CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In educational buildings a significant component of the energy used is spent in illuminating

the interior of the building. As the energy costs rise, increasing effort has gone into
minimizing the energy consumption of lighting installations. This effort could follow three
basic directions: new more efficient equipment (lamps, control gear, etc.), utilization of
improved lighting design practices (localized task lighting systems), improvements in
lighting control systems to avoid energy waste for unoccupied and daylight hours. Lighting
plays an important role in the classroom. Having the dynamics of daylight in a classroom
improves concentration and keeps young minds alert. This aids a healthy attitude to learning.
This paper discusses the performance of different types of lighting installations used for
Masjid Tanah Community College (MTCC). Initially, the researchers described the important
of understanding energy efficiency on campus. Later, the result can be used as a reference for
a new lighting system to improve energy consumption on the campus. These solutions
harness people’s visual, emotional and biological responses to light to enhance learning
environments. It was described as a preliminary point to conserve energy consumption.

Nowadays, around half of the World’s population already lives in cities. According to United
Nations projections, this number will rise to 70% until 2050 (Managan et al. 2012), with
developing countries contributing to 94% of this increase (ESMAP 2016). The global
increase in urban population will create extra environmental pressure in a World where cities
are already responsible for more than 60% of the global energy demand and contribute for
more than two-thirds of the World’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (ESMAP 2016). The
rapid growth of urban areas, together with the improvement of life conditions in developing
countries, will create a massive rise in global energy demand in the near future. Nevertheless,
the same way cities are part of the problem, they can be seen as part of the solution as well,
since it is within urban areas that measures to reduce energy consumption can have the
biggest impacts. In Europe, 80% of the population lives in cities and thus they are a priority
for the European Union (EU) when looking for solutions to save energy (ICLEI 2016). From

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all the measures municipalities can apply to reduce energy consumption, energy efficiency
actions are some of the most cost effective in order to secure the cities’ energy supply and
reduce GHG emissions at the same time (EC 2011a; ESMAP 2016). In a global scale, studies
have shown that energy efficiency measures could help achieving two-thirds of the global
CO2 emissions reduction needed to avoid major climate changes (Managan et al. 2012).

According to the European Commission (EC), the definition of energy efficiency means
“using less energy inputs while maintaining an equivalent level of economic activity or
service” (EC 2011, p. 2). In this sense, 'energy efficiency' and 'energy saving' might become
difficult to distinguish and according to the EC’s definition, 'energy saving' relates to a
“broader concept (of energy efficiency) that also includes consumption reduction through
behavior change or decreased economic activity” (EC 2011, p. 2). Both concepts are adopted
in the present report and will be used interchangeably. 1.1 Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Within cities, the building sector (which encompasses residential, public and commercial
buildings) is the most energy demanding and in 2010 it accounted for 32% of the global
energy consumption (Lucon et al. 2014).

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1.2 SYNOPSIS

Buildings are the most energy-demanding sector in cities and for that reason are the targets
of many energy saving initiatives. In order to comply with its goal of becoming carbon neutral
by 2025, Copenhagen Municipality launched a set of targets. One of them consists in
reducing in 40% its buildings energy consumption, in comparison with values from 2010. In
this context, the Municipality has been developing a pilot project - Copenhagen Efficient
Light Project (CELP) - which consists on retrofitting the lighting system of all municipal
buildings by installing new highly energy efficient LED luminaires. Inspired by the pilot
project the Municipality is carrying out, this report aims at understanding the benefits a
transition to LED lighting system in the municipal buildings could bring to the City of
Copenhagen. In this way, three distinguish studies have been performed in this report: (1)
cost-benefits analysis of the implementation of CELP in four different groups of municipal
buildings; (2) estimation of the total energy savings if the special LED luminaires designed
for CELP would replace the luminaires in every building in the City of Copenhagen; (3) two
cost-benefit analyses of the lighting system retrofitting at a private household by (a) replacing
the luminaires by the new ones designed for CELP and (b) by replacing only the light bulbs
by LED bulbs that could be found at a Danish supermarket. Further, concepts from the Multi-
Level Perspective theory are used, together with the results from the three studies conducted
in this report, in order to understand if a sustainable transition within the indoor lighting field
could be triggered by CELP, and how. The results from this project suggest that considerable
amounts of electricity could be saved if indoor LED lighting would be implemented at a large
scale. However, with the LED bulbs available nowadays at the market, when lights are used
for few hours per day (in households), LED bulbs represent high advantages only over
halogen lamps, but not yet over compact fluorescent lamps. Nevertheless, this report
concludes that, due to its high potential for electricity savings, indoor lighting is an important
field to research.

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A considerable portion of the energy consumed in the electrical system in the world today is
converted to artificial lighting. Light is essential to harmony between the activities of people
in the contemporary world. With the increase in the energy consumption by different
segments in relation to the difficulty of generation, it is possible to see the importance of
efficient ways of lighting.

1.3 Problem statement

i. Installation Design for good energy usage begins by ensuring that lighting is not
spread unnecessarily (Wan Norshafizan..etc, 2010).
ii. Much lighting in commercial building has in the past been provided by regular
arrays of ceiling mounted luminaries which giving uniform
illuminance over the specific area.

iii. Energy efficiency is important for some main reasons such as reducing the
operating costs and manages the electricity efficiency. High quality lighting design
includes the coordinated selection of lighting, fixtures, fixtures placement.

1.4 Objective

The major objective of this research paper identify the energy usage discusses the
performance of different types of lighting installations used in MTCC. In order to complete
this research few objectives are set, which are:
To identify the ideal number of luminaire needed in certain room.

i. To determine the minimum required lamps in a specific place without

reducing the quality of lighting.

ii. To identify the performance of different types of lighting installations used in the
Masjid Tanah Community College and saving in energy consumption in the education
building lighting application.

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1.5 Project scope

The investigation is done in certain classroom and lab for experimental to calculate the energy
used in daytime by referring to the classroom and laboratory due to class timetable.

Thesis Outline
This thesis consists of five (4) chapters. Chapter one (1) will describes the introduction,
problem statement, objectives, project scope and research significant, also the Literature
Review will describe about the energy efficiency and the lighting system. Chapter three (2)
will explain about the methodology used to carry out this research and the development
process. Chapter four (3) is where the result of testing will be explained and discussed, to
conform to the objectives. Final chapter which is chapter five (4) will summarize the whole
project development process. Suggestion and recommendation for further improvement and
potential development of this application would be done based on the advantages and
weaknesses of the research.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Energy efficiency in buildings can be achieved in many ways, but fundamentally, one should
not ignore the basics of the passive building designs. Passive building design is one of the
main factors determining the building's energy performance, besides building services design
and appliances and occupant behaviors (Al-Mofleh, Taib, Mujeebu, & Salah, 2009), the latter
factors are difficult to control and maintain.
The efficiency of electricity use in each residential college was evaluated by adapting
a method from (Saidur, Hasanuzzaman, & Rahim, 2010) who estimated energy intensity, EI
in kWhlm2 by using following equation:
EI= AEC /TFA

Where, AEC is annual energy consumption (kWh) and TF A is total floor area (m2).
Principally, (Kamaruzzaman & Edwards, 2006) stated that the energy use per unit floor area
can be described as 'Normalized Performance Indicators' (NPI), which is also known as the
energy use index or Building Energy Performance (BEP) (Griffith, Long, Torcellini, &
Judkoff, 2008).
Consequently, the ten BEP will be used in this study to indicate the performance of
electric use at the residential colleges, while Energy Efficiency Index (EEl) will be used to
elaborate kWh/m2/year (Chou, 2004). Referring to Iwaro & Mwasha (2010), energy use in
residential buildings is usually 10- 20 times lower compared to office buildings. Thus, the
electricity usage in residential buildings in Malaysia amounts to approximately 10 to 25
kWh/m2/year if the electricity use in

office buildings in Malaysia is in the range of 200 to 250 kWh/m2/year (Jamaludin, Inangda
and Mohdariffin, 2011).

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CHAPTER TWO

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Accent lighting indoor and outdoor illumination that draws attention to special features or
enhances aesthetic qualities.

Ambient lighting general, everyday indoor illumination and outdoor illumination for safety
and security purposes. For illumination required to perform specific tasks, see task lighting.

Color temperature the color produced by a light bulb. Bulbs that produce yellow-red colors,
like incandescent bulbs, are considered to be warm, while blue-green colors are considered
cool. Cool light is typically preferred for performing visual tasks since it produces higher
contrasts. Warm light is usually preferred for living spaces since its lower contrast is more
flattering to skin tones and clothing. Color temperature is measured in degrees kelvin (k),
with cool colors producing higher temperatures (3600–5500 k) and warm colors producing
lower temperatures (2700–3000 k). Color temperatures between 2700–3600 k are usually
recommended for most indoor and task lighting.

