Lecture 2 Driven Piles Types
Common Driven Pile Types
Timber
H-pile
Pipe
Concrete
Composite
Timber Pile Overview
TYPICAL LENGTHS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS MAXIMUM STRESSES 15 to 65 feet. ASTM D25 AWPA-C3 (if used) Design Stress: 0.8 to 1.2 ksi (on pile toe area). Driving Stress: 3 x Design Stress. 10 to 55 tons. Difficult to Splice. Vulnerable to Damage at Head and Toe in Hard Driving. Vulnerable to Decay (intermittently submerged) Unless Treated. Comparatively Low Initial Cost. Easy to Handle. Resistant to Decay (permanently submerged). Best Suited for Friction Piles in Granular Soils.
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
REMARKS
Timber Piles
Timber Piles
Timber Pile - Toe Protection
Timber Pile - Banding
H-Pile Overview
TYPICAL LENGTHS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS MAXIMUM STRESSES 15 to 120 feet. ASTM A-36 (Fy = 36 ksi) or ASTM A-572, A-588, or A-690 (Fy = 50 ksi) Design Stress: 0.25 to 0.33 Fy Driving Stress: 0.90 Fy 45 to 225 tons. Vulnerable to Corrosion. Not Recommended as Friction Pile in Granular Soils. Available in Various Lengths and Sizes. Easy to Splice. High Capacity. Low Soil Displacements. May Penetrate Larger Obstructions with Driving Shoes. Best Suited for Toe Bearing on Rock.
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
REMARKS
H-Piles
H-Pile - Toe Protection
Open End Pipe Pile Overview
TYPICAL LENGTHS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS 15 to 150 feet or greater. ASTM A-252, Grade 2 or 3 (Fy = 35 or 45 ksi) ACI 318 - for concrete (if filled) ASTM A-36 or A-572 - for core (if used) Design Stress: 0.25 Fy to 0.33 Fy (on steel) + 0.40 fc (on concrete, if filled) Driving Stress: 0.90 Fy 80 to 1500 tons. Vulnerable to Corrosion. Available in Various Lengths, Diameters & Wall Thicknesses. Pile Can be Cleaned Out and Driven Deeper. High Capacity. Low Soil Displacements. Easy to Splice. High Bending Resistance on Unsupported Length.
MAXIMUM STRESSES
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES
Outside Cutting Shoe
Inside Cutting Shoe
Large Diameter Open Ended Pipe
Spin Fin Pile
Closed End Pipe Pile Overview
TYPICAL LENGTHS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS MAXIMUM STRESSES 15 to 120 feet. ASTM A-252, Grade 1, 2, or 3 (Fy = 30, 35, or 45 ksi) ACI 318 - for concrete Design Stress: 0.25 Fy (on steel) + 0.40 fc (on concrete) Driving Stress: 0.90 Fy 40 to 300 tons. Soil Displacement. Available in Various Lengths, Diameters & Wall Thicknesses. Easy to Splice. High Capacity Potential. High Bending Resistance Where Unsupported Length is Loaded Laterally.
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES
REMARKS
Typical Pipe