p= :b-x-,where x is the the cylinder reaches point (6) is:
distance of the section from end I (and D > I). The
distance of the centre of mass from end ,4 is
I I
,,rrffi**rr,*ffi
(r)
(a)
;rzl
\b-t ) m (c) m
R
M(M +m)
-r) (AM 2g(R+ r)
M(M +m)
I a mass M and Length .L is
(c) b- (4 b- 8. A uniform thin rod of
ln
b-l
b
;rz]
\b-t )
standing vertically along the y-axis on a smooth
horizontal surface, with its lower end at the origin
(0, 0). A stight disturbance at I = 0 causes the lower
Motion of COM
end to slip on the smooth surface along the positive
4. A ball moves horizontally in a closed box making
x-axis, and the rod starts falling. The acceleration
several collisions with the walls' The box is kept on
vector of centre of mass of the rod during its fall is:
a smooth horizontal surface. During the motion of
the ball, the velocity of the centre of mass: [i is reaction from surface]
(a) of the box remains constant
- =-A-
(a) acu
MQ+R \b) acu
- =-ME-R
(D) of the box plus the ball system remains constant M
(c) depends on value ofe
(d; of the ball relative to the box remains constant
(c) dcu=ME-R (d) Noneofthese
 CoM ond Conservation of Lineor momentum 8.29
9. In a vertical plane inside (a) will move in a parabolic path for any values of
a smooth hollow thin m vr,vr,0rand 0,
tube a block of same (b) can move in a vertical line
mass as that of tube is
(c) can move in a horizontal line
released as shown in
figure. When it is slightly disturbed it moves towards
(d) will move in a straight line for any value of v,,
right. By the time the block reaches the right end of vr,0, and 0,
the tube, displacement of the tube will be (where 'R'
13. Two blocks of masses l0 kg and 4 kg are connected
is mean radius of tube). Assume that the tube remains
in vertical plane. by a spring of negligible mass and are placed on a
2R 4R frictionless horizontal surface. An impulse gives a
(a) (b) speed of 14 ms l to the heavier block in the direction
-TE -1I
of the lighter block. Then, the velocity of the centre
(c);R (OR of mass is
2
(a) mst
30 (D) 20 ms-r
10. Two men'A' and'B'are standing on a plank. 'B' is
(c) l0 msr (d) 5 ms-t
at the middle of the plank and 'A'is at the left end
of the plank. Bottom surface of the plank is smooth. 14. A closed system consists of two particles of masses
System is initially at rest and masses are as shown in
m, andn, which move at right angles to each other
figure. 'A' and 'B' start moving such that the position
of 'B' remains fixed with respect to ground and'A' with velocities Z, and Vr. ln the reference frame
meets '-B'. Then the point where ,,4 meets B is located attached to the center of mass, the magnitude of
a'T:. momentum of each particle is
40 kg 60 kg /\
AB
N.
6e
JL
@,
lthyt.u,
I- ,l/ ,smooth 61 ( mpz )t':ro,_l
| '=[
40ks \mt + m2 )\\ +v2 )
ffi
l+l
'l2O cm
(c) (*rur\'+(mrv2\2
(a) the middle of the plank
(D) 30 cm from the left end ofthe plank vtY2 ,,,
(c) the right end of the plank (d) mi +m;
vt+v2
(fl None of these
11. An isolated particle of mass z is moving in a 15. From the previous question in the reference frame
horizontal (x - y) plane along the x-axis, at a certain attached to the center of mass, the total kinetic
height above the ground. It suddenly explodes into energy ofthe nvo particles is

two fragments of masses 144ana 4 . * instant !( *r*, )r' ..L\ t( mrm2

later, the smaller fragment is at y : +15 cm. The
1r1
2\mr+*r)? @ ;1ffi)f'
)

larger fragment at this instant is at

(a) y: -5 cm (b) y: +20 cm ,, i(ffi)t,.t)
(c) y: +5 cm (d) y:10 cm (d) None of these.
12. Two particles of equal mass m are projected form
16. [f a man ofmass Mjumps to the ground from a height
the ground with speed v, and v, at angle 0, and 0,
(0, , 0z # 0, 180') as shown in figure. The centre of h and his centre of mass moves a distance x in the
mass of the two particles time taken by him to 'hit'the ground, the average
rvr v2 force acting on him (assuming his retardation to be
constant during his impact with the ground) is
e1 02 (a) Mghlx (b) Mgxlh
m m (c) Mg(hlx)2 (d) Mg(xth)2
e ?n Dhvcirc
17. If vrris velocity of C.M. of system and M is the mM
total mass of system, the product of lylvcM @) @r-v2) (M +m)K
(a) Vector sum of the linear momenta of particles of
the system. (d) None of above is correct.
(b) Is constant, if extemal force act on the system. 22. Two masses axe connected by a spring as shown in
(c) Mv"*is not constant when only intemal force the figure. One of the masses was given velocity
act on the system. v = 2k as shown in figure where 'f is the spring
(d) None of these. constait. Then maximum extension in the spring
will be
18. A stationary pulley carries a rope one end supports
a ladder with a man and the other end has a counter
m m
weight of mass mr.The man of mass z, climbs up a
distance /o with respect to the ladder and the stops. /
The mass of the rope and the friction in the pulley Smooth

axle is negligible. The displacement of the center of (a) 2m (b) m

mass of the system is
mrlo mzlo
@) Jzmk <O Jtnn
@\mr+m2 @\ n\*ilt2 23. Mass I hits B inelastically (e = 0) while moving
horizontally with some velocity along the cornmon
ro9
zmz @%
ml
line of centres of the three equal masses each of
same mass. Initially mass B and C are stationary and
19. Acubical ice block of mass 'tt 'and side 'I'is placed the spring is unstretched. Then which is incorrect.
in a large flat tray of mass M atits cenfre. When ice
B c
melts the C.M. ofthe fiay and ice system. k
Smooth
m m m
(a) does not shift
(b) shifts Z/2 downwards
(a) compression will be maximum when blocks
mL
(c) shits downwards have same velocity
2lM +m)
(b) velocity of C is maximum when (l + B) is at rest
(dlshifts ,* , downwards (c) velocity of C is maximum when spring is
2lM +m) undeformed.

lmpulse, Conservation of Lineor Momentum (d) velocity of C is minimum when spring is

undeformed.
20. A particle of mass 4ln which is at rest explodes
into three fragments. Two of the fragments each of 24. A system oftwo blocksl andB are connected by an
mass fii are found to move with a speed'v'each in inextensible massless strings as shown. The pulley
mutually perpendicular directions. The minimum Initially the system
is massless and frictionless.
energy released in the process ofexplosion is:
is at rest when, a bullet of mass 'm ' moving with
(a) (2t3) mf (b) (3tD nf
a velocity 'z'as shown hits the block 'B' and gets
@\ $t3) mf (4 QtD mf
embedded into it. The impulse imparted by tension
21. Two blocks of masses m and M are moving with
force to the block of mass 3 m is:.
speeds v, and vr(vr> vr) in the same direction on
the frictionless surface respectively, Mbeing ahead
of m. An ideal spring of force constant /c is attached
to the backside of M (as shown). The maximum t um
compression of the spring when the block collides
B
is:
v2

3
l;I
E
ffi M
(a) 5mu a,
(b)4mu
s

(") ,r (b) vrl (")2mu @

3mu
{E k s 5
 CoM ond Conservotion of Lineor momentum B.g7
25. Arailway flat car has an artillery
gun installed on it stops (taking point O to be the origin and neglect
and contains shells for fring The combined system friction between wall and striker) is:
excluding shell has a mass M and moves with a
velocity v' The banel of the gun makes an angle
a with the horizontal. A shell of mass rn leaves the
barrel at a speed'u'relative to initial state ofbarrel
in the forward direction. The speed of the flat car so
that it may stop after the firing is: (neglect frinstion)
mu ( tvtu \ x
(a) (b)
M+ m lM*J cos o
4--r
A

( mu\ t = ltlT
(c)
[7J
cosc (d) (M+m)ucosa
,,#,i @0,#
26. Two blocks of
3kgand6kg
respectively
mass

are
J.0 m/s
--+
s rg
l-4 AM
2.0 m/s

AA-Jo kg
@)
#,0 ,0,
+,#
placed on a smooth Collisions
horizontal surface. They are connected by a light 30. A particle of mass z moves with
spring of force constant k : 200 N/m. Initially the
velocity vo = 20 m/sec towards a
spring is unstretched and the indicated velocities are
large wali that is moving with t
^ v
imparted to the blocks. The maximum extension of
velocity y: 5 m,/sec. towards the
the spring is: particle as shown. If the particle v
(a) 30 cm (b) 25 cm collides with the wall elastically, the speed of the
(c) 20cm (d) l5cm particle just after the collision is:
27. Abullet of mass m strikes vo k
(a) m/s
30 (b) 20 m/s
a block of mass M (c) 25 mls (d) 22 mls
connected to light -
spring of stiffness fr, with a speed ,/0. If the bullet 31. Two smooth spheres made of identical material
gets embedded in the block then, the maximum having masses 'm' and 2 m tndergoes an oblique
compression in the spring is: impact as shown in figure. The initial velocities of

@)(-n-)* .,(m)
the masses are also shown. The impact force is along
the line joining their centres. The coefficient of
restitution i, f . fn. velocities of the masses after

,",(#*)
9
(d)(--4l-_)" the impact and the approximate percentage loss in
kinetic energy.
28. A train of mass Mis moving on a circular track of y_axis

radius 'R' with constant speed V. The length of the

v = 1Om/s
train is half of the perimeter of the track. The linear
2m
momentum of the train will be 0= sin-1(4/5)
x-axis
0' m
(a) o 1u1
?A!
TE
v = Sm/s

@) MrR (a MV
29. Astriker is shot from a square carrom board from a
point A exactly at midpoint of one of the walls with
r,l f ;+rj; f i+ 4i , ts%
a speed 2 mlsec at an angle of 45o with the x-axis 5^ ^ -s-
(b)
as shown. The collisions of the striker with the ;i -8j;:t +4j ,20%
(") l0^-8j;
walls of the fixed carrom are perfectly elastic. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the striker and
^ -s^ +4j ,25%o
board is 0.2. The coordinate of the striker when it
;i Ti
(d) None of these
8.32 Physics
32. The diagram shows the velocity-time graph for two
masses R and S that collided head on ilastically. @)
L:
d
I e2 @ Lo:t-e
Which of the following statements are true?
V(ms-1) (c) L: t-e
1 h=l
@ d l-e
1.2
R
d -;
0.8 36. A ball collides with a smooth and fixed inclined
0.4 plane of inclination 0 after falling vertically through
a distance h.lf it moves horizontally just after the
t (ps)
1234 impact, the coefficient of restitution is:
(a) tanz e (b) cot2 0
I. R and S moved in the same direction after the
(c) tan0 (4 cot0
collision.
II. The velocities of R and ,S were equal at the mid 37. A ball of mass m strikes the ?