Color rendition — how colors appear when illuminated by a light bulb. The color rendition
index (cri) is a 1–100 scale that measures a light bulb’s ability to make colors appear
naturally, the same way that sunlight does. Color rendition is generally considered more
important than color temperature. A cri of 100 is based on the illumination of a 100-watt
incandescent light bulb. A bulb with a cri of 80 or greater is considered adequate for using
indoors at home.

Efficacy — the ratio of light produced (lumens) to energy consumed (watts); a general
measurement of the energy efficiency of a light bulb. Efficacy is determined by dividing the
number of lumens a bulb produces by the amount of electricity used to operate the bulb
(lumens per watt).

Foot-candle — the intensity of light emitted by a light bulb. A foot-candle describes the
intensity of illumination produced by one lumen over a 1-square-foot area. For most home
and office lighting, 30–50 foot-candles of illumination is adequate. For more detailed work
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requiring more accuracy and less eyestrain, 200 foot-candles of illumination or greater is
ideal. For nightlights, 5–20 foot-candles may be sufficient.

Glare — the excessive brightness from a direct light source that can make it difficult to see
clearly; for example, sunlight shining on a tv or an incandescent light bulb shining on a
computer monitor. Incandescent light bulbs generally produce more glare than other kinds of
bulbs, but glare is primarily the result of where lighting is placed relative to where objects
are being viewed.

Illumination — the distribution of light on a horizontal surface; the basic purpose of all
lighting. Not to be confused with the intensity or brightness of light

Lumen — the brightness of light emitted by a light bulb. For example, a 100-watt
incandescent light bulb emits about 1600 lumens, while a 60-watt incandescent light bulb
emits about 800 lumens. Not to be confused with the amount of electricity used to power a
light bulb (see watt). An energy-efficient compact fluorescent light bulb will use fewer watts
to produce comparable lumens. For example, an energy-efficient 13- watt light bulb that
emits 870 lumens might use only 13 watts of electricity, roughly the equivalent of a 60-watt
incandescent light bulb (see efficacy).

Task lighting — illumination provided for specific tasks that require more illumination than
ambient lighting can provide, such as computer desk lamps and bathroom mirror lights.

Watt — a measurement of the amount of electricity used to power a light bulb. Not to be
confused with the brightness of a light bulb (see lumen). Shoppers often make the mistake of
purchasing light blubs based on wattage rather than lumens

Wavelength (nanometers)
visible light is just a small part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that includes
radio waves, heat, light, microwaves etc. Each type of radiation covers a range of
wavelengths that are measured in nanometres (one millionth of a millimeter).

The wavelengths perceptible by human vision are between 400 nm (violet) and 700 nm (red).

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Colour-temperature (kelvin)
a hot object radiates a specific range of wavelengths that appear as a particular colour
depending on the object's temperature. The temperature is expressed in kelvin (k), the
scientific temperature unit. Degrees celsius can be easily converted to kelvin by adding 273.
The kelvin temperature equivalent is used to describe the lamp's colour. Lamps generally
vary from about 2500k, which is quite yellow through to 7000k, which is considerably bluish.
The temperature of balanced white is about 5500k. See our kelvin chart.

Spectral-chart (rgb)
the phosphors in a lamp are made from a mixture of fluorescent powders emitting primary
colours, which combine to produce white light. The lamp colour can be expressed as the
individual wavelengths of these phosphor components. For example red = 611nm, green =
544nm and blue = 435nm.

Visual-perception
the human visual system has a stronger response to green than to other colours. All units
indicating the illumination in terms of the human visual perception are adjusted to the
equivalent brightness at 555nm, which is the wavelength of green light. All other units
explained below are adjusted to compensate for the relative sensitivity of the eye to green
light.

Luminous-intensity (candela)
luminous intensity is a measurement the light radiating from the lamp in a particular
direction, disregarding the intensity of light in other directions. The candela figures for a
source need to be given for specific directions but are independent of distance from the lamp.

Manufacturers provide charts showing the luminous intensity of a lamp in every direction
from the source. These charts can be used to calculate the total luminous flux and the
illumination intensity surrounding the lamp.

Luminance (candela-per-square-metre)
the candela does not represent the brightness looking directly at the source itself. A small

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point source may have the same candela measurement as a large diffuse source that is not
perceived as so intensely bright.

Rather, the intensity of a viewed light source is measured in candela per square metre of the
irradiating source. Higher values indicate a concentrated source such as leds or halogen
filaments. Diffuse sources such as fluorescent tubes have a relatively low value. Lamps with
high intensity visible sources produce more glare. Sometimes luminance is expressed using
the unit "lambert" which is equivalent to 1/pi candela per square centimeter.

Luminous-flux (lumens)
the perceived total amount of useful light from a source is the sum of the candela
measurements in all directions. It is measured in lumens (lm). The figure is also independent
of distance from the lamp and says nothing of the direction of the light, the intensity of the
source or the brightness of an illuminated surface, just the total visible light in all directions.

Illuminance (lux)
the perceived brightness of the light falling on a surface illuminated by the lamp and is
measured in lumens per square metre or its equivalent, lux. Illumination values will decrease
with distance from the lamp and are not generally useful in describing lamp performance
unless a distance is quoted.

Concentrated sources such as lasers, leds and optically focussed lamps can provide intense
illumination on a small area. They produce a high lux figure but may still have very little
total light and a corresponding low lumen value.

Luminous-efficiency (lumens-per-watt)
this is a measure of how much total effective light in all directions (lumens) is produced per
watt of electrical power consumed.

It is important to compare overall efficiency of lamps including the losses in the associated
circuitry. Luminous efficiency is typically quoted by led manufacturers at the terminals of
the led rather than at the input of the power supply electronics, where the consumption will
be considerably higher.

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Some fluorescent lamp manufacturers have also resorted to this misleading figure in order to
enhance their claim to high luminous efficiency. Tests conducted on 240-volt compact
fluorescent lamps by a leading Australian consumer magazine have shown that the majority
do not live up to the claims of light output.

The majority of 12v/24v fluorescent lamps have never even been tested. Their promoters
often claim the theoretical maximum lumens of the tube rather than measuring the output
using the dedicated inverter. Rainbow power company believes the actual lumen output of
many fluorescent lamps is considerably less than what is claimed.

Life-expectancy
although a lamp may continue to function electrically, the light output and efficiency
degrades over time. The life of a lamp is defined as the operating time for light output to fall
to fifty percent of its original lumen figure.

Manufacturers make the tests under ideal conditions so that the life expectancy is as high as
possible. Under real conditions the life of a lamp is generally considerably shorter than the
quoted figure. Factors such as the ambient temperature, supply voltage variation and number
of switching cycles greatly affect the actual life of the lamp.

Conventional fluorescent lamps are particularly vulnerable to accelerated degradation from

frequent switching cycles and variation in supply voltage.

Accent lighting

Lighting that focuses its output in a narrow beam, drawing attention to specific decorative
features or objects, making them stand out from their surroundings. Accent lighting is also
useful in retail applications, where it can be used to draw attention to specific products and
make them seem more appealing.

Ambient lighting

General lighting used to provide visibility in a built environment. Ambient lighting includes
both artificial and natural lighting, and does not include task lighting and accent lighting.

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Ampere

Measurement unit for electric current. In lighting installations, wiring and protections are
calculated based on the amperes drawn by the lighting circuits, as well as their rated voltage.

Angle of light

Angle between the orientation of a light source and the viewing direction. For example, the
angle of light is 0° when looking at a downlight directly from below, and increases
progressively as the viewer steps away from it.

The term is commonly used in theatrical lighting, to describe the angle between the stage
lighting direction and the viewer’s line of sight.

Arc lamp

Any lamp that establishes an electric arc between two electrodes. Arc lamps generally
stimulate a gas, making it glow and generating a lighting output.

Argon

A chemical element, and one of the noble gases. It is used inside the bulbs of incandescent
lamps to prevent oxidation of their filaments. Argon can also be used in gas-discharge lamps
to emit violet light, or blue if mixed with mercury.

Backlight

The lighting output of outdoor fixtures that is emitted opposite to the intended direction,
generally an undesirable effect. For example, if the pole lamps in a parking lot emit backlight
towards adjacent homes or apartments, it can be bothersome for the property owners.

Backlight should not to be confused with backlighting, an accent lighting technique.

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Backlighting

Lighting designed to illuminate an object from behind, which causes an appealing glow effect
around its edges. Backlighting is a type of accent lighting, and is commonly used to draw
attention to works of art.

