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Complex Calculus for Students

The document summarizes key concepts regarding differentiation and integration of complex functions. It defines the derivative of a complex function similarly to real functions, and introduces the Cauchy-Riemann equations as necessary and sufficient conditions for a function to be analytic/holomorphic. Integration of a complex function over a closed curve is defined using real line integrals. The document proves that if a function is analytic in a domain, its integral over any closed curve within that domain is zero. It provides examples of calculating derivatives and integrals of some simple complex functions.

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Dennis Too
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205 views3 pages

Complex Calculus for Students

The document summarizes key concepts regarding differentiation and integration of complex functions. It defines the derivative of a complex function similarly to real functions, and introduces the Cauchy-Riemann equations as necessary and sufficient conditions for a function to be analytic/holomorphic. Integration of a complex function over a closed curve is defined using real line integrals. The document proves that if a function is analytic in a domain, its integral over any closed curve within that domain is zero. It provides examples of calculating derivatives and integrals of some simple complex functions.

Uploaded by

Dennis Too
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

2.2. Calculus of Complex Functions. 2.2.1. Dierentiation.

We dene the derivative f (z) of a complex valued function f (z) like the derivative of a real function: f () f (z) z z where the limit is over all possible ways of approaching z. If the limit exists, the f (z) = lim

function f is called dierentiable and f (z) is the derivative. Denition. If f (z) is continuous, then f is called analytic. Continuity is dened like that for real functions of two variables. Theorem 2.1 (Cauchy-Riemann conditions) The function f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) for z = x + iy is analytic in some region if and only if continuous, and satisfy the equations u v = , x y v u = . x y
u u v v x , y , x , y

exist, are

Proof. Let f be continuously dierentiable. Then take the special path along x-axis:
f (z+x)f (z) x u(x+x,y)+iv(x+x,y)u(x,y)iv(x,y) x u v x + i x .

u x

v + i x

(1)

Then along the path y-axis:


f (x+iy+iy)f (z) iy

1 f i y

= i f = i u + y y

v y .

(2)

The two limits have to be the same by denition, so we have obtained the CauchyRiemann equations u v v u = , = . x y x y Conversely, suppose the Cauchy-Riemann conditions hold; i.e., the existence and continuity of the partial derivatives and the equations of Cauchy-Riemann all hold. Let z0 = x0 + iy0 . From theory of real variables we have the expansion u(x, y) = u(x0 , y0 ) + v(x, y) = v(x0 , y0 ) +
u x (x0 , y0 )x + v x (x0 , y0 )x + u y (x0 , y0 )y + R1 (x, y), v y (x0 , y0 )y + R2 (x, y),

(3)

where x = x x0 , y = y y0 , and
x,y0

lim

(x)2

Ri = 0. + (y)2

Now we have f (z0 + z) f (z0 ) = = So


f (z0 +z)f (z0 ) z R1 +R2 i u v x + i x + z v u + i x . x u u x (x0 , y0 )x + y (x0 , y0 )y + R1 v +i[ x (x0 , y0 )x + v (x0 , y0 )y + R2 ] y u v (x + iy) + i x (x + iy) + R1 + R2 i. x

(4)

(5)

This completes the proof. We list some practical rules of dierentiation: f (z) = z 2 f (z) = z k (ez ) = ez (f (z)g(z)) = f (z)g(z) + f (z)g (z) (f (z) + g(z)) = f (z) + g (z) [F (g(z))] = F (g(z))g (z)
1 (f )

f (z) = 2z f (z) = kz k1 (k integer ) (6)

(cf (z)) = cf (z) (c : constant )

f12 f

2.2.2. Integration. Integration in the complex plane is dened in terms of real line integrals of the complex function f = u + iv. If C is any (geometric) curve in the complex plane we dene the line integral f (z)dz =
C C C

(u + iv)(dx + idy) =
C

u(x, y)dx v(x, y)dy + i

vdx + udy.
C

Example 1. Find

zdz, where C = {(x, y)|x = 0, 0 < y < 1} oriented upward.

Solution. Use parametrization x = 0, y = s, s (0, 1). Then


1 1

zdz =
C 0

(0 + iy)(dx + idy) =
0

iyidy = 1/2.

Theorem 2.2. If f (z) is analytic in a domain , then f (z)dz = 0


C

for any closed curve C whose interior lies entirely in .

Note that a curve C whose interior lies entirely in is a stronger requirement than a curve C which lies entirely in . The stronger requirement rules out the situation that the relevant part of is not simply connected. Proof. Recall Greens Theorem dx + dy =

)dxdy x y

for a simply connected domain . We apply this formula to our complex integral to obtain
C

f (z)dz = = =

C (u C

+ iv)(dx + idy)
C

u(x, y)dx v(x, y)dy + i


y u)dxdy

vdx + udy
y v)dxdy

cC ( x (v)

+i

cC x u

(7)

=0 where we use cC to denote the interior of the contour C. This completes the proof. Examples. 2. We have z n dz = 0
C

for any integer n and any contour C that does not enclose the origin. This follows from Theorem 2.2. 3. We can calculate z 1 dz =
0 2

|z|=1

11 ei 1ei id = 2i.

4. We leave as an exercise the claim z n dz = 0

|z|=1

for all integer n = 1. We note that the notation |z| = 1 means all points of the unit circle x2 + y 2 = 1. The default direction of the circle is counterclockwise. ==End of Lecture 16====

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