time of the collision. fixed inclined plane after h

IIL The mass of R was greater than mass of ^L falling through a height h.lf it
smooth
(a) I only (D) II onlY
rebounds elasticallY. the
(c) I and II only (d) I, II and III fixed 0
impulse on the ball is
33. A stationary body explodes into four identical
(a) 2mcos} .,!igh (b) Zmcos 0..E
fragments such that three of them fly off mutually
perpendicular to each other, each with same K.E.,
E . The minimum energy of explosion will be: (") zm.l2gh @ zm"tigh

6Eo "*€-
(a) @) + 38. A small ball on a frictionless horizontal surface
(c) 4Eo (4 8Eo moves towards right with a velocity Z. It collides
is to bounce elastically back and forth with the wall and returns back and continues to and
34. Asuper-ball
between two rigid walls at a distance d from each fro motion. If the average speed for fust to and fro
other.,Neglecting gravity and assuming the velocity V, thenthe coefficient of
motion of the ball is (J)
of suier-ball to be vo horizontally, the average force
(in large time interval) being exerted by the super- restitution of imPact is:
ball on one wall is: (a) 0.5 (D) 0.8
t *rt (b); mv| (c) 0.25 (A 0.7s
at Z? qm*
39. A sphere of mass mr:2 kg collides with a sphere of
2m* mass m2: 3 kg which is at rest. Mass z, will move
t4=? @; at right angle to the line joining centres at the time
of collision, if the coefficient of restitution is:
35. A ball is bouncing down a set of stairs. The
! I
coefficient of restitution is e. The height of each step (a ) (b)
9 ,
is d and the ball bounces one step at each bounce'
After each bounce the ball rebounds to a height ft 2 E
above the next lower step. Neglect width of each
(c) ;J @
!:
t_

step in comparison to /r and assume the impacts

40. Two identical billiard balls are in contact on a
to be effectively head on. Which of the following
smooth table. A third identical ball strikes them
relation is correct? (given that h> d)
symmetrically and comes to rest after impact' The
coefficient of restitution is: (Total system is kept on
h
smooth horizontal surface)
d I
2
(o) (b)
i 1

(c)
I
6
(a+
 CoM ond Conservotion of Lineor momentum 8.33
41. AB is an Z shaped obstacle fixed both the balls are released from a heightllabove the
A
on a horizontal smooth table. A lowest point, to what heights do they rise for the first
ball strikes itatA,gets deflected time after collision?
and restrikes it at B. If the (a) H,H (b) Hl2,3Hl2
velocity vector before collision
is i and coefficient of restitution
4n.!
rct g 'g \-'l !.!!_
(^ g' g
of each collision is 'e', then the velocity of ball after 46. A ball of mass 'm ' moving with a speed 2v strikes
its second collision at B is
a heavy wall elastically, which is moved with a
(a) ezi (b) -e2n velocity 'y'. The work done by the heavy wall on
(c) -ei (A daainsufficient the ball is
l,
42. A projectile is thrown horizontally from top of a (a) (D m*
tower of height 20 m with a velocity l0 m/sec. It
,mv"
(c) 2m* (d) None
strikes the smooth ground whose co-efficient of
restitution is 0.5. The time elapsed (in seconds) after Variqble Mass Systems
projection when it strikes the ground 2nd time will be 47. Aballoon having mass 'm'is filled with gas and is
(neglectfriction): p: l0 m/s2l held in hands ofa boy. Then suddenly it get released
(a) 4 sec (b) 3 sec. and gas starts coming out of it with a constant rate.
(c) 2 sec. (d) 5 sec The velocity of the ejected gases is also constant
2 mls with respect to the balloon. Find out the
43. A particle of mass z is moving along the x-axis with velocity of the balloon when the mass of gas is
speed v when it collides with a particle of mass 2m reduced to half. (Neglect gavity and Bouyant force),
initially at rest. After the collision, the first particle (a) ln2 (b) zlna
has come to rest, and the second particle has split
(c) 2ln2 (d) none of these
into two equal-mass pieces that are shown in the
figure. Which of the following statements correctly 48. A uniform rope of linear mass density l. and length /
describes the speeds of the two pieces? (e > 0) is coiled on a smooth horizontal surface. One end is
m pulled up with constant velocity v. Then the average
power applied by the external agent in pulling the
x-axrs x-axts
entire ropejust offthe ground is
m m e
2m
m
Before collision After collision I
(a) Each piece moves with speed v.
(b) Each piece moves with speed v/2.
(c) One of the pieces moves with speed vl2, the
other moves with speed greater than vl2
(d) Eachpiece moves with speed greater thanvl2.

44. Aneutron is scattered through (= deviation from its

)'ls,
original direction) 0 degree in an elastic collision tor ll"tvz *Ll'g (b) ,)
)"v3

with an initially stationary deutron. If the neutron 22 .L

.)

) Llur
loses ]3 of its initial K.E. to the deutron then find the (c) *)"r' @1 xtgv+)),v3
2
value of 0. (In atomic mass unit, the mass of a 49. Inthe above question the maximum power delivered
neutron is 1r.r and mass of a deutron is 2u).
by the agent in pulling up the rope is
(a) 90" (b) 120.
(c) 60" (d) None of these (a) Ngv (b) xtsv +tL
45. Two pendulum bobs of mass m and 2m collide \'lgv . )"v3
elastically at the lowest point in their motion. If (c) ?"lgv + v37', @
22
S,ir4 Physics
50. Determine the force 'P' required to give the open surface with coefficient of friction p. One end of
link chain of total length 'Z'; a constant velocity v the chain is being pulled horizontally by a constant
: dyldt. The chain has a mass 'p' per unit length. force P. Determine the acceleration of chain in term
Neglect the small size and mass of the pulley and --- &
'----J ofx and
any friction in the pulley . A =u
P - ttpgx - pvz P-ltpgx+pv2
(a) (b)
px px
1
P+1tpgx+pvz ,^ P-ttpsx
I v
\-/
tL'r: tar-
px px
h
I
P 52. A stream of particles of mass z and separation d hits
a perpendicular wall with a velocity vo and rebounds
along the original line of motion with a velocity v'
(a) p* + ps(h -y) (b\ ps(h+y)-Pf The mass per unit length of the incident stream is
(c) ps(h -y) - pf (A ps(h+y)-pf

M"
)t=+ .The force exerted by the stream on the wall
d
51. A pile of loose-link is
chain; mass per unit (a) l"v(vo + v) (b) }'v(vo - v)
length p lies on a
(c) X.vo(vo - v) (d) l.vo(vo + v)
rough horizontal

EXERC'SE -3
Numericol Type 3. The given figure shows a disc of radius R : 20 cm
with a portion of it removed symmetrically. The
and B are hanging removed part is a disc of radius R/2. The removed
1. Two blocks A
part is now placed in contact with the larger disc
across an ideal pulley as shown in
as shown in the figure. The disc has uniform mass
the figure. Mass of A is rn and
distribution. With respect to origin O at centre of
mass of B is 2m. A is raised bY larger disc, find x-coordinate (in cm) of the centre of
h=18 cm and released to fall L>h
mass of system.
freely under gravity, while B is B fy
-
resting on ground. Sometime A
after, there is jerk in the string,
due to whichthe maximum height >x
(in cm) attained bY block B is
Removed part
2. Two men of masses 80 kg and 60 kg are standing
on a wooden plank of mass 100 kg, that has been
4. A particle of mass m = 0.1 kg is released from rest
placed over a smooth surface. If both the men start
from a point A of a wedge of mass M: 2.4 kg. The
moving toward each other with speeds 1 m/s and wedge is free to slide on a frictionless horizontal
2 mls, respectively, t-tren ttre -"*:U: plane. The particle slides down the smooth face AB
of the plank by which it starts moving is
T;"["t:
l- n/s. of the wedge. When the velocity of the wedge is 0.2
| m/s, the velocity (in m/s) of the particle relative to
Find (P + 4. I

80 kg 60 kg the wedge is

I m/s 2m/s
---------)

Plank Smooth
 CoM and Conservotion of Lineor momentum 8.35
5. Duringthe headoncollisionoftwo bodies ofmasses 9. A small ball A is thrown up with a velocity 40
I kg and 2kg,the maximum energy of deformation m/s from the ground. Another identical ball B of
100
is , J. If before collision, the masses are moving same mass is just dropped from a height of 50 m
in the same direction, then their velocity of approach
simultaneously at time t :0 so that both collide in
(in m/s) before the collision is air and stick together. Find the value of t (in s) at
which combined mass will fall to the ground. (g =
6. A uniformly thick plate in the shape of an arrow l0 m/s2)
head has dimensions as shown in the figure. Find
the distance (in cm) of the centre of mass from point
o.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

o
\o
---!
I
I o
rn
I
I
I
40 m/s
I
I

cm

7. Al kg ball is thrown horizontally as shown in the

figure, If collision with the ground is perfectly
10. Abomb ofmass 6 kg is keptat the centre ofaclosed
inelastic, the kinetic energy of the ball immediately
box also of mass 6 kg and length 24 m.It explodes
after the collision becomes lOx joule. Find the value
in two parts of mass 2 kg and 4 kg. The two parts
ofx?
move in opposite direction and stick to the opposite
-_-u.=10 m s-l sides of the walls of the box. The box is kept on a
smooth horizontal surface. What is the distance (in
5
m) moved by the box during this time interval.