Backlighting should not to be confused with backlight, an undesirable lighting effect that
can be produced by outdoor fixtures.

Baffle

An opaque or translucent component that blocks direct sight of a lighting source.

Ballast

A component required by fluorescent and hid lighting fixtures. It controls the voltage and
electric current provided to the lamp during ignition and operation, preventing overheating
or premature failure. Depending on their internal construction, ballasts can be either magnetic
or electronic.

Ballast factor (bf)

Value that describes how a ballast affects the rated lighting output of a lamp. For example, a
3000-lumen lamp connected to a ballast with a bf of 0.90 or 90% will produce 2700 lumens
(3000 lm x 90% = 2700 lm).

Base

The part of a lamp that connects to the lighting fixture, providing both physical support and
electric power for the lamp. A lamp and fixture can only be used together if the lamp base
matches the fixture socket. The bases of most residential lamps use either a screw or multiple
pins.

A lamp can have more than one base: for example, fluorescent tubes have one on each end.

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Base temperature

Maximum allowable temperature of a lamp base, which must be considered when designing
the lighting fixture.

Bayonet

A type of lamp base that connects with the socket using keyways instead of threads.

Beam angle

Also known as beam spread, the beam angle is a value that describes the downward light
cone emitted by a lighting fixture with a reflector. The beam angle is measured between the
downward direction, where the lamp provides maximum lighting intensity, and the direction
in which intensity drops to 50%. In other words, a lamp with a large beam angle spread its
lighting into a wider cone.

Bollard

A type of lighting fixture commonly used outdoors, consisting of a short and broad post with
a lamp on top. Bollards generally accomplish a double function, providing both outdoor
lighting and decoration.

Bug rating

Bug is an acronym for backlight, up light and glare, and the term was developed by the
illuminating engineering society (ies) and international dark-sky association (ida) to describe
the amount of light emitted by a fixture in unwanted directions.

• Backlight is directed behind the luminaire.

• Uplight is directed upwards.
• Glare causes a visual impairment (see glare).

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In the bug rating, these effects are indicated in a scale from 0 to 5, where 0 indicates the effect
is minimized and 5 indicates it is not controlled at all. Therefore, the best possible bug rating
is b0 u0 g0, and the worst possible rating is b5 u5 g5.

Bulb

A transparent casing that contains a light source, generally made from glass.

Burn position

The operating position for which a lamp is designed. For example, some lamps can only
operate in the base-up position. Lamps operating in positions for which they are not designed
generally suffer reduced performance or short-term failure.

Candela (cd)

Measurement unit for luminous intensity, which is the amount of light emitted in a particular
direction. Not to be confused with the lumen (lm), measurement unit for the total lighting
output of a lamp or fixture, without describing a particular direction.

Cave effect

An effect that occurs when lighting fixtures direct all of their lighting downward and little or
no light is reflected back up towards the ceiling or upper wall portions. The cave effect is
generally unwanted because it makes indoor spaces feel ominous, like the interior of a cavern.

Canopy

Part of a lighting fixture that covers the outlet box and wiring connections. Canopies often
have decorative features.

Lumen

Lumen’s definition says that it is the total output of light or brightness produced by a bulb.
Better the lumen, more the light. Sometimes, it’s confused with watts but that is totally
different terminology. An led bulb generates 80-120 lumens of light per watt that is much
15
higher than a conventional bulb. Led lighting is hailed as the future of modern lighting
solutions because they are built to generate more light while consuming less electricity.

Spectrum

Spectrum plays a crucial role in choosing a grow light. Led grow light has replaced a
conventional agro-light system due to its versatile spectrum. This terminology refers to
replicating the sunlight by creating wavelengths of red, yellow, green, violet and infrared
light. Not all the wavelengths can be produced by an artificial light system but most of the
wavelengths can be converted by a quality led light that replicates vital elements of the sun
that supports plant growth.
Homeowners usually don’t bother with such led light terminologies since their lighting
requirements are small. But when it comes to commercial lighting, such factors should be
taken into consideration before installation & bulk purchase.

PF

Pf is the abbreviation of led’s terminology called ‘power factor.’ this specification is lesser
known to most of the led consumers. Power factor is calculated by dividing the active power
used (watts) by the apparent power drawn from the power grid (va). You will be surprised to
know that an led uses half the volts of power as compared to an incandescent bulb that
produces same amount of lumens using twice the power. Here are few examples of led pfs.

• Led lamps between 2w and 5w require a minimum 0.4 power factor.

• Led lamps over 5w and up to 25w require a minimum 0.5 power factor.

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INTERIOR DESIGN

It means designing a space means shaping the experience that a person will have inside it.
An experience that will also affect their life and, of course, their mood. Interior design is a
project that defines how a space will function, how it will look, and how it will appeal to the
senses. It should fit the needs, cultures and lifestyle of those that inhabit it.

Interior design is a skilled discipline. The designer will need to have completed professional
training, and learned to develop a project from a global and more conceptual point of view.
They will need to know how to work out the details and different elements such as vertical
and horizontal surfaces, systems, and lighting,

Architecture includes interior design but it is focused more on the aesthetics of the exterior
of the building, taking care of the structure. It's considered an art because it paints the city
landscape, Nature is beauty par excellence, but there is no untouched nature to be found in
cities. It has become less of a focal point. That's why the way we design and build cities is
what determines the beauty of an urban landscape. Decoration refers to furniture and
adornment.

Forms in Which Interior Design Adopts

The energy and attitude of a space denote the different styles of interior design. From more
sober and calm styles-such as Nordic, classic, mid-century, modern or minimalist-to more
complex and stylized styles such as art deco, eclectic, kitsch, and vintage.

In a world in which advancements in technology have resulted in machines doing human

work. it's important to awaken people's creativity. It's what makes humans different and
makes us better. That's why I always strive to create interiors that make an impact, that don't
leave anyone feeling indifferent, spaces in which creativity flows.

In this sense, it's important to promote beauty and eradicate disorder. Spaces that are
harmonious: balanced, and in which there is order without being sterile create a positive
mood and spur creativity. Choosing pieces of art that evoke emotion is also important to me.

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Tools for An Interior Design Project

First, you need a brief from the client, in which they detail their tastes and needs. Next, you
need to carry out some research and find information and reference images that help you
define the style, shapes, and color palette. Once you've done that, you will need to
communicate your proposal visually so that the client can understand your vision. Alongside
this, you will include samples of materials and fabrics.

Areas of Interior design application

It's important to design each inhabitable space and all its details with a purpose in mind
(eating. exercising, and relaxing). A space for eating in is different to one for relaxing in or
one for socializing in. To do so, we work taking into account these four key elements:

➢ Acoustics: The acoustics should fit with the lifestyle and the type of activities being
carried out in the space. A library is not the same as a hotel.
➢ Lighting: This sets the mood of the space and helps it to achieve its purpose.
➢ Color: This has an influence on the person entering the space and their emotions. Blue,
green and purple are relaxing colors and invite reflection. Yellow, red and fuchsia are
energetic optimistic. Beige and white are linked to concentration, purity, and simplicity.
Pink transmits innocence, trust, and optimism.

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LIGHTING EXPLAINED

Light is defined as the electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 380 and 750 nm
which is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation, such as light, is generated by
changes in movement (vibration) of electrically charged particles, such as parts of heated
molecules, or electrons in atoms (both processes play a role in the glowing filament of
incandescent lamps, whereas the latter occurs in fluorescent lamps). Electromagnetic
radiation extends from y rays and X-rays through to radio waves and to the long radio waves.
This is often referred to as "the electromagnetic spectrum' which is shown on the figure below
(modified from American Chemical Society 2003):

An alternative physical description of light is to consider radiation as being emitted as

discrete parcels of energy, called photons, which have dual nature that of a particle and a
wave. The fundamental parameter that distinguishes one part of the electromagnetic spectrum
from another is the wavelength, which is the distance between successive peaks of the
radiated energy (waves).

temperature of the bright sun (6000°C). Various spectra are generally, recognised by their
characteristic colour by a human observer. For example, due to an increase in scattering of
short wavelengths (i.e. blue light) with an increased path length of the sunrays through the
atmosphere, the sun takes on more and more of a red hue as it sinks toward the horizon.

Light is indispensable to life on the planet and consequently affects humans and other
creatures alike. Notably there are important physical effects through the interaction of light
with our skin and our eyes leading to the "warm" (red light) and 'cold' (blue light) sensation
as well as the side effects through our accommodation to the periodic changes each day and
with the season which contribute to the regulation of activity/rest cycles.

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INTERIOR LIGHTNING DESIGN

Light is one of the key elements of interior design. Most interior spaces constructed in the
20th century is used as much with artificial light as with daylight, because of this lighting has
become a very significant tool for the interior designer. There are three major aspects to
lighting: function, aesthetics, and health. The latter factor is often ignored, but insufficient
illumination can cause eyestrain and physical discomfort. Illuminating engineers have
established recommended standards of illumination for various tasks and have also provided
rules and standards relating to brightness of the source of lighting and controls for shielding
the eye from direct glare. Light can be diffused and can, in general, be controlled very
accurately.

Most intimate interiors depend to some extent on portable or fixed (ceiling and wall-
mounted) lamps. The design of lamps, especially table lamps for homes, has somehow
brought forth a vast array of bad designs, together with a smaller number of good ones. Many
lampshades are similarly banal in design, but a shade as such is an excellent diffusor of light
and shield against glare. Some lamps and shades are designed for specific tasks, others for
accent lighting.

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TYPES OF INTERIOR LIGHTING

Mix and match any of the below types of indoor fixtures to elevate your surroundings and
set the mood, no matter the occasion:

1. Recessed fixtures

Recessed fixtures are any indoor lights fully contained inside your walls, ceiling, or
floors. While that wording might sound fancy or complex, it’s basically just the interior
design way of describing the fixtures that lay flush with your ceiling or walls. On the
other hand, fixtures that protrude from your walls, floors, or ceiling are not recessed.

Recessed lighting

2. Track lighting

Your home’s pre-installed fixtures aren’t the only way you can direct light from your
ceiling toward your floors. Track lights mount to and protrude from your ceiling. They
point directly downward, so you can use them to illuminate hallways or the very center
of a room. They have a high-class and artistic feel, but you might need an electrician to
help you properly install them.

Track lights

3. Pendants

Pendants come in a wide range of colors and styles that seamlessly blend into any home
décor. You can easily set up pendants by yourself (but having some friends help never
hurts). Just attach some sturdy hooks to your ceiling, then run your pendant’s wire
through your hooks and along walls and floors while keeping it out of view. Pendants are
swanky like their track lighting counterparts, but they can be a lot easier to set up than
track lights. So too can another type of indoor light often wrongly seen as challenging to
install…

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 Pendant lights

4. Wall sconces

Wall sconces extend from your wall to illuminate your hallways and side tables, so you
might think that using them requires an electrician installing wiring behind your walls.
But that isn’t always the case! Plug-in wall sconces solve this problem – just keep the
wire well-hidden, plug it in, and securely mount your sconces. Chances are that nobody
other than you will know that you’ve gone the plug-in route instead of making a more
permanent investment.

Wall sconces

5. Ceiling lighting

Speaking of permanent, if you need a consistent, reliable foundation for your indoor
lighting design, install ceiling fixtures. We don’t mean just standard recessed ceiling
fixtures – we mean chandeliers, pendants that you mount close to your ceiling, and even
low-hanging lights. Without the much-needed lighting cornerstone that ceiling lights can
provide, your indoor space, whether your living room, bedroom, or kitchen, might be
imperfectly lit.

Ceiling light

6. Ambient lighting

If you use fixtures on (or in!) your ceiling to build your well-lit foundation as we just
described, then you’re using what’s called ambient lighting. This is one of the three major
types of indoor lighting, and many fixtures and styles fall under it. For example, a floor
lamp powerful enough to brighten your whole room is ambient lighting. It creates a base
layer of soft or bright white, off-white, or yellow hues for your room that you can build
on with the other two major types of fixtures: task lighting and accent lighting.

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 Ambient lights

7. Task lighting

Task lamps and other similar fixtures are what you install or set up to use for specific
activities. Your desk lamp, bedside reading lamp, and even the light over your sink that
you turn on to wash dishes are all considered task lights. You’ll usually set them up on
side tables or directly above chairs or desks, so you can get really creative with their look,
brightness, and placement – just as you can with accent fixtures.

Task lighting

8. Accent lighting

Need a quick way to make your favorite furniture piece or painting appear brighter and
stand out more? You’re looking for accent lighting. Install a fixture directly above a
dazzling loveseat or right under a stunning portrait to properly illuminate it and draw
attention to it. With accent lighting, you can emphasize all your room’s best traits!

Accent lighting

9. LED

This type of indoor lighting is best known as an energy-efficient alternative to the light
bulbs that dominated the 20th century. LEDs diffract in all directions and bathe your room
in a soft hue. They’re long-lasting, staying lit for thousands of hours. Some models
support color-changing abilities through a remote or an app, too. You’ll find LED lights
in many forms, including standard bulbs and decorative and accent fixtures like strip
lights and string lights.

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 Led lights

10. Laser lighting

Lasers are electrical filaments used to generate light found across a wide array of fixture
types. Since lasers travel along a narrow beam instead of diffracting in all directions, it
doesn’t lose brightness and focus over distance. Its narrow path also makes diffracting
one beam into thousands of smaller beams super easy, which is why, here at BlissLights,
our laser projectors often have that widely sought, lovely starry sky effect (which we’ll
discuss more soon).

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IMPORTANCE OF LIGHTING IN INTERIOR DESIGN:

Lighting is as important as every other element of the design. Good lighting changes and
transforms a space. We use light and shade to make a room feel comfortable but also dramatic
and atmospheric. Let’s say we want to highlight an artwork on a wall, we need a downlight
to hit the artwork but in combination with a darker area around this then draws our eye to the
painting.

Our skill is artfully combining downlights, uplights, wall lights, floor lights, hidden
lights, feature lights, integrated architectural lighting, pendants and lamps to add vast interest
and depth to each room. We apply different strategies for different solutions. We may
illuminate special features such as an occasional table with flowers using Pole spring
downlight with a narrow beam, but we combine it with more general highlighting options.
Lighting a beautiful curtain fabric will be done in a different way to creating targeted bright
areas for tasks such as cooking, reading, or working at a desk.

Proper lighting is essential to employees performing to the best of their ability. Eye strain,
fatigue and distractedness are all real things that employees face when working under harsh
lighting conditions and old outdated fixtures. Browse our selection of LED high bays
designed to properly illuminate manufacturing plants, storage warehouses, industrial spaces,
retail stores, athletic centers and more. LEDs are brighter and provide quality light for all
work environments, which can lead to better safety and performance.

A good interior design lighting does much more than just illuminating a space. Lighting in
interior designing helps to:

1. Add depth to an interior space.

2. Emphasize an architectural detail or element.

3. Perform the tasks properly...

4. Add a mood to an interior space.

5. Add a sense of flow or direction.

6. Define the style of any interiors. and 7. Add color to space.

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LAMPS

Commonly called ‘light bulbs’, lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light
fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have
traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption,
expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb
has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example,
a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact
fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical
energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. (Felber, Bill;
Fimoff, Mark; Levin, Len; et al (April 2013)

This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet
light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp
makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800
lumens, but actual output varies by specific design.[24] Rating and marketing emphasis is
shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly
applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.

Types of Lamps and Their Applications

The lamp is one kind of light source that includes an element for light-emitting in a tube or
outer bulb which normally generates radiation in the visible spectrum. And also, the term
‘bulb’ is used to represent a lamp but it is an external glass part that includes the light source.
This article discusses an overview of different types of lamps.

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Types of Lamps

There are different types of lamps available in the market but their classification can be done
based on materials used, operating principle & their efficiency of energy. The different types
of lamps include the following.

• Incandescent
• Tungsten Halogen
• Fluorescent
• Compact Fluorescent
• Mercury Vapour
• Metal Halide
• High-Pressure Sodium Vapour
• Low-Pressure Sodium Vapour
• LED

Incandescent Lamps

The incandescent light or lamp is an electric light source that functions through
incandescence, which means the light emission can be caused through filament heating.
These are available in an extensive range of wattages, voltages & sizes.

These lamps are the original electric lightings and the inventor of this lamp is Thomas Edison.
Generally, these lamps are designed with glass including a tungsten filament. Once the
current supplies through this filament then it will get heat and generates light.

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Incandescent Bulb

These bulbs generally include a glass mount or stem that is connected to the base of the bulb
that permits the electrical contacts to work throughout the cover without leaks of air or gas
Small wires embedded in the stem support the filament and/or its lead wires.

In the stem, small wires are embedded to give support to the filament as well as its lead wires.
The manufacturing cost of these lamps is very low and works well on either AC or DC. So
these lamps are used extensively in both commercial and household lighting,

Tungsten Halogen Lamps

A tungsten halogen lamp is also called quartz iodine & quartz-halogen, is one kind of
incandescent lamp that includes a tungsten filament enclosed within a solid transparent cover.
This cover is packed with a combination of a halogen & an inert gas like bromine or iodine.