8. There are two vertical walls separated by a

distance 3 m. A projectile is projected from the foot F
of one wall with a speed tO rD, mls at angle 45o
-+
with horizontal as shown in the figure. During its 11. A ball of mass z is moving with a speed v as shown
motion, it collides many a times with vertical walls in the figure. It undergoes inelastic collision with
a ball of mass 2m which was initially at rest. The
elastically. During collision, the velocity of the
projectile perpendicular to wall get reversed and velocity of ball 2maftercollision i. +.q Find (p
the one which is parallel to wall remains unchanged. +q)'
The number of collision projectile will make with
the vertical walls before hiuing the ground is
v

lOfi m/s I
g: l0 m/s2 ":z
8.36 Physics
12. As shown in the figure, AI| is board of mass M : 4 figure and reach nearest comers. What is magnitude
kg and length s:2 m, placed on a smooth horizontal of displacement of plank (in m) in the process.
surface. A bumper of negligible mass is fixed at v
end-B. A peg of mass ,tt : I kg is placed at end-A.
There is friction between peg and board. With both
the board initially at rest, the peg is ejected with an
initial velocity of vn: 10 m/s along the board until x
it hits the bumper at end-B. After the collision, it
returns to end-A without falling of the board. The 16. A rocket of initial mass m (including fuel) ejects
mechanical energy loss (in Joule) in the process is mass at a constant rate of 25 kgls with a speed 60

Eo. The value of tr. m/s relative to the rocket. If the acceleration of the
ff rocket 3.5 minutes after the firing is 2 m/sz, find the
l0m/s initial mass of the rocket ? fNeglect gravity] If your
A B
answer is in the form of n " 103 kg. Find n?
S
F
13. On the prism of mass M: 2 kg and length / :
12 m, another prism of mass m: I kg and length a
/, :
3 m is put as shown in the figure. The system is
1
released from rest. Find the magnitude of horizontal
displacement of M (in meters) when rz reaches the
bottom of M.
17. On a smooth horizontal plane, a uniform string of
m mass M and length '.L' is lying in the state of rest.
A man of the same mass M is standing next to one
end of the string. Now, the man starts collecting the
string. Finally the man collects all the string and puts
14. Consider two small balls of masses m and 3 m it in his pocket. The displacement of the man with
auached with a string and are released from some respect to earth in the process of collection is KL|S
height as shown in figure. The balls may collide where fr =
head on or obliquely. After a certain time mass m is
it (9 cm,20 cm) while mass 3m is 25 cm above the x
axis and the strings is taut. The balls always remain
in x-y plane. If the length of string is L (in cm) then
find the value of ]- ? 18. Three identical balls each ofmass 5 kg are connected
6.5
v with each other as shown in figure, and rests over a
smooth horizontal table. At moment l: 0 ball,B is
m
given velocity 9 m/sec then velocity ofl in direction
of velocity of B just before collision in m/s is:
Do =9m/s
3m

A B C
x
(0,0)
19. A particle of mass z moving with velocity I m/s
15. A square plank of mass rr : 100 kg and edge length collides perfectly elastically with another particle of
L: 20 r8. ^ is placed on a smooth surface. Two mass 2 m. If the incident particle is deflected by 90'.
person each of mass f,z: ffi::50 kg are at corner of The heavy mass will make an angle 0 with the initial
aplank as shown in figure. Two person begin to walk direction of z equal to 10x", where x is
on the plank along two different paths as shown in
-
 CoM and Conservation of Lineor momentum 8.37
20. A ball is projected from a point p in a horizontal 23. There are z small elastic
plane so as to strike
a vertical wall at right angle after balls placed at rest on a
rebounding from the wall it strikes the horizontal smooth horizontal surface
plane. Once return to the point of projection. Find which is circulated at the
coefficient of restitution for the two collisions, extreme with radius 22.
assuming it to be same for both collision. [in lO-t] The masses of balls ur" u,y,ff #. Find

the least velocity which should be provided to the

first ball of mass M such that 5th ball completes a
vertical circle. [in ms-l]

P
24. A dumbell consisting of two masses m each,
connected by a light rigid rod of length I falls freely
on two pads of equal height, through h. The
21. Atennisballwithsmallmass
coefficients ofrestitution are l13 and2l3 respectively.
rests on the top of a
The maximum height that the centre of mass of the
basketball which is at a
height h above the ground, dumbell will rise after bouncing offthe pads i. 4.
and the bottom of the tennis m
ball is at height
The value of 'z' is equal to
h-r d above the ground. The h

balls are dropped. The h

height to which the tennis
ball bounce with respect to ground. is lOx units, x is
= 113 e=2/3
(Assume all collisions to be elastic and d =
ft: 5 units) 25. Two equal discs initially at rest are in contact on a
22. T'bree identical balls table. A third disc of same mass but of double radius
ball I, ball II and strikes them symmetrically and itself comes to rest
ball I[ are placed after impact. The coefficient of restitution is L
on a smooth floor on 10m 10m
t6'
a straight line at the then x is
separation of l0 m between balls as shown in figure.
Initially balls are stationary. Ball I is given velocity
of l0 m/s towards ball IL Collision between
ball I and II. is inelastic with coefficient ofrestitution
0.5 but collision between ball III and II is perfectly
elastic. The time interval between two consecutive
collisions between ball I and II is sec.

EXERCISE _ 4

Single Options Correct

1. A small sphere of radius R is held against the inner
surface of a larger sphere ofradius 6rt. The masses of
large and small spheres are 4M andMrespectively.
x
This arrangement is placed on a horizontal table as
shown. There is no friction between any surfaces
of contact. The small sphere is now released. The @) (L-2R,0) (b) (L+2R,0)
coordinates ofthe centre ofthe large sphere wlen the (c) (2R, 0) (d) (2R - L,0)
smaller sphere reaches the other extreme position is:
a 2a Dhtrcirc

2. Aparticle of mass m strikes elastically with a disc of 5. A semi-circular plate of radius R has
radius R, with a velocity i as shown in the figure. If density p = por, where r is the distance
from centre. The position of centre of o
the mass of the disc is equal to that of the particle
mass from 0 is
and the surface of the contact is smooth, then the 3R
velocity of the disc just after the collision is: (a) ^
,LIt
@)4
fi
m
4R ,R
m (c) (d)
T1 ...9f.':.
3n 1l

6. Two persons of mass m, and, m2 are standing at the

two endsl and B respectively of a trolley of mass M
as shown.
2v
(a)
T @; m1

M
m2

A
@r+ (Av
L --=+
When both the persons jump simultaneously with
3. Two particles A and B each of mass m ate attached
same speed then:
by a light inextensible string of length 21. The
(a) the cenfie of mass of the system remains
whole system lies on a smooth horizontal table
stationary
with B initially at a distance / from l. The particle
(b) the trolley remains stationary
at end B is projected across the table with speed z
perpendicular lo AB. Velocity of ball ,{ just after the
(c) the trolley moves toward the end where the
person with heavier mass is standing
jerk is
-l A (d) none of these

7. In the above situation when both the persons jump

simultaneously with ur., with respect to the frolley,
then the magnitude of velocity of the trolley is
B
U
@rm ,owff
"Jj uJi ,^, *run I

(a)
4
@)
\-, | M--mzu (d) none of these
lmr+ ^r*hl
@+ @,
u
8. TWo persons of masses m, and m2 ate standing
on a smooth surface facing each other holding a
4. Three identical balls of mass m and radius R are massless rope in their hands. If they pull each other
placed on frictionless horizontal x -y plane. Ball A
with a force '.F" they meet each other (dis the initial
at (0, 0), Ball.B at(4R,- Ji n>and ball C at(8R,-2
distance between them)
Jl n. Ball A is suddenly given an impulse
seconds at the centre of
F =JlmYi. If collision between balls ,{ and B is
(a) After
mass
lffi
perfectly elastic while between B and C is perfectly
inelastic, then the relative velocity of ball I with (D) After
i 2^*n seconds atthe midpoint
respect to ball C after a long time will be: IFG;;6
,o i+ ,E i ffi -,8 j
V V V V |
(") <u> I
(c) After ^*.d seconds at the centre of
V:3V
tFC;6)
Vr 3Y
ira zJi''zJi l
L-
(c) MASS
2J2 2"12
-t
mrmrd
(d) After seconds at the mid Point
F(mr+mr)
 momentum 8.39
CoM ond Conservotion of Lineor
9. Two particles of equal mass have velocities 14. Aball isdropped ontoafixed horizontal surface
fromaheight h.Thecoefficient ofrestitution is e.
T =q i m/s and 4=qi m/s . Firstparticle has an
The average speed ofthe ball is:
-
acceleration a=6i + 5h m/sz while
acceleration ofthe other particle is zero. The centre
the
@(#re *,{#l,E
of mass of the two particles moves in a path
(a) Circle
(c) Straight line
(b) Parabola
(d) Ellipse
of
@,{#le ^{Y}e
15. Ablockofmass'z'ismoved
towards a movable wedge
10. Two blocks of masses 2 kg and I kg are tied to the of mass M : km and h
ends of a string which passes over a light frictionless
height' h' with v elocity' u'
pulley. The masses are held at rest at the same (All surfaces are smooth).
horizontal level and then released. The distance If the block just reaches the top of the wedge, the
traversed by centre of mass in 2 sec is value of 'z' is:
(a)1.42m
(c) 3.12 m
(b) 2.22m
(d) 3.33 m
@ Jieh (rrm
11. Two persons A and B, each of mass m are standing
at the two extremes of rail-road car of mass M.T"lte
(c)
'Zgh(l+ K)
K @)wL)
person I jumps to the left with a horizontal speed
16. A sphere of mass rz slides
u w.r.t. state of car after the jump. Thereafter, the with velocity y on a
<-
person ^B jumps to the right, again with the same frictionless surface
horizontal speed z with respect to state of car after towards a smooth inclined 0
the jump. The velocity of the car after both the wall as shown in fig. If the
persons have jumped offis. collision with the wall is perfectly elastic, Find the
impulse imparted by the wall on the sphere,
(o\ *'u
' ' (M+2m)(M+m) (h\
mu
(a) 2mv cos9 (b) 2mv sin9
'-' (M+Zm)(M+m) (c) 2mv cosec 0 (d) 2mv sec 0
k\ ,.?'!- .
(M
(a *'u
+2m) \--l (M +m)
17. In the above question, the impulse imparted by the
floor on the sphere.
(a)2mv cot9 (b) 2mv cos9
12. Aball of mass I kg is attached to
an inextensible string. The ball is
(c) 2mv sin 0 (d) 2mv cosec 0

released from the position shown 18. Two small discs, ,4 of mass 2m and, B of mass z, are
in fig.. Find the impulse imparted connected by a light, inextensible string of length
by the string to the ball immediately
1m l3l placed on a smooth horizontal plane, separated
by a distance of 51. Disc B is given a velocity 26v
after the string becomes taut.
(a) 3.16 kgm/s (b) 6.32kgnrls in a direction normal to AB as shown fig. Find the
(c) 4.47 kg m/s (d) 2.24 kg m/s
velocity of B when the string just becomes taut.