The blend of the filament & the halogen gas will generate a chemical reaction with halogen-
cycle that redeposits dissolved tungsten over the filament so that the maintenance and life of
the envelope will be increased. So this lets the filament of the bulb function at a maximum
temperature as compared to a typical incandescent lamp.

The halogen lamps size will allow utilization in solid optical systems for illumination &
projectors. The small glass cover may be included in a high external glass bulb and this bulb
contains less temperature to protect the inside bulb from contagion so that this bulb will be
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changed mechanically similar to a normal lamp. As compared to fluorescent and LED,
halogen incandescent & standard bulbs are less efficient.

Fluorescent Lamps
A fluorescent lamp or bulb is a less pressure gas-discharge with mercury-vapor lamp and it
generates visible light by using fluorescence. In this bulb, once the electric current supplies
then the gas will excite the mercury vapor to generate short-wave UV light, and then it causes
a phosphor coating within the lamp to blink.
The main function of a fluorescent lamp is to change the energy more efficiently from
electrical to as compared to incandescent lamps.

Fluorescent Bulb

The fluorescent lamps’ usual luminous efficiency ranges from 50 to 100 lumens/watt. In
contrast, the luminous efficiency of an incandescent is simply 16 lumens/watt.

As compared to incandescent, the fixtures of fluorescent are expensive as they need a weight
to control the current throughout the lamp; however, the cost of lower energy typically
balances the higher initial price. At present, compact fluorescent lamps are available in
similar sizes because incandescent bulbs are used as an alternative to energy-conserving in
homes.

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

The compact fluorescent lamp is one kind of fluorescent lamp that is normally designed to
replace halogen or incandescent lamps. These lamps are available in two types like screw-in
&plug-in. Screw-in type lamps can be arranged in a screw socket without using extra
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equipment whereas plug-in type lamps need weight & a socket that communicates with their
exact base arrangement.

Sometimes, these are called integrated & non-integrated. These two types of lamps are
available in different sizes, wattages, base types, color temperatures & these are recognized
mainly for their low cost, efficiency, long life, etc.

Functionally, compact fluorescent lamps are equal to linear fluorescent bulbs because these
two lamps are gas discharge-based lamps. These lamps use electricity to stimulate mercury
vapor included in the glass cover through a technique called inelastic scattering. Additionally,
noble gas and phosphors are also included in this envelope.

These lamps are continuously being enhanced & are perfect alternates within an ever-
enhancing both residential & commercial applications. In particular, the ideal replacements
are screw-in CFLs because of the simple upgrading. Everyone can remove simply the old
lamp & rotate it in the CFL and Plug-in CFLs need both ballast & a specific socket & thus
are harder to retrofit.

Mercury-Vapor Lamps

A gas discharge lamp like a mercury-vapor lamp utilizes an electric arc throughout vaporized
mercury for generating light. Generally, the arc discharge is restricted to a tiny fused quartz
arc pipe that is placed in a bigger borosilicate glass bulb.

These types of lamps are energy efficient as compared to incandescent. The main benefits of
these bulbs are, lifespan is 24k hours, high intensity, and output is clear white light. So these
are the main reasons to use these lights in large overhead lighting within warehouses, sports
arenas, streetlights, factories, etc. Please refer to this link to know more about Mercury-Vapor
Lamp

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Metal Halide Lamps

A metal halide lamp is also called an MH lamp & it is a high-intensity discharge lamp that
means it generates its light using an electric arc in a small discharge tube.
So these lamps are becoming very famous because of their light quality as well as their
efficiency. These lamps are mostly used in sports fields, stadiums, parking lots & street lights
in urban places.

Metal Halide Lamps

The competitors of these lamps are the HPS, mercury vapor, LPS, halogen & LEDs. These
lamps have more benefits so used in various applications. The disadvantages of metal halide
lamps include expensive, light pollution, etc.

High-Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps

A high-pressure sodium-vapor lamp is an electric discharge lamp including ionized sodium.

These lamps are mainly used in street lighting &other lightings. Once current supplies in
between the two electrodes, then it ionizes the argon & neon to provide a red glow till the hot
gas evaporates the sodium. After that, this sodium ionizes & shines almost monochrome
yellow. HPS lamps include a discharge tube and that is made with translucent alumina. This
tube can resist the acidic effects of a combination of mercury & sodium in high temperature
&pressure. These lamps provide a whiter light where extra-bright lighting is required in
public places like tunnels, road intersections, sports stadiums, and where it is popular to
notice a complete range of reflected colors.

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Low-Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps

A low-pressure sodium-vapor lamp or LPS lamp includes an internal discharge tube that is
made with borosilicate glass. This glass is arranged through metal electrodes & filled with
argon & neon gas with small metallic sodium. LPS lamps are extensively used in street
lights due to their efficiency & the capability of their yellow color light to go through fog.
An LPS lamp is also called a miscellaneous discharge lamp because it possesses some HID
lamps characteristics & in other areas, it looks like fluorescent lamps. These types are
inexpensive to utilize on the road & security lightings wherever the object color is not
significant. These are mostly used in foggy weather conditions.

LED Lamps

LED lamps are electric lights that generate light through LEDs & these are extensively more
energy-efficient as compared to incandescent lamps & fluorescent lamps. The commercially
available & most efficient LED lamps have 200 lumens for each watt.

LED Lamps

As compared to incandescent lamps, the lifespan of LED lamps is more. These lamps work
through a LED driver circuit to function from power lines. This LED driver circuit needs
some special characteristics to be compatible with lamp dimmers used on incandescent
lamps.

Some LED lamps are alternatives to fluorescent/ incandescent lamps. These lamps may
utilize several LED packages to enhance light diffusion, overall cost & heat dissipation. The
transcript on the packaging of the retail LED lamps may illustrate the output of light in

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lumens, the utilization of power in watts, the temperature of color in Kelvin otherwise a color
depiction like daylight, cool white, or warm white.

The range of operating temperature & occasionally an incandescent lamp’s equivalent

wattage delivers a similar output within lumens.

Some More Types of Lamps

Some more types of lamps are discussed below.

Desk Lamps/Table Lamps

A desk lamp is a moveable task light arranged on a table or desk to give targeted light for
achieving different tasks like reading, computer work, writing, crafting, drafting,
bookkeeping, sewing, painting & knitting. These lamps offer adaptable illumination to ensure
visibility of task & ergonomic comfort.
There are different types of desk lamps like swing arm, adjustable, battery-operated, outlets,
organizer lamp, magnifying, clip-on desk, etc

Wall Lamps

Wall lamps are placed on a wall, but their categorization can be done based on the
requirement. At present, manufacturers and designers generally club wall lamps & sconces
together. The materials used for making wall lamps mainly include metal, glass, ceramic,
plastic & crystal.

The different types of wall lamps mainly include up light, downlight, candle, swing arm,
picture lights, sign, wall washers & lantern wall lamps.

The applications of wall lights mainly include rooms, indoors and using beside ceiling lights
can give supplemental illumination. When wall lamps are used instead of overhead lighting,
then it creates an extra atmospheric effect.

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Street Lamps

Street lamps are standard light sources that are used on the edge of a path or road or railway
platform. Different types of lamps include photocells with light-sensitive that make active
the lamp mechanically once required. Different street light systems are normally connected
underground in place of wiring from one utility position to another. These lights are a
significant source of community safety lighting for reducing crime.

impact of artificial interior lighting design

Artificial light creates visual stimulation – we’re always drawn to the brightest point in a
room, so we use artificial light to accentuate specific features in the space. In a kitchen, these
might be flowers on a kitchen island or dining table which we’ll highlight. We will also bring
focus to the room’s edges to broaden the perspective. We may add subtle light to vertical
surfaces such as cupboards using perimeter lights, which will create reflected light off those
surfaces.

Getting the functional task lighting right, to prepare a meal, make a drink, or simply see
what’s inside the cupboards, is vital, too. Diffuse light is used for general warmth. A well-
designed varied artificial lighting scheme will add brightness, moments of drama, layers and
depth.

decorative interior lighting design

Decorative lighting – such as a dramatic pendant, interesting wall light or feature lamp – does
more than add attractive objects to a room. Our eye may be drawn to a large and pleasing
pendant over a table, but the work of a couple of downlights either side will really add to the
quality of the light.

Decorative lighting is important but a good lighting designer will combine it with
architectural lighting for the best results. For a soft late-afternoon cosiness, you may just turn
on the decorative lighting to watch TV, or read your book under a pretty lamp, or enjoy an
aperitif. At other times, you will need a fuller combination of lights.

How do you get the right mix of decorative and architectural lighting in your interior design?
34
A successful and flexible lighting scheme will always have a mix of decorative and
architectural lighting. Our job is to look at your space or plans, play with ideas and then plan
layers of light in the space to achieve a balance of light. We’re looking for a happy mix of
ambient light, accent light, and architectural lighting. Kim, W; Han, H; Kim, J (2009).
“Decorative interior lighting in Building & Environment”.

Quality of light for interior lighting

LED lights are what we use today, but the quality of every single light has a big impact on
the space. We always think about the quality of colour temperature and colour consistency.
For us, a high-quality fitting with a CRI (colour rendering index) above 90 will offer the most
natural light. CRI is the value that indicates how well the light replicates the true colour of
the object you’re highlighting. Reds, deep blues and deep greens look much truer when
highlighted with a high CRI light.

If you’re using a few downlights in a space, particularly with white or neutral walls, you need
consistency of colour temperature for all the lights. This is measured in Kelvins. Architectural
lighting can have a slightly cooler colour of light – 2,700K, and decorative items such as
table lamps, wall lights and pendants work better with a warmer colour – 2,400K. Our job is
to create a harmony. You might use ceiling lights and uplights with 2700K and have your
decorative on 2,400K. Then the LED strips inside the joinery could have a similar colour
warmth to your decorative lighting.

Needs for a professional

As soon as you and your interior designer or architect have a plan with furniture placement,
call the lighting designers. Your final project will be stronger if we work with an interior
designer or architect, so that fittings can be fully integrated into the final design. Sometimes
on larger projects we’ll work with a project manager. We want to get the best result for your
space and the earlier we are involved the fewer tweaks will need to take place later on

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Architectural lighting in interior design

Architectural lighting encompasses a combination of concealed lighting placed within the

architecture or joinery. Downlights, uplights, LED strip lights, floor washers etc. are our
toolbox to create an interesting space, and they tend to be hidden amid the architecture. They
are used both to emphasize materials and to provide general illumination. When integrated
into joinery such as shelving, cupboards or architectural coffers, this light provides depth,
areas of interest and layers of light around the room.

In an older house, you may have interesting plaster work that could be highlighted with
architectural lighting, or feature columns which can be lit from below. Architectural lighting
is useful tool to lead your eyes through spaces into an adjoining room, along a corridor or up
your stairs. Positioning a couple of uplights near the doorway or in window sills can frame
your view out. You can also use architectural lighting outside. Spike lights shed a new light
on trees and uplights can bring a new perspective to a textured wall. From inside, these
outside architectural lights draw your eyes beyond the glass of your living space, adding
depth. (Another view of the interior by Panini (1735), Liechtenstein Museum, et al Vienna
Archived 2011)

Creating an interior design project without a lighting designer is like going out for dinner and
only eating what’s in the bread basket. The bread may be excellent, but you’re missing out
on many more interesting dishes. Expertly placed lighting adds another dimension to a space,
bringing an interior design project to life.

Great lighting creates depth and height, cosy spots, and draws attention to your most
impressive areas. It’s all about the balance of light and shade and bringing new energy to an
interior. An architect or interior designer may just draw a grid of downlights into their plans
for your interior, which won’t do justice to what they have designed. Calling in lighting
experts to work in harmony with your interior designer or architect will maximise the Impact
of your space.

We asked Design Associate Sabrina Fiorina to highlight the importance of lighting in interior

design.

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy efficiency in buildings can be achieved in many ways, but fundamentally, one should
not ignore the basics of the passive building designs. Passive building design is one of the
main factors determining the building's energy performance, besides building services design
and appliances and occupant behaviors (Al-Moflch, Taib, Mujeebu. & Salah, 2009), the latter
factors are difficult to control and maintain.

In science, energy efficiency has two definitions:

The energy efficiency of an individual or group refers to their use of energy (electricity, fuel,
etc.) and its impact on the planet.

Energy efficiency can refer directly to machinery that uses an energy input (electricity, fuel,
heat, etc.) and converts it to a usable output (electricity, heat, etc.). The percentage of energy
efficiency can then be calculated using the formula: (output/input) x 100.

In the second definition, the efficiency of the machine depends on how much output is
produced compared to the amount of the input. The greater the output when compared to the
input, the higher the energy efficiency.

indoor lighting

These fixtures are exactly what you think they are: Any lamp, pendant, or fixture used to
illuminate your home’s interiors. They are typically made not just to brighten your space, but
to add décor and overall enhance your current furniture setup. This includes the fixtures
already installed in your home when you move in and any lamps or other fixtures you add.
Importantly, indoor fixtures are often not waterproof and dustproof—important items for
outdoor fixtures to have—so they should only be used inside at all times.

37
Benefits of Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency saves money, increases the resilience and reliability of the electric grid,
and provides environmental, community, and health benefits.

Cost Savings

At home, you can save money on energy bills by making energy-efficient and weatherization
upgrades—such as adding insulation, using LED lighting, and installing a heat pump—that
reduce your energy use and can improve comfort.

Energy-efficient buildings cost less to heat, cool, and operate, while industry and
manufacturing plants can make products at lower cost. Energy-efficient transportation results
in fuel savings.

community benefits

Energy-efficiency programs improve community resilience and address energy equity by

bringing efficient, cost-effective technologies and infrastructure to underserved
communities, including communities of color.

These communities are disproportionately affected by air pollution and have a higher energy
burden, which is the percentage of gross household income spent on energy costs.

Environmental Benefits

Reducing energy use is essential in the fight against climate change, because traditional
power plants burn fossil fuels that release greenhouse gases and contribute to air pollution.
Energy-efficient homes and buildings are also better equipped to switch to renewable energy,
which does not produce harmful emissions.

Resilience and Reliability

Energy-efficiency improvements reduce the amount of electricity on the grid at one time,
known as load, minimizing congestion and stress on the U.S. electric grid. Less load prevents
power disruptions.

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Health Benefits

Reducing fossil fuel use results in cleaner air, water, and land, all of which directly affect
human health—especially those in marginalized communities and people with conditions
that are exacerbated by pollution.

EFFICIENCY IN INTERIOR LIGHTING

Benefits

• Lower your carbon footprint

• Reduce your lighting bills

• Make your home light and bright

Energy efficient lighting helps lower electricity bills and carbon dioxide emissions, all
without reducing the quality of light in our homes.

If you replace all the bulbs in your home with LED lights, you could reduce your carbon
dioxide emissions by up to 40kg (50kg in NI) a year. This is equivalent to the carbon dioxide
emitted by driving your car around 145 miles.

Lighting Solution Guides

The evolution of light bulbs

Traditional or incandescent light bulbs were invented more than 100 years ago and are
extremely inefficient. Only about 5% of the electricity they use converts into visible light.
What’s more, the bulbs don’t last long because the filament that creates the light evaporates
as heat passes through it.

Halogen light bulbs use the same filament technology as traditional bulbs but run at a higher
temperature, making them slightly more efficient. They are mainly used in spotlight fittings.
Traditional incandescent and the least efficient halogen light bulbs are being taken off the
39
market in favour of energy efficient alternatives. Instead of these energy inefficient designs,
we can use modern replacements to provide the same amount of light, but for less electricity.

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) were the first energy efficient bulbs on the market and
use around 70-80% less electricity than the equivalent traditional bulbs, as well as lasting
almost 10 times longer. CFL bulbs have a gas inside a glass tube that is charged with
electricity until it glows.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have largely replaced CFLs, which are more efficient still, turn
on instantly at full brightness, and are available to fit pretty much any light fitting in the
home. LEDs produce light from the electricity flowing through them. Within a bulb, you will
find a large number of LEDs to create sufficient brightness.

Strip lights or linear fluorescent lamps (LFLs) are more often found in offices or industrial
settings. Modern strip lights are more efficient, faster to light up and emit a better quality of
light than traditional strip lights.

Phasing out inefficient light bulbs

Companies are not allowed to manufacture new inefficient halogen lights, but shops are
allowed to sell their old stock, and specialist halogen bulbs are still found in ovens, cooker
hoods and security lights.

This means when shopping for new products and replacement lights, you should check the
labels carefully and try to buy energy-efficient alternatives to halogen lights.

40
STRATEGIES TO FUEL A LONG-TERM SAVINGS PLAN

1. Investigate energy code compliance

Energy code sets the minimum efficiency requirements for lighting and lighting controls in
the building. Compliance with the latest energy code helps reduce lighting levels further than
the previous iteration of code. Energy codes set mandatory levels for lighting efficiency in
the built environment and each state is encouraged to adopt the latest available version of
code. It is important to note:

• Lighting power density (lumens per watt) limits vary by building type and space
type.
• Automatic lighting shut off and setback requirements are mandated by most energy
codes to help reduce unnecessary energy use in interior and exterior lighting
systems.