13. A ball of mass z is just disturbed from the top of a

fixed smooth circular tube of radius a in a vertical
plane and falls impinging on a ball of mass Zm atthe
bottom. The coefficient ofrestitution is l/2. Find the B
A (m)
heights to which the balls rise after a second impact. (2 m)
5l
aa (26v)
to) ,, a
@ ;,;
@) J-8zv @) 4J-4tv
aa
G) i', @ 9r,; k) Jatv @) zJab
8.40 Physics
19. Two masses 2m and m aire connected by an 22. Aball strikes a wall with a velocity fr at an angle 0
inextensible light string. The string is passing over with the normal to the wall surface and rebounds
a light frictionless pulley. The mass 2m is resting on from it at an angle p with the surface. Then:
a surface and mass z is hanging in air as shown in (a) (e + p) is equal to 90" if wall is smooth
Fig. A. particle of mass z strikes the mass m from
below in case (I) with a velocity vo and in case (II)
(6) If wall is smooth coefficient of restitution
strikes the mass z with a velocity vo from top and
_
-
tanB
cot0
sticks to it. (c) If wall is smooth coefficient of restitution
Case I Case ll
_ tanp
tan e

m
(d) None of these

23. To test the manufactured properties of 10 N steel

balls, each ball is released from rest as shown and
vo
strikes a 45o inclined surface. If the coefficient of
m
restitution is to be e = 0.8, the distance s to where the
ball must strike the horizontal plane at,4 is.
(a) The conservations of linear momentum can be
applied in both the cases just before and just oB
after collision. .5 m

(b) The conservation of linear momentum can be

applied in case I but cannot be applied in case II
just before and just after collision.
IJ .0m
45" \n
(c) The ratio of velocities of mass rz just after F._ s -N
collision in first and second cases is 1/2. (a) 0.31m (b) 0.62m
(d) The ratio of velocities of mass z just after (c) 0.93 m (d) t.zam
collision in first and second case is 3. 24. Figure shows a cart that carries a pile of open link
20. Two identical balls I
and B are released from the chain of mass per unit length p. The chain can pass
positions shown in figure. They collide elastically on freely through a hole in the cart and is brought to rest
horizontal portion MN.The ratio of heights attained link by link, by the tension 7 in the portion of the
by A andB after collision will be (neglect friction) chain resting on the ground and secured at its errdA.
A constant force F moves the cart and the initial mass
A
and velocity (when.r:0) are moandvo respectively.
B
Determine the expression for the velocity v of the
.'l h cart in terms ofx(all friction is neglected).

----+
F

t:4
(a) (b) 2:t A A H o
(c)4:13 (d)2:s
21. Particle I experiences a perfectly elastic collision mo
with a stationary particle B. The particles fly apart (a) v= rt *{m
p mo-Px
symmetrically relative to the initial direction of
motion of particle I with angle of divergence *o
b
(b) v= *" n(
0(0 < 0 < 90) . lf m,a and mn the masses of the P \uo -Px
particles, then

(a\
m,
-=
mB
I
I + 2cos20
@) YL=
mB
cos 0
(c) v= ,;.T'[ #)
(c\
m,
I + 2cos 20 @ ru=1-2cos0 (d) r= '*.1^(-%-
-=
mB mB
 r CoM ond Conservotion of Lineor momentum 8.47
25. A cart loaded with fine sand moves on a road under 30. In an elastic collision in absence of external force,
the action of a constant driving force F along the - which of the following is/are correct:
direction of its motion. From a hole at the bottom, (a) The linear momentum is conserved
sand spills with a constant rate of 1". Assuming the
(6) The potential energy is conserved in collision
initial velocity and mass of the cart to be zero and
zo respectively, determine velocity of the cart after
(c) The final kinetic energy is less than the initial
kinetic energy
time l.
(d) The final kinetic energy is equal to the initial
\"'
(o) v' =f)""-lzmo-trrl'"'
r"[--zr---l,r,,=Irl :r-1 kinetic energy
)"-'lmo-xt l 31. A small ball collides with a heavy ball initially at
rest. In the absence of any extemal impulsive force,
(c) v=
*^l^X),^, *^l#hl = it is possible that
(a) Both the balls come to rest
26. A chain PQ of length /o is P (D) Both the balls move after collision
located in a smooth horizontal (c) The moving ball comes to rest and the stationary
tube, such that fr length of the ball starts moving
h
chain hangs freely and touches (d) The stationary ball remains stationary the
the surface of a smooth table. moving ball changes its velocity.
The endP is released at a certain
32. A block moving in air explodes in two parts then just
instant. What is velocity with which this chain will
slip out of the tube? after explosion (neglect change in momentum due to
gravity)
(o) ,= ,*"1*l (b)v=Fryl (a) The total momentum of two parts must be equal
to the momentum of the block before explosion.
(b) The total kinetic energy of two parts must be
(c) v=
^l+)(d),= ,r+l equal as that ofblock before explosion.
(c) The total momentum must change
Multiple Options Correct
27. A system of particles has its centre of mass at the (d) The total kinetic energy must increase
origin. The x-coordinates of all the particles 33. Two bodies of same mass collide head on elastically
(a) may be positive then
(6) may be negative (a) Theirvelocities are interchanged
(c) may be non-negative (6) Their speeds are interchanged
(4 may be non-positive (c) Their momenta are interchanged
28. In which of the following (d) The faster body slows down and the slower
cases the centre of mass of body speeds up.
a system is certainly not at its centre?
(a) A rod whose density continuously increases 34. An external force F 1F + 0) acts on a system of
from left to right particles. The velocity and the acceleration of the
(b) A rod whose density continuously decreases centre of mass are found to be v",o and a". at an
from left to right instant, then it is possible that
(c) A rod whose density decreases from left to right (a) v..:0,a"_:0 (D) v._=0,a" *0
upto the centre and then increases (c) v.. 10, a"^:0 (A v" 10, a" * 0
(d) Arod whose density increases from left to right 35. A bag of mass M hangs by a long thread and a
upto the centre and then decreases bullet (mass z) comes horizontally with velocity v
29. If the net extemal force acting on a system is zero, and gets caught in the bag. Then for the combined
then the centre of mass system (bag + bullet):
(a) must not move (a) Momentumis mMvl(M+ m)
(b) must not accelerate (b) KE is(tt2) M?
(c) may move (c) Momentumis mv
(A may accelerate (d) KE is m2*121M + m1
8.42 Physics
36. A set of z-identical cubical blocks lie at rest along a mass tn moves on the plane with a speed 'v'along
line on a smooth horizontal surface. The separation the line joiningA and B and collides elastically with
between any two adjacent blocks is.L. The block at I then which of the following is/are correct:
one end is given a speed Ztowards the next one at
(a) KE of the AB system at maximum compression
time / : 0. AU collisions are completely inelastic,
of the spring is zero
then
(D) The K.E of AB system at maximum compression
- block starts movin g at t : n(n
(a) The last -\ fi is (tl$ nf
L (c) Themaximumcompressionofsprin gis vJm I k
(D) The last block starts moving at t = (n - l)
V
(c) The cenfre of mass of the system will have a
final speed v/n
(d) The maximum compression of spring IS

(d) The centre of mass of the system will have a ,Jr, t x

final speed v 40. The fig. shows a string of equally spaced beads of
37. A particle strikes a horizontal smooth floor with mass m, separated by distance d. The beads are free
a velocity z making an angle 0 with the floor and to slide without friction on a thin wire. A constant
rebounds with velocity v making an angle I with force F acts on the first bead initially at rest till it
the floor. If the coefficient of restitution between the
makes collision with the second bead. The second
particle and the floor is e, then:
bead then collides with the third and so on. Suppose
(a) the impulse delivered by the floor to the body is
mu(l + e) sin 0. all collisions are elastic, then:
(b) tan e: e tan e. $ *--g-r,
(c) v:u l-(l-e2)sin20. 1 2 4
(a) speed of the first bead immediately before and
(d) the ratio of the final kinetic energy to the initial
immediately after its collision with the second
kinetic energy is (cos2 0 + I sin2 0)
trFd
bead is and zero resPectivelY'
38. A ball moving with a velocity v hits a massive wall l;
(b) speed of the first bead immediately before and
moving towards the ball with a velocity z.An elastic
immediately after its collision with the second
impact lasts for a time Al. EFd t EFd resPectivelY'
bead is and
(a) The average elastic force acting on the ball is l; 1t;
m(u +v) (c) speed of the second bead immediately after its
Lt collision with third bead is zero.
(D) The average elastic force acting on the ball is
! .W-
(d) the average speed of the first bead i,
2m(u +v) 2\ m
Lt
41. A shell explodes in region ofnegligible gravitational
a

(c) The kinetic energy of the ball increases by Zmu field, giving out n fragments of equal mass m. Then
(u+v) its total
(a) Kinetic energy is smaller than that before the
(d) The kinetic energy of the ball remains the same
explosion
after the collision.
(D) Kinetic energy is greater than that before the
39. Two blocks A and B each of mass 'm' ate connected explosion
by a massless spring of natural length Z and spring (c) Momentum and kinetic energy depend on n
constant ft. The blocks are initially resting on a (d) Momentum is equal to that before the explosion'
smooth horizontal plane. A third block C also of
 CoM ond Conservotion of Lineor momentum 8.43
42. A man of mass m is at rest on a stationary flat car.
The car can move without friction along horizontal (d) am
rails. The man starts walking with velocity v relative mr*m,
to the car, work done by him 46. In the figure shown, a force F:2t N acts on a 5 kg
object.
(a) is less than I2 mf if hewalks along the rails F:3 tN
5kg :0.r
I
(6) is equal to if he walks normal to the rails l0
,m* kg
:0
(c) can never be less than ]2 zl (a) velocity of centre of mass of system at t:2.5 s
is 0.625 m/s
I
(d) is greater than m,P if he walks along the rails (D) velocity of centre of mass of system at t = 2.5 s
; is 0.250 m/s.
43. Four bricks, each of length /, are put on the top of (c) acceleration of centre of mass of system at
one another in such a way that part ofeach extends t: 2.5 s is 0.250 m/s2.
beyond the one beneath. The largest equilibrium (d) acceleration of centre of mass of system at t = 5
extensions are s is 2 m/s2'
47. A long, thin, inextensible and very flexible uniform
wire is lying on the rough horizontal floor. One end
I
of the wire is bent back and then pulled backwards
lt
with constant velocity Z such that, at any instant of
ilt
time, the moving part of the wire always remains
IV just above the part of the wire which is still at rest at
that instant on the floor as shown in diagram. If the
(a) Top brick over hanging the one below by 1 wire has unit length and unit mass then,
2
(6) Second brick from top over hanging the
!
one
I
below : floor
4 (a) speed of centre of mass of the moving part at all
(c) Third brick from top overhanging by bottom one the times will remain constant
(6) speed of centre of mass of the moving part at all
by
6 the times willbe aV
(d) The total overhanging length on the edge ofthe (c) minimum force needed to pull the moving part
bottom brick ls !/ _v2
t2 will be
2
44. Choose the incorrect statement(s) (@ minimum force needed to pull the moving part
(a) The centre of mass and centre of gravity for usual a

bodies which are not too large will be in general

wilbe lV2
8
different
(6) The centre of mass of a body depends only upon 48. P is the centre of mass of four point masses A, B, C
the mass distribution and D, which are coplanar but not collinear. Choose
(c) The position of centre of mass of a body cannot correct options.
be altered by changing the mass distribution (a) P may or may not coincide with one of the point
(d) Gravitational field affects the position of centre MASSCS
ofgravity ofa body
(b) P must lie within the quadrilaterul ABCD
45. Non-zero external forces .{ & F, are acting on (c) P must lie within or on the edge of at least one
system of particles ml & m2 respectively, in
of the triangles formed by taking A,B,C and D,
addition to the internal interactions. Then
three at a time

(a) a,: m,
f,F; (b) ar: * (d) P must lie on a line joining two of the points
A,B,C andD
8.tM Physics
49. Aman (m,) with a bag(m) in hand falls vertically 52. A ball of mass ,r, = 100 gm is suspended from a
from a height & above the ground. After falling point A by an inextensible thread of length /. Ball
through a height ls, fiidn throws bag horizontally is drawn aside and held at same level as A but at a
t;
with velocity u0 towards his right.
a
(a) Centre of mass is at a height (h - yi at the end
distance f t trome,as shown in figure. Now ball

r^ is released. Then (assume string applies only that

of time l'Yo much jerk which is required so that velocity along
\Jg string becomes 0)
(6) Centre of mass strikes the ground at the end of (a) velocity of ball just before experiencing jerk is

tlme .I-
W ,E
1/ g (6) velocity of ball just after experiencing jerk is

(c) Centre of mass experiences a uniform Ect

acceleration {7
(d) Centre of mass changes its path when man (c) impulse applied UV.t ing
throws the bag.
ffi
(d) ball will experience jerk after reaching to point B
50. A block of mass m is placed at rest on a smooth
wedge of mass M placed at rest on a smooth 53. A particle moving with kinetic energy E makes an

horizontal surface. As the system is released head on elastic collision with an identical particle at
rest. During the collision

(a) Elastic potential energy of the system is always

zero

(D) Maximum elastic potential energy of the system

(a) The centre of mass of the system remains
is El2
stationary
(c) Minimum kinetic energy of the system is E/2
(D) The centre of mass of the system has an
(d; Kinetic energy of the system is constant
acceleration g vertically downward
(c) Momentum of the system is conserved along the 54. Velocity of a particle of mass 2kg changes from
horizontal direction \- = -2i^a -2^ij m/s to iz = Q - j) m/s after colliding
with a plane surface.
(d) Acceleration of centre of mass is a vertically
(a) The angle made by the plane surface with the
downward (a < C)
positive x-axis is 90'.
51. Two identical buggies move one after other due to "r-'[1)
inertia (without friction) with the same velocity ur.
(D) the angle made by the plane surface with the
A man of mass m rides the rear buggy. At a certain
moment the man jumps into the front buggy with . /r\
positive x-axis is tur-'
a velocity u relative to his buggy. If mass of each [J,,|
buggy is equal to M and velocity ofbuggies after (c) The direction of change in momentum makes an
jumping of man are urear and uuon,. Then:
.Ir\ with the positive axis.
m angle tan-r | ;I
\ r./
(a) ur"r.: t:o*--
m
-u (d1 The direction of change in momentum makes an
(b) ,."u.: uo-
*+ Mu angle 900 + tan-r []1.
\.3i
*t* the plane surface.
mM
(c) Drron, : tJo * t't
(m+ M)""
--
mM
(4 uuo* - Do
(m+ M\2
 CoM and Conservation of Linear momentum 8.45
Comprehension Type 59. Impulse of the force exerted by A on B during the
collision, is equal to
Passage 7 (Questions 55-57)
Two blocks of equal mass m kl- @) (Jimi+tm)@-
are connected by an lmfvtruuruv-l
ml+r S

unstretched spring and the

system is kept at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface.
(D)
f Ji*i kem
2 S

A constant force F is applied on the first block pulling it

away from the other as shown in figure. 1c1 (zmi-Ji*)@
s
55. Then the displacement of the centre of mass at time
lis <A QJimi+:7)@
Ftz
(a) ^ (D)
Ft2
S

zm ^
3m 60. Coefficient of restitution during the collision is
I
(c) Ftz
. (d)
F t2 changed to ,, keeping all other parameters
+mm - unchanged. What is the velocity of the ball -B after
the collision?
56. If the extension of the spring is xo at time t, then the
displacement of the right block at this instant is:
r(ri ) F* +ro Al lb{zt+ e7)rrvs <oy
l<oi-
3.,6) n/s
{al ,l*+ xo @, -+l zm
^ *:.6
) (c1 (o; r)',/r @) (6i - 3.,f3r')"/.
t( rt2 ) Ft2
t"t ll;-., )
@ :-*ro
zm
Passage 3 (Questions 67-63)
Two identical balls I and -8, each
57. If the extension of the spring is xo at time /, then the of mass 2 kg and radius R, are 1
Is
displacement of the left block at this instant is: suspended vertically from an

a>(*-^l ,, ;(*. xo
inextensible strings as shown in
Fig. Third ball C of mass I kg and
radius , = (Ji - l) falts and hits
A and B symmetrically with
n +(+*,) @:(X xo
l0 m/s. Speed of both
3 m/s.
I and B just after the collision is

Possage 2 (Questions 58-60)

61. Speed ofCjust after collision is
Two smooth balls I of mass m and radius
and B, each
R, have their centres at (0, 0, R) and at (5R, - R, R) (a) 2mts 101 zJi mls
respectively, in a coordinate system as shown. Ball A, (c) 5 m/s (4 d, -l)m/s m/s
moving along positive x axis, collides with ball B. Just
62. Impulse provided by each string during collision is
before the collision, speed of ball A is 4 mls and ball ^B is
stationary. The collision between the balls is elastic. (a) 6rDNs (b) t2 Ns
v
(c; 3O Ns (@ 6 Ns

x(m)
63. The value of coefficient of restitution is

(a)
1l (b)
4 O
I
58. Velocity of the ball I just after the collision is @) Ji-t @ 2
(a) (i + rrYt (b) (i -.6j) "Y.
\6i)
(c) (2i + .67 ; *lr (4 Qi + 2j ) m/s
8.46 Physics
Passoge 4 (Questions 64-66) 65. The magnitude of acceleration of block of mass Mis
A smooth rope of mass m and length Z lies in a heap
vi vi
on a smooth horizontal floor, with one end attached to (a)
*3
T @+
a block of mass M. The block is given a sudden kick
and instantaneously acquires a horizontal velocity of
M +4x
L i (r.;.\
magnitude Zo as shown in figure L As the block moves to
(c)
m
4
vi M2
2

right pulling the rope from heap, the rope being smooth, @ L
ML
M +L* M +Lx
the heap remains at rest. At the instant when block is at a
distance x from point P as shown in Fig. 2 (P is a point
L I L

on the rope which has just started to move at the given 66. The tension in rope at point P is

instant), choose correct options for next three question.

(a) mMz
vo t (r*Y*
Iz
*2M
(b)
Fig. 1 Fig.2 L (r*4*
64. The speed of block of mass Mis
Iz
m (c)
*' V;
(a) (D) L
M +Lx
L
2
M +!x
L
ut
M +4x
L
ri
i
m M2
(c) (d) @
M M +Lx
L
m M +Lx
L
' ('.T.)'
Motching Column Type
67. Two blocks ,4 and B of mass 2 m and z respectively are connected by a massless spring of spring constant K. This
system lies over a smooth horizontal surface. At , = 0 the block I has velocity z towards right as shown while the
speed of block B is zero, and the length of spring is equal to its natural length at that instant. In each situation of
column I, certain statements are given and corresponding results are given in column II. Match the statements in
column I corresponding to results in column II.

K
u

SU

Column I Column II
(a) The velocity of blockA (p) can never be zero

(b) The velocity of block B (q) may be zero at certain instants of time

(c) The kinetic energy of system of two blocks (r) is minimum at maximum compression of spring

@ The potential energy of spring (s) is maximum at maximum extension of spring

 CoM and Conservotion of Lineor momentum 8.47
68. In each situation of column-I, a system involving two bodies is given. All sfiings and pulleys are light and friction
is absent everywhere. Initially each body of every system is at rest. Consider the system in all sirua*tion of column
I from rest till any collision occurs. Then match the statements in column-I with the corresponding results in
column-II

Column I Column II
(a) The block plus wedge system is placed over m (p) Shifts towards right
smooth horizontal surface. After the system is
released from rest, the centre of mass of system.

(b) The string connecting both the blocks ofmass m (q) Shifts downwards
is horizontal. Left block is placed over smooth
horizontal table as shown. After the two block
system is released from rest, the centre of mass
of system
(c) The block and monkey have same mass. The (r) Shifts upwards
monkey starts climbing up the rope. After the
monkey starts climbing up, the centre of mass
of monkey + block system.

(d) Both block of mass lll are initially at rest. The G) Does not shift
left block is given initial velocity u downwards.
Then, the centre of mass of two block system
afterwards.

ffi (r) shifts towards left

69. Two sphere A B move on a smooth horizontal surface with the same velocity V and,have some separation
and
between them. A third sphere C is moving in opposite direction on the same surface with same speed. All the
spheres are equal mass. The collisions are elastic. V"*represents the center of mass vel of all the three spheres.
column-Il represents the values after all the possible impacts have occurred.

Column I Column II
(") If A and,,B are not connected to each other. (p)
V"rbeforecollision: I
3

(b) If A and-B are connected to each other (q)

Vrrafterall the collis ion: I3
(c) lf A and,B are connected by an ideal string (r) Centre of mass moves towards
left or right

(d) lf A and I are connected by an ideal spring G) Centre of mass is at rest

which is initially unstretched
8.48 Physics

Archives: Least Altempted Questions(LAQs) (lEE MAIN)

Numericol Type collision, is : [20181

1. A body A, of mass m : 0.1 kg has an initial velocity

td# 1L
@+
of 3i nes-'. [t collides elastically with another @)Ovo @+
body, B of the same mass which has an initial
6. It is found that if a neutron
suffers an elastic collinear
velocity of 5i zs-l . After collision, A moves with a collision with deuterium at rest, fractional loss of its
velocity i = aG +) . The energy of B after collision energy is Po; While for its similar collision with
*1.
is written us IU The value of x is-. t20201 carbon nucleus at rest, fractional loss of energy is

Single Option Correct {. The values of P, and { are respectively :[20181

(a) (0, l) (b) (0'89,0.28)
2. Thecoordinatesofcentreofmassof 10,3) (2,3)
(c) (0.28,0.89) (4 (0,0)
a uniform flag shaped lamina (thin
flat plate) of mass 4 kg. (The 7. Distance of the centre of mass of a solid uniform
(2,2)
coordinates of the same are shown 1,2\ cone from its vertex is zo, Ifthe radius ofits base is
infigure) are: 120201 R and its height is fr then zo is equal to: [20151

5h 3h2
(4) (b)
T 8R
(a) (1.25 m, 1.50 m) (6) (0.75 m,0.75 m) h2
(c) (0.75 m, 1.75 m) (A 0 m, 1.75 m) (c)
+n
@+
3. Three blocks A, B and C are lying on a smooth
A and B 8. A particle of mass z moving in the x direction
horizontal surface, as shown in the figure.
have equal masses, n while C has mass M. Block A
with speed 2v is hit by another particle of mass
2m moving in the y direction with speed v' If the
s given an initial speed v towards B due to which it
collision is perfectly inelastic, the percentage loss in
collides with B perfectly inelastically. The combined
the energy during the collision is close to: [2015]
mass collides with C, also perfectly inelastically
in whole (a) 56% (b) 62%
f, tn of the initial kinetic energy is lost (c) dA% (a s0%
process. What is value of IWm? l20l9l
A B c 9. This question has Statement I and Statement II. Of
ra t-rt the four choices given after the Statements, choose
the one that best describes the two Statements.
(a) 5 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4 Statement I: A point particle of mass m moving
with speed u collides with stationary point particle
4. Apiece ofwood of mass 0.03 kg is dropped from the
of mass M.lf the maximum energy loss possible is
top of a 100 m height building. At the same time, a
r't
bullet ofmass 0.02 kg is fired vertically upward, with
a velocity 100 m s-r, from the ground. The bullet
siven
o- as 'l
----- l*r' \I then /: rI =+
m \.
+m
| Izotrl
[2 ) \M )
gets embedded in the wood. Then the maximum
Statement II: Maximum energy loss occurs when
height to which the combined system reaches above
the particles get stuck together as a result of the
the top of the building before falling below is (g: 10
collision.
m s-2) [20191
(a) Statement-I is true, Statement-Il is true,
(a) lOm (6) 30m Statement-Il is the correct explanation of
(c) 20m (@ aOm Statement -I.

5. In a collinear collision, a particle with an initial (D) Statement-I is true, Statement-Il is true,
Statement-Il is not the correct explanation of
speed vo strikes a stationary particle of the same
mass. If the final total kinetic energy is 50% greater Statement-I.
than the original kinetic energy, the magnitude of (c) Statement-I is true, Statement-Il is false.
the relative velocity between the two particles after (d) Statement-I is false, Statement-Il is true.
 CoM ond Conservotion of Linear momentum 8.49
10. Statement-l: Two particles moving in the same centre of mass ofthe rod is plotted against'n ', which
direction do not lose all their energy in a completely of the following graphs best approximates the
inelastic collision.
dependence ofxrronn?
Statement-2: Principle of conservation of
momentum holds true for all kinds of collisions. 120081

[20101
(a) Statement-l is true, Statement-2 is true; L
Statement-2 is the correct explanation of (a) (6)
Statement-1. !2 r_

2
(D) Statement-l is true, Statement-2 is true; n
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation o
of
Statement-1 Xc,
(c) Statement-l is false, Statement-2 is true.
(d) Statement-l is true, Statement-2 is false. L L
(c) @
11. A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of
L
2
I2
2.00 ms-l on a smooth surface. It strikes another n

mass of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a

single body. The energy loss during the collision is:
13. A circular disc of radius R is removed from a
bigger circular disc of radius 2R such that the
(a) 1.00J (b) 0.67 J [20081 circumferences of the discs coincide. The centre of
(c) 0.34 J (d) 0.16J mass of the new disc is oR distance from the centre
12. A thin rod of length 'Z' is lying along the x-axis with of the bigger disc. The value of cr is: t20071
its ends at x : 0 and x : Z. Its linear density (mass/ (a)
I
(2)
I
1 2
length) varies with;r * a(;)', where n canbe zero I I
lc) -
Cl
(d)
4
or any positive number. If the positioa xcu of the

Archives: Least Attempled Quettians (LAes) (JEE Adv)

Single Option Correct 2. A tennis ball is dropped on a horizontal smooth

1. Consider regular polygons with number of sides surface. It bounces back to its original position
n: 3, 4, 5 ..... as shown in the figure. The center after hitting the surface. The force on the ball
of mass of all the polygons is at height & from the during the collision is proportional to the length of
ground. They roll on a horizontal surface about
compression of the ball. Which one of the following
the leading vertex without slipping and sliding as
depicted. The maximum increase in height of the sketches describes the variation ofits kinetic energy
locus of the center of mass for each polygon is A. K with time I most appropriately? The figures are
Then A depends on n and ft as: l20l7l only illustrative and not to the scale.
l20t4l

(a) ^
(b) ^
2n
(a) A,= hri"'(!r) (b) A=ftsin
n

fi
(c) L'=h (d) L=htan2

['b'] 2n (c) K
@ K
8.50 Physics
3. A particle of mass la is projected from the ground
with an initial speed uo at an angle cr with the
horizontal. At the highest point of its trajectory it t-
Hr I-
makes a completely inelastic collision with another T-I
identical particle, which was thrown vertically When the distance of the piston from closed end is
upward from the ground with the same initial speed L = Lo the particle speed is v = v0. The piston is
zo. The angle that the composite system makes with
moved inward at a very low speed V such that V <<
the horizontal immediately after the collision is:
where dL is the infinitesimal displacement of
[20r31
*ro
7t 7t the piston. which of the following statement(s) is/are
(") (b) a
q 7+ correct ?
TI (a) The particle's kinetic energy increases by a
(c) ;-
4
7t
a @T factor of 4 when the piston is moved inward
I
from L, to f Lo.
4. A ball of mass 0.2 kg rests on a vertical post of
(b) After each collision with the piston, the particle
height 5 m. A bullet of mass 0.01 kg, traveling with
speed increases by 2V.
a velocity I/ m/s in a horizontal direction, hits the
centre of the ball. After the collision, the ball and
(c) If the piston moves inward by dL, the particle
bullet travel independently. The ball hits the ground speed increases by 2v f
at a distance of20 m and the bullet at a distance of (d) The rate at which the particle strikes the piston
100 m from the foot of the post. The initial velocity is vll
Zof the bullet is [20111
7. A block of mass M has a circular cut with a
V m/s
+ frictionless surface as shown. The block rests on
the horizontal frictionless surface of a fixed table.
\\
Initially the right edge of the block is at x : 0, in a
co-ordinate system fixed to the table. A point mass
\
I
' z is released from rest at the topmost point of the
I path as shown and it slides down. When the mass
I
20
loses contact with the bloch its position is x and the
velocity is v. At that instant, which of the following
(a) 250 nr/s 101 zs}Ji rr,ls options is/are correct?
(c) 400 m/s (d) 500 m/s
120171
R
5. Two small particles of equal m:lsses start moving in
opposite directions from a point I in a horizontal m
v
circular orbit. Their tangential velocities are v and R

2v, respectively, as shown in the figure. Between a\

x M
collisions, the particles move with constant speeds'
After making how many elastic collisions, other x=0
than that at l, these two particles will again reach
the pointl? [20091
(a) The .r component of displacement of the center
(a) 4 (D) 3

(c) 2 (d) | of mass of the block M is - +!-

M+m
Multiple options correct
(b) Thepositionofthepointmassis:x: - Jl M+m
,**
6. A small particle of mass m moving inside a heavy,
hollow and straight tube along the tube axis 2sR
(c) The velocity of the point mass rn is v =
undergoes elastic collision at two ends. The tube _m
l+-
has no friction and it is closed at one end by a flat M
surface while the other end is fitted with a heavy
movable flat piston as shown in figure. [20191 (d) The velocity of the block Mis V =-ffAr*
 CoM and Conservotion of Linear momentum 8.57
8. A point mass of I g collides
elastically with a 10. A block of mass 0.18 kg is attached to a spring of
stationary point mass of 5 kg. After their collision, force-constant 2 N/m. The coefficient of friction
the I kg mass reverses its direction and moves with a
between the block and the floor is 0.1. Initially the
speed of 2 ms-r. Which ofthe following statement(s)
is/are correct for the system of these two masses block is at rest and the spring is unstretched. An
impulse is given to the block as shown in the figure.
[2010]
The block slides a distance of 0.06 m and comes
(a) Total momentum of the system is 3 kg msl
to rest for the first time. The initial velocity of the
(D) Momentum of 5 kg mass after collision is
4 kg ms-l blockinm/sis Z=N/l0.ThenNis [201U
(c) Kinetic energy of the centre of mass is 0.75 J
(d) Total kinetic energy ofthe system is 4 J
NumericalType
9. A bob of mass rz, suspended by a string of length /,,
11. Three objects A, B and C are
is given a minimum velocity required to complete a
full circle in the vertical plane, At the highest point, kept in a straight line on a rmr
ABC
lz.l ro
it collides elastically with another bob of mass frictionless horizontal surface.
nt
suspended by a string of length /r, which is
initially These have masses m,2m and rn, respectively. The
at rest. Both the strings are mass-less and object ,{ moves towards .B with a speed 9 m/s and
inextensible. If the second bob, after collision makes an elastic collision with it. Thereafter, B
acquires the minimum speed required to complete a makes completely inelastic collision with C. All
motions occur on the same straight line. Find the
full circle in the vertical plane, the ratio N is:
l2 final speed (in m/s) of the object C.

[2013] [200e1
8.52 Physics
Ansiwer Key

Exercise 7

L (A 2.(A 3. (") 4. (b) s.(A 6.(b) 7. (c\ 8.(a) e.(b) 10. (b)

11. (a) 12.(d) 13. (c) 14. (d) rs-(d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18.(d) 19. (a\ 20. (b)

2r. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 2s. (b) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)

31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (c) 3s. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40.(o
41. (c)
Exercise 2

1. (a) 2.(d) 3.(A 4. (b) s-(O 6.(b) 7. (c) E. (a) e. (c) 10. (c)

11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) le. (c) 20. (b)

21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (d) 2s- (c) 26. (a\ 27. (a) 28. (6) 29. (a) 30. (a)

31. (c) 32.(A 33. (a) 34. (b) 3s. (c) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (a\

aL @) a2. @) $.(A 4a. @) 4s. (c) 46. (c\ 47. (c) a8. (c) 49. (c) s0. (a)

51. (a) sz.(d)

Exercise 3

1.(6) 2.(7) 3. (s) 4. (10) s. (10) 6.(l) 7.(5) 8.(6) e.(s) 10. (2)

11. (7) 12. (4) 13. (3) 14. (2) ls. (10) 16. (6) 17. (2) 18. (3) le. (3) 20. (s)

21. (s) 22. (4) 23. (3.16) 24. (4) 2s. (e)
Exercise 4

1. (D) 2.(c) 3.(a) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8.(") e. (c) 10. (b)

11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c\ 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18.(d) te. (b) 20. (c)

21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 2s. (c) 26. (a) 27. (c, d) 28. (b, c)

2e. (b, c) 30. (a, d) 31. (b, c) 32. (a, S 33. (a, b, c, d)

34. (b, d) 35. (c, d) 36- (a' c) 37. (a, b, c, d) 38. (b, c, A

3e. (b, O 40. (a, c, d) 41. (b' A a2. @, b) 43. (a, b, c, d)

44. (a, c) 4s. (A 46. (a, c) 47. (a) 48. (a, b, c)

ae. @, c) 50. (0, c) 51. (b' c) 52. (a, b, c) 53. (b, c)

54. (b, c) s5. (c) s6. (a) s7. (A 58. (a) se. (c) q0.(D) 61. (a) 62. (d)

$. (A 64. (b) 6s. (D) 66. (a)

67. (a) - (p); (b) - (q); (c) - (p, r); (d) (q, s) 68. (a) - (q);(b) (p,q);(c) - (r); (d)
- (s)
---+
-
69. (a) - (p, q); (b) - (p, q, r); (c) - (p, q); (A ' @' q)
Archives: Least Attempted Questions (LAQs) (lEE Main)

1. (1) 2. (c) 3.(A 4. (A s. (c) 6.(D) 7.(d) 8.(a) e.(d) 10. (a)

11. (D) 12.(A 13. (a)

Archives: Leqst Attempted Questions (LAQs) (JEE Adv)

1. (c) 2. (b) 3.(a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (a, b') 7. (a, c) 8. (a, c)

e. (s) 10. (4) 11. (4)

 Rotutionul Dynumics
7. RIGID BODY MOTION motion. Also rigid body moves parallel to itself in
RIGID BODY translational motion.

A rigid body is a collection of a large number of material 2. Pure Rotational: A rigid body is said to be in
particles, which do not change their mutual distances with pure rotation if every particle of the body moves
time. In other words there is no deformation (change in in a circle and the centres ofall the circles lie on a
shape or size) of the object with time. straight line called the axis of rotation.
Types of Motion 3. Combined translation and rotational: A general
plane motion is a combination of translation and
1. Translational: If all the particles have same
rotation.
velocity at any given time then it is translational
Parabolic trajectory
,/-----l

/// x
\.--/
Translationalmotion: Botationalmotion: ^\
Combination motion:
the object as a whole the object rotates about a An object rotates as it
moves along a trajectory fixed point. every point on moves along a trajectory
but does not rotate,the object moves in a circle,

2. ROTATIONALMOTION-KINEMATICS o o)o + st
o)
A0 : cool + 1 dt2
2

ro:oo2+2o.,L0
7

A belt moves over two pulleys A and B as shown in

the figure. The pulleys are mounted on two fixed
Any point P moves in a circle about the axis of rotation. horizontal axles. Radii of the pulleys A and B are
50 cm and 80 cm respectively. Pulley I is driven at
V: ra Vector form constant angular acceleration 0.8 rad/s2 until the
ar: ra pulley B acquires an angular velocity of 10 rad/s.
i:coxr The belt does not slide on either of the pulleys.

anr:
V2
@2
i,: axV
B
-= a
It c[ is constant,
9.2 Physics
the axis of rotation, its moment of inertia is defined as
(c) Find acceleration of a point C on the belt and
angular acceleration of the pulley B. I: mrrrz + mr*r+ mrrrz * ..... + *rrrz
i=n
(D) How long after the pulley .B achieve angular s)
velocity of l0 rad/s.
' Lm'';
i=l
Salution:
2
Since the belt does not slide on the pulleys, magnitude
Four point masses lie at the corners of a rectangle
ofvelocity and acceleration ofany point on the belt
with sides of length 3 m and 4 m, as shown in
are same as velocity and tangential acceleration of
figure. Find the moment of inertia about eech of the
any point on periphery of either of the pulleys.
diagonals. Take M: I kg.
We have
4m
a .'A
dr =d,xV , ac= aArA= d{n
4M 3M
K-'
Substituting rn: 0.5 m, rB:0.8 m and cr = 0.8 rad/
s2, we have 3m

a"= 0.4m/s2 and ,u= L =un'n = 0.5 rad/s2

rB rB
Also, M 2M

Solutiorz:
cD=o)o+at + ;-08-0Bo
u"B
For each mass we need its perpendicular distance from
Substituting oao: 0, ror: 10 rad/s the axis. For each axis, two masses do not contribute
to the moment of inertia. The other two are at the same
and crr: 0.5 radls2,
distance
we have t:20 s
r: 3 sin 53" - 2.4 m
(2kg)(2 4 m)2
3. MOMENT OF INTERTIA '^::^T',;::'+
The measure of a body's rotational inertia is called + (3 kg)(2 a m)
moment of inertia and it is represented by L The moment
of inertia of a body is a function of the mass of the body,
',=;::'[#'Y
the distribution of that mass around the axis of rotation.
Consider a particle of mass z situated at a distance r MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A CONTINUOUS BODY
from the axis as shown in figure. Its moment of inertia / For calculating moment of inertia
is defined as of a continuous bodY, we first
I: mf divide the body into suitably chosen
infinitesimal elements. The choice
R
depends on symmetry of bodY.
r3
o Consider an element of the bodY at a
distance r from the axis of rotation. The moment of inertia
o r1
P of this element about the axis we defined as (dm)P and
the discrete sum over particles becomes integral over the
body:
of
If a system of particles is made of number of particles
masses r.-tt
1,
m2, mj,, .. n, at distanc a t y f 2; r 3, . ... r n from I: I (dm)r2
 RotationalDynamics 9.3
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF SOME COMMON SHAPED BODIES

A Thin Rod AThick Rod

The axis is perpendicular to i
The axis is perpendicular to the
the rod and passing through its ql) rod and passing through the
LD
centre. I
centre,
M

I:- l4L2
L
,_ r,il l,R2 R
L

"12 "124
ARing AHollow Cylinder
Axis is perpendicular to the I": l'R'
plane of the ring
I": i[R,

ADisc A Solid Cylinder

The axis perpendicular to the tuR2
plane of the disc. Ic
2

,"--T
,-fuRz

A thin rod about a perpendicular A rectangular plate about one

o
I

axis through its end. I

I edge.
. r!( I

IvL2 l, ,til
I a
I
M
J 3
M

L
A Solid Sphere AHollow Sphere \") I
About its diameter About its diameter
I

tc5=? lYR2 t:?

"3
T4R2
----f--_
I
I
I
---J---

Annular Disc Thick Hollow cylinder

About an axis perpendicular to About axis of the cylinder
m
plane of disc

m r: Ltn?
2'',
+ n?t
4: !{n? + R; )
9.4 Physics

A Rectangular Plate
Axes lying in the plane of the plate and passing through c.m. Axis perpendicular to plane and passing through its c.m.

-x z

+)
b
v

Mb2 MP b I

'x 12 "yJ:-
I ---
12
M(12 +b2
Iz t2

RADIUS OF GYRAT'ON 4

If the moment of inertia (4 of a body of mass m about an Find the moment of inertia of a thin uniform
axis be written in the fonn: I = mP then, the quantity /r, hemispherical shell of mass M and radius .R about
so defined, has the dimension of length and is known as
axisff.
the radius ofgyration ofthe body about the given axis. i

x------- x'
It represents the radial distance from the given axis of
rotation where the entire mass of the body can be assumed
to be concentrated so that its rotational inertia remains
unchanged.
3,7 THEOREMS ON MOMENT OF INERTIA
Solution
The Parallel Axis Theorem
2
Let the moment of inertia of an object through its center of 1,, lvIR2
3
mass be I"^. The moment of inertia of the object through
I

any other axis parallel to the first is given by x----- I

x'
Ip*at"f I"^+ MP d

(0, F/2)
where M is the total mass of the object and h is the
perpendicular distance between the two parallel axes. x1- x2

Using the parallel axis theorem, find the M.I. of a Coordinate of C. M. = (0, Rl2)
sphere of mass rz about an axis that touches it Given Treating O as origin
a
that f-- =1*r2. d: R- Rlz: Rl2
f, Int= I"*+ M&
In : I"+- Mdz + Mdz

+o
I
m
I)a(
.,
luRz
r J
I

P lllustration 5

Solution: If a circular disc of radius (;) is removed from a

Io: I^+ m(OPf complete disc having mass n and radius X, then find
2 ^ ^2
:i*P+mP=i*P the M.I. of the remaining system' about e-axis
through (O).
 RototionolDynomics 9.5
v 6
Using perpendicular axes theorem, find the M.I. of
a disc about an axis passing through its diameter.
x
Sulufiom:
According to perpendicular axis theorem,
Ir: I*+ L,
Solation:
We know that I*:.I, due to the geometrical symmetry
Since mass is proportional to area, therefore, mass of of the disc.
( rn\
Iz
cavitv=
' l-
\4)
|
+ Ir: I*+ I, :+ Ix: Iy:
2
Moment of inertia of the remaining disc where 1, = moment of inertia of the disc about Z axis
: (M.I.of complete disc) - (M.I. of cavity) ... (l)
passing through its center and perpendicular to its plane
t.>
Using parallel-axes theorem moment of inertia of =-mr-
2
cavity about O is given by

I.cavrry : | *'r'2 +m'r'2 =3 *'r'2

lcrr,l
lo

22
N
7
(mt4)
The moment of inertia of a thin square plate, fig., of
:1"(1)(:)' iwzi
uniform thickness about an axis passing through the
centre O and perpendicular to the plane ofthe plate.
t'-r Let I' I, I, and Io are respectively the moments of
3mRz
inertia about axes 1r2,3 and4 which are in the plane
32
of the plate. Find the relation among them.
M.I. of remaining disc
4 1

:1 *R2-3 mRz : D*nz

2 32 32
\ 3
Pe rpe n d i cu la r Axis Theo re m
By a laminar body we mean an object that can be treated
as two-dimensional, such as a large figure cut
from a thin 2
sheet of plywood. Let the z-axis be perpendicular to a
laminar body and run through any point O in the plane of Solutian:
the body. A'B' LAB andCD'LCD
z
From symmetry l.tt= I.a,o
and Ico = Ic,o
A' D
v

A
\ B

Let the moment of inertia of the body about that axis be.I,.
c D'
Let the x and y be two mutually perpendicular axes lying B
in the plane of the body with the origin at the point O as
From theorem of perpendicular axis,
shown in figure. Let the moment of inertia about the x
and y axes to be 1, and Ir. The perpendicular axis theorem Izz: I.t,s,+ Ie.a,: Ico+ Ic,o
states that :2lnr:2lco
Ir: I"+
5 : Ito: lco
9.6 Physics

1. A wheel, initially at rest, is rotated with a uniform through one of its vertices
angular acceleration. The wheel rotates through 2 1 mb2
(a) mb2 (b)
an angle 0, in the first one second and through an 3 4
additional angle 0, in the next one second. The ratio 3 I
0rl0, is (c) mb2 @ rnb2
2 2
@)a -' (D3
(c)2 (Ar 7. A slender uniform rod 100.00 cm long is used as a
meter stick. Two parallel axes that are perpendicular
2. An electric fan has blades of length 30 cm as
to the rod are considered. The first axis passes
measured from the axis of rotation. If the fan is
through the 50 cm mark and the second axis passes
rotating at 1200 rpm, the acceleration of a point on
through the 30 cm mark. What is the ratio of the
the tip of a blade is about
moment of inertia through the second axis to the
(a) 4740 m/sec2 (D) 5055 m/sec2
moment of inertia through the first axis?
(c) 1600 m/sec2 (d) 2370 m/sec2
(a) Irllr= 1.5 (b) I/\= 1.7
3. In the figure, point P is at rest when it is on the (c) Irllr:1.9 (d) Ir/Ir=2.1
x-axis. The linear speed of point P when it reaches
8. A uniforrr solid sphere has a moment of inertia
the y-axis is closest to
.I about an axis tangent to its surface. What is the
v moment of inertia of this sphere about an axis
through its center?
cr = 0.010 rad/s2 (a) t/7 I (b) 2t7 I
p
(c) 2t5I (A 3ts I
o 2.Om x
9. Moment of inertia .I of a solid sphere about an axis
parallel to a diameter and at a distance x from it
varies as:
(a) 0.18m/s. (b) 0.24m1s.
(c) 0.35 m/s. (Q 0.a9 m/s.

4. The moment of inertia of a circular ring of radius R (a) (b)

and mass M abolt a tangent in its plane is
x x
(a\ MRz (b) rlzMR2
(c'S 3/2MR2 (d) 2IrR2
$. Three point masses, each of mass m, ate placed at
(c) (d)
the comers of an equilateral triangle of side /. Then
the moment of inertia of this system about an axis x
along one side of the riangle is
(a\ 3mP (b) mP 10. A uniform disc of radius R lies in x-y plane with its
(c) 3t4mP (A 3DmP centre at origtn. Its moment of Inertia about z-axis is
,
equal to its moment of inertia about line = x c. I
6. A piece of thin uniform wire of mass m and length The value of c is:
3b is bent into an equilateral triangle. Find the
moment of inertia of the wire triangle about an axis @) NJI @) -N2
perpendicular to the plane of the triangle and passing (c) +N4 (A -R
 RotationolDynamics 9.7
4. TORQUE 5. EQUtLLtBRtUM OF RtGtD BODTES
TORQUE (MOMENT OF A FORCE) If a rigid body is in rotational equilibrium under the action
Torque or moment of force is the turning action of the
of several coplanar forces, the resultant torque of all the
forces about any axis perpendicular to the plane containiirg
force about given point.
the forces must be zero.
The torque vector t of a force F about the given point O
In the figure a body is shown under the action of
is defined as the vector product several external
i = ixF :rFsin Oit =Fhfi coplanar forces{, Fr, ...... Frand,Fn
J
.t' E?" :9
Line of action of
--FF F
F
hi
I f Fi
F1
o
where fi is the unit vector obtained by the vector product
rule.
Torque about an Axis Here P is a point in the plane of the forces about which
Let'O' be the any point on the axis AA'. The torque of the we calculate torque of all the external forces acting on the
force F about the axis AA'is defined as body.

i Necessary conditions for equilibrium of an obiect:

tt,: l(i x n:fr)fi l. The resultant extemal force must equal zero:
F
t
I EF =0
A A 2. The resultant external torque about any axis
o must be zero:
where d is the unit vector along the axis. Et =0
ll!ustration I lllustration 9
A rectangular plate in the x-y plane is shown in the
A 10 kg uniform rod OA is pivoted at O on a vertical
figure. A force F : 2i - Si N is applied at point B. wall with the help of a cable lB. Find the tension
Find the moment of about in the cable and reaction force applied by the pivot.
vi

A B

2m
o A
O1m i
Solution
(a) the origin O
(D) the point C C T

(c) X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis.

S*lution:
R
o
W
A
IL_j
(a) Torque of F about O: 7 =OE =i +2i Freebody diagram of the rod

The rod is in translational and rotational equilibrium,

=/, F = G +zi1x(2i -3h=-7ftNm
to
under the action ofthree forces that are weight (Ly) ot
(b) Tc = CE x F =2i "Qi -Zj) =+[ N- the rod, the tension (Q in the cable, and the reaction (R)

(c) ixx, =(to.i)i of the pivot.

=1-lte1.? =O
These forces are shown in the free-body diagram of the
io =(io.j)j =(-7k).j =0 rod.
izz, = (io.i)t, = (-lt, . t )t, =-Z[ Nm Translational equilibrium
9.8 Physics
Problems reloted to Toppling
30o
X.Fr:0 + Rr: Tr: ...(l)
Icos
>F..:0=W=R.,+Isin30":W...(2)
yv
For shown situation (A) and(B), more chances of toppling
in (l). In case of toppling, normal reaction must pass
Rotational equilibrium: Let us apply the condition
through end points.
about O, because torque ofthe reactionR will become
F
zero.
xto =6 + Wll2=(?,sin30")/ F

T: W= 100 N
Now from equations (l) and (2) we have R : 100 N

lllustrdtiort 1O
W
Find the minimum value of X'to topple about an edge.
A cylinder ofradiusR and +--a+ F
weight l{ is to be raised t
F
against a step of height ft b
by applying a horizontal
force at its center as
shown in the figure. Find I I Solution:
N
the required minimum magnitude of this force.
F
Assume sufficient friction between the cylinder and
the corner of the step to prevent slipping. b
Salution:
The forces acting on the sphere are its weight W, the
mg
horizontal pull 4 reaction R from the comer and the
normal reaction from the ground. The reaction from the In case oftoppling Taking torque about O
corner includes the normal reaction and friction. We Mga
need not to worry about this force because its torque
F(b): *(;) = F.:
mln
2b
about the corner vanishes. The moment it starts rising
the normal reaction from the ground also vanishes. The
requirement that the force F should be of minimum
gtwl
A uniform cylinder ofheight h and radius r is placed
magnitude will cause the cylinder to rotate about B at
with its circular face on a rough inclined plane and
very small angular vacuity
w DC =R-h the inclination of the plane to the horizontal is
and with negligible DB =.ERh gradually increased. If p is the coefficient offriction,
angular acceleration. - hz-
F then under what conditions the cylinder will (a) slide
Therefore the cylinder before toppling (D) topple before sliding.
B
can be assumed in the
N
state of rotational
equilibrium as well as A

translational equilibrium.
mg cos H
The weight W, the pull F and the reaction R from
the corner are shown in the free body diagram of the
cylinder.
Solution:
Rotational equilibrium: The cylinder is in rotational
equilibrium under the action of three coplanar forces (a) The cylinder will slide if rng sin 0 > pmg cos 0
therefore these forces must be concurrent. +tan0>p ...(r)
Torques equation ofall the forces about the corner B to The cylinderwill topple if
zero, we have
ETr=9 = F(CD):W(DB) ! ,(mg cos 0)r
(mg sinel,2

zRh-h2 L
By solving above equation we have F: W
= tan|> "'(ii)
R-h h
 RotationolDynomics 9.9
Thus, the condition of sliding is tan 0 > p and Now we can solve equation (2) and (5) simultaneously

condition of toppling is tan 0

"h ,! .
to obtain

ZNr: mg-
hmvzandZNr: mg+hmvz
Hence, the cylinder will slide before toppling if ,
2r -
The inner wheels will leave the ground when i/,
,h
becomes zero, i-e.,

(b) The cylinder will topple before sliding 'rf pr+ hmv2
mg
ar
gra
or 'r?
h
A car of mass m travelling at speed v moves on
horizontal track The centre of mass of the car We can solve this problem from the reference frame
describes a circle ofradius r.If2a is the separation of car. At the instant the car begins to overtum, the
of the inner and outer wheels and & is the height of
the centre of mass above the ground, show that the
forces { and f, are zero. Taking moments about O,
for rotational equilibrium,
limiting speed beyond which the car will overturn is
given by *r2
Ir= xh-mgxa:0
9ra
u2=
h , 9fd
or
h
Solution
I Fig. shows the rear view of the car that is turning Note that if frictional force is not sufficient to provide
towards left. Frictional force on the types provides a centripetal acceleration, sideways skidding will occur
centripetal force while tuming.
instead of overturning.

fr+fr< P (Nl +N,

x
Equality sign holds when skidding starts.

Nr+ Nr: mg

and *"
f1
t"o fr+fr: r
mg
N2
+2a+
From Newton's second law ,

zr,-|1+Jz:
tF:/ *t:ffi',
r ...(l) mv2/r

LFr: Nr+ Nz- mg:0 ...(2)

From condition of rotational equilibrium, sum of l2
I I

moments about centre of mass G must be zero. o

21 : (fi+.f) h + Nra - Nra: 0 ...(3) mg

f,+fr:(N,_N)+
\z t,h ...(4) Therefore the limiting speed at which skidding ensues