The Energy Usage Index (EUI) is a good metric for managing and identifying opportunities
for further reduction and increases in energy efficiency in lighting and other areas such as
HVAC. Total annual kWh and natural gas usage, for example, is divided by the square
footage of the building and can be compared to similar buildings in similar climate zones.

Strategies can be identified and energy saving opportunities can be put into play to reduce a
building’s EUI. This is a good way to establish an energy baseline from which to improve.

2. Implement innovative strategies

Advanced lighting controls and building management systems (BMS) can contribute to the
overall energy efficiency of a building. These two systems can range in levels of maturity
and integration with other building elements. For example, lighting controls generally fall
into three different levels:

• Component or standalone controls: individual devices that control individual lighting

loads in a small setting such as an occupancy sensor on an overhead lamp in a small
office

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 • Digital room controls

• Networked building controls: a network of devices that tie into a large control system,
are programmable, and can be managed remotely

Buildings can implement one or all of these control strategies, depending on the
building’s needs.

Utility strategies such as demand response – taking a signal from the energy company to
reduce loads during peak time periods to automatically reduce lighting and HVAC power
consumption – can complement overall efficiency required by the code and reduce overall
consumption in a building. This can also reduce demand charges from the utility company,
which can be 30-50% of a building’s electrical bill.

3. Go beyond code

The movement to go beyond code compliance, increase occupant wellness and generate on-
site energy via renewables such as solar power is driving the future of how we can design
and manage the built environment. Many state and federal government agencies have already
set goals and/or initiated decarbonization and net zero energy initiatives. Reducing
combustion of utility-generated power and reducing greenhouse gas emissions will continue
to drive these initiatives moving forward.

4. Utilize occupant-centric design

Lighting and controls not only contribute to reducing energy but can also positively impact
occupant satisfaction. For example, employees having the ability to adjust their lighting
based on the task can contribute to increases in job performance and satisfaction. Reducing
eye strain due to glare from lighting sources and windows can also contribute to more
comfortable and efficient work environments.

Solar heat gain from fenestration can be managed by automated shading systems to help
reduce cooling demand and increase worker productivity. Increasing lighting efficiency can
also be optimized by using automatic daylighting controls in spaces. Adjusting electrical

42
power down by dimming lighting systems based on ambient lighting entering the space can
also achieve significant energy savings.

Most mandated energy codes require a setback of lighting – dimming or switching off all or
a portion of the lighting – for side lit and skylight applications based on window head height
and width and ceiling height. Energy codes and good design practices require controlling
primary and secondary zones separately. With digital lighting controls, closed loop (electric
lighting and outdoor lighting) and open loop sensors (outdoor lighting only) easily
accomplish this task.

Energy efficiency with lighting systems is truly the low hanging fruit for design teams and
energy or facility managers. Energy codes will continue to drive down lighting power
requirements and mandate controls and energy metering. Having a BMS in place where
facility managers can view lighting loads, plug loads, HVAC and other systems coupled by
the ability of these systems to interoperate via a digital open protocol will allow buildings to
be truly energy efficient.

Looking beyond simple payback and taking future savings into consideration should drive
facility and energy management teams to demand lighting and control systems to deliver
energy efficiency now and throughout the life cycle of the building. Productivity
improvements, albeit often difficult to quantify, will be an added benefit. Ultimately,
balancing good lighting design and control systems with energy savings and efficiency can
be a good starting point in the effort toward better buildings.

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HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT LIGHT BULB

Select the right bulb

a There are two main types of energy-efficient light bulbs available: compact
fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light emitting diodes (LEDs).
b LEDs are the most common and adaptable light fitting, and are suitable for replacing
dimmable lights and spotlights. LEDs are also more energy-efficient than CFLs.
c If you replace all the bulbs in your home with LED lights, you could save £55 a year
on your electricity bills.

Select the right lumen value

a If you have ever bought a low energy light bulb and been disappointed by the level
of brightness it gives out; you may have picked a bulb with too small a lumen value.
b With traditional bulbs, we used watts to determine the brightness of a bulb, but watts
measure power consumption rather than brightness. Energy-efficient bulbs use fewer
watts, so it is best to look at lumen output.
c This table compares the wattage of traditional bulbs and approximate equivalent
lumen values of LEDs / CFLsSelect the right colour

a Low energy light bulbs imitate traditional light bulbs, so if you prefer a particular
colour, there should be a close match with the new energy-efficient lighting.
b ‘Soft white’ or ‘warm white’ bulbs provide a cosy glow that is best for general
household lighting, while ‘cool white’ or ‘pure white’ are ideal for office spaces or
any area that requires clear vision.
c The colour rendering index (CRI) of a bulb shows you how well a bulb will illuminate
a chosen colour. Two bulbs can have the same colour, but the bulb with a higher CRI
will show colours more accurately than the other.
d The bulb’s packaging will indicate the CRI alongside the lumen value. A CRI of 80
or more is appropriate for most household tasks.

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HOW TO REDUCE LIGHTING CONSUMPTION

• Always turn lights off when leaving a room. The quickest way to start saving is just
remembering to turn lights off when you don’t need them. The typical household
could save almost £20 (£12 in NI) a year just by switching off the lights as you leave
the room.

• Be aware of how many lights you have on in a room. If you have the main light on,
do you need the lamp on too

• Arrange light switches so it is easy to turn them off, for example, place switches for
rooms at the door.

• Use sensors or timers on external lights, so they are only on when they need to be.

• Consider using transparent shades or fittings, as a dark lampshade can absorb some
of the light a bulb emits.

• Ensure that you regularly clean any lamp shades or fittings to increase the impact of
the light.

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WINDOWS, DAYLIGHTING, AND LIGHTING CONTROLS
Daylight provided by windows can make a major contribution not only to the ambiance of
indoor environments but to reducing a building’s demand for artificial light. Windows
account for about four quads of energy in terms of their thermal impacts and can influence
another one quad. This complex connection to other building energy systems means that
windows and daylighting sensors and controls can only be understood as a part of an
integrated building system analysis. This integrated design impact will be considered later
in this report.

From a lighting perspective, an optimal window would provide attractive light levels
throughout the day while avoiding glare and unpleasantly intense light on surfaces such as
computer screens. It would allow the user to control the amount of visible daylight
transmitted through the window—possibly altering the direction of the transmitted light and
adjusting transmission by color. Windows with varying optical properties can be built using
mechanical systems such as adjustable blinds or louvers. Glazing can have adjustable optical
properties such as thermochromic windows that automatically change transmissivity in
response to temperature and electrochromic windows that change with electronic controls.66
Light pipes, light shelves, and skylights to direct sunlight from roofs deep into buildings can
lead to large savings, but these will depend on effective building designs. Advances in optics
and manufacturing of dynamically-controlled windows make it possible to redirect light into
the window material itself.

Good lighting systems also depend on inexpensive sensors and controls. These include
detecting when people enter a space and measuring light and color levels of key surfaces. It
has proven difficult to build reliable, inexpensive occupancy sensors but steady
improvements are being made. Further progress is needed in areas such as the quality of the
sensors, system commissioning and continuous monitoring of system performance,
combining sensor information with other information that can indicate occupancy (e.g.,
electricity consumption or computer use), and improved algorithms to extract information
from multiple data streams (some of which may contain errors).

46
LED LIGHTING

LED lighting has a number of advantages when compared to traditional halogen and
fluorescent commercial lighting, including improved energy and maintenance efficiencies as
well as a better-quality light, the ability to dim lighting, eliminate warm-up times and the
capability of frequent switching. Furthermore, lighting in heavy industrial areas regularly has
to withstand harsh environmental conditions, needing regular maintenance which is difficult
and inconvenient.

benefit of using LED lighting in interior design

✓ No warmup time:

Traditional bulbs can take up to 15 minutes to warm up to full power, this is why sports
stadiums turn on their lighting well before dark. LED lighting takes no time to light up
to full power, meaning it speeds up the process of getting started for the day and allows
you to turn on and off the lighting, when necessary, without worrying about the warm up
time.

✓ The Ability to Dim Lighting:

LEDs become more efficient when they are run at less than full power. In addition, the
lifespan of the bulb increases when the device is run at less than full power. This allows
facility managers to save even more money by managing lighting in an intelligent
manner.

✓ LEDs are Capable of Frequent Switching:

The inability to turn lights on and off quickly is a major problem for lights such as metal
halides (taking 15-20 minutes to turn on). LEDs can be turned on and off instantaneously
with no degradation to the light output or the device itself. Therefore, energy and device
lifespan are not compromised by running them unnecessarily when the lights are not
needed.

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✓ Extended bulb lifespan:

Our LED lighting comes with a lifespan of 63,000 hours; this is 10 times longer than any
other traditional bulb. This means fewer replacements and less maintenance required, and
reduced disruption by replacing lighting that is hard to get to.

✓ Lower energy consumption meaning more savings:

LED lighting Is a lot more sustainable than other lighting options due to using 60% less
energy to power. This, coupled with extended lifespan will save the business a huge
amount as well as reducing their carbon footprint.

✓ LED lighting is available with a sensor:

By incorporating motion sensors, you can increase how efficiently you use LED lighting,
this therefore will improve your annual electricity savings. Motion sensors detect
movement in an area and will light up to full power. After a while, with no movement
detected, the light will turn itself off, reducing energy costs.

Qualities of A Good Lighting Design

A good lighting design should

✓ Look good!
✓ Provide the proper amount of light in every room.
✓ Be built and constructed within budget, code, and other constraints.
✓ Be environmentally responsible.
✓ Respond to the Architecture and Interior Design
✓ Produce good color
✓ Achieve the desired moods of each space
✓ Be able to control the lights

48
LIGHTENING SYSTEM

Lighting affects almost every aspect of our lives good lighting is invisible. You only notice
the lighting of a room if it's too bright or too dim, not if it's just right. Lighting has a direct
impact on the quality of our lives-good lighting enhances the mood and desirability of spaces
and contributes greatly to a sense of well-being. From the student perspective, the visual
environment should be conducive to studied. Studies show that a well-designed working
environment can aid recruitment and the retention of student as well as improving their
morale. Another role that lighting can play is to make the environment of the class easy for
lecturing and experimental studies. It needs to be and provide lighting with maximum
efficiency for all users. The immediate environment should be harmonious with variety of
luminaires to give the eyes a chance to rest. The most common aspects of lighting that cause
visual discomfort are insufficient light, too much variation in illuminance between and across
working surfaces, glare, selling reflection, s and flicker.

Illuminance

Illuminance levels are specified for specific visual tasks area. Illuminance is the luminous
flux density at a surface measured in lumens per square meter (Im/m2) or Lux (Ix). Light
quality is an important factor in the design as it affects how well people can see to do visual
tasks and how visually comfortable, they feel. Also, it is important to energy efficiency
because spaces with higher quality lighting need less illumination and less light fittings.

Illumination

Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects.
Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well
as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light
shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can
save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of
energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the
appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.
49
Uniformity
Uniform light and brightness levels across a space can be desirable but may also be boring;
in such cases, sparkle elements, color and/or other methods can be employed to create visual
interest without causing fatigue.
Flicker or strobing of luminaires can cause annoyance as well as headaches and fatigue. This
may be caused by fluorescent ballasts near the end of life or placement of

luminaires in relation to ceiling fans. If ceiling fans are required in a space, position the
luminaires so that they are suspended below the level of the fans.
Requirements for appropriate uniformity by followed IESNA uniformity criteria for
specific areas unless superseded by other UFC criteria. Considerations for appropriate
uniformity in office areas, uniformity should not exceed 5:1 in immediate work surrounds,
and not including accent lighting. Exterior uniformity should not exceed 10:1 along areas of
use including roadways, walkways, and parking areas.

Colour Rendering Index (Cri)

Color rendering relates to the way objects appear under a given light source. The measure is
called the "color rendering index", or CRI. A low CRI indicates than objects may appear
unnatural under the source, while a light with a high CRI rating will allow an object's colors
to appear more natural. For lights with a "warm" color temperature the reference point is an
incandescent light. For lights with a cool color temperature the reference is sunlight. The
table below lists typical color rendering index ratings for a variety of lights, including

Egress
Safety and emergency lighting should always comply with the local jurisdiction and electrical
code. Typically, egress paths under emergency lighting need to have an average illumination
of 1.0 foot-candle (fc) and a minimum of 0.1 fc.
This is subject to change.

compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs.

50
Heat Discipline

At rated power, TS and T8 fluorescent lamps generate about 73% -77% of their total power
as heat, while three types of high-brightness LEDs dissipate about 87%-90% of input power
as heat. Heat dissipation is an important factor particularly for airconditioned buildings when
overall energy efficiency is considered. (Qin. Lin, & Hui2009).

Ballast
All electric discharge lamps, each fluorescent lamp requires a ballast to ignite the discharge
and to properly control the discharge current. For optimal operation and long lamp life, it is
important that the ballast provides adequate open circuit voltage, quick glow-to-arc
transition, and low current crest in normal operation (John F. Weymouth, 1971). The choice
of the ballast can be either electromagnetic or electronic. Both electromagnetic and electronic
ballasts have their own advantages and disadvantages. The conventional electromagnetic
ballast (which is sometimes simply called magnetic ballast) is operated at 50- or 60-Hz mains
power frequency. It consists of a magnetic choke, a starter, and a power factor correction
capacitor. The structure of the ballast system is simple, robust, and reliable. It can be used
even under hostile working environments and has a very long service life. That is why
electromagnetic ballasts have been around for over 60 years. However, the “conventional”
magnetic ballast has its own shortcomings, i.e., poor power regulation ability and high-power
loss caused by the iron and copper losses in the magnetic choke.

The ballast takes advantage of a characteristic of fluorescent lamp whereby greater efficacy
is obtained at high operating frequency above 10 kHz. The overall lighting system efficacy
can be increased by 20 to 30 percent due to three main factors:
i. Improved lamp efficacy at high frequency operation.

ii. Reduced circuit power losses.

iii. Lamp operates closer to optimum performance in most enclosed

luminaires.

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Utilization Factor (UF)
The utilization factor indicates how well a lighting installation uses the luminous flux of the
lamps. This is indicated as the ratio between the luminous flux that reaches the working plane

LUMINARIES
For calculating lighting system basic design is the lumen method. General lighting
requirement must be determined for that surface such as number of foot candles (lumen per
square foot), room area, light loss due to room proportions, colour of walls, coefficient of
utilization and maintenance factor. The researcher shall utilize the ‘lumen’ manual
calculations to compare these to luminaires (T5, T8 and LED) to illustrate the differences
before utilizing the real time measurements and the computer program.

52
SUMMARY

Chapter one highlighted the introduction, background of the study synopsis, statement of
problems, aims and objectives, scope of the study, significance of the study etc.

Chapter two, Lighting Design Goals, discusses the general process of lighting design best
practices. The key values of lighting design to focus on are visual comfort, aesthetics,
usability, appropriate lighting for particular tasks, maintenance, energy use, light levels,
uniformity and coordination with architectural features.

Chapter three, Lighting Design Strategies, looks at the different lighting solutions that can
incorporate into CSU buildings. This section looks at the different building types and room
types to outline good lighting design practices for each type of space and type of user.

Chapter four, Lighting Controls Strategies, outlines different lighting control solutions,
again, for different building types and rooms types. This section discusses the benefits to
different lighting control solutions based on the users and the needs of each space. This
section also looks at the components that go into a lighting control system.

The State of California requires that half of existing state-owned buildings be Zero Net
Energy on a square-foot basis by
2025, with all new State buildings and major renovations beginning design after 2025 being
constructed as Zero Net Energy facilities. Zero Net Energy facilities are defined as producing
as much energy as they consume over the course of a year, when accounted for at the energy
generation source. Lighting design plays an important role in achieving a Zero Net Energy
building. This guide is intended to provide CSU campuses with useful and practical interior
lighting design tools that are up to date as well as cost effective, and is intended to enable a
comprehensive approach to indoor lighting design.

LEED and WELL are energy and occupant-based design standards with criteria that focus on
improving the built environment. WELL lighting features include visual lighting design,
circadian lighting design, electric light glare control, and solar glare control among many
others. The targeted design intent of both programs should be consulted when considering
any updates to design. Even if the final certifications are not a goal of the projects, credits
can still be referenced to improve the overall design of any development.

53
CONCLUSION

At the end of this paper, I have come to understand the function and effect of interior lighting
in a building as well as the value of the professionals in charge of installing the electrical
devices in a building.

Having a good interior lighting design is a very good idea, and of great importance to the
home or a building. But the most important aspect of having an interior design is that it must
be energy efficient not just making the inside of the building decorative or attractive by using
shining and fancy bulbs and electrical gadgets alone but bearing in mind, the efficiency of
those electrical works that has been installed.

RECOMMENDATIONS

All engineers in charge of electrical works in the building should take cognizance of
efficiency during installation

The installation of electrical gadgets should only be done by experts and professionals who
specializes in that aspect

The body and regulation in charge of checking the effectiveness of the building code as
regarding the electrical services should increase their level of enactment

The control, system and the strategies adopted in the operation of electrical services should
be properly and carefully accessed.

54
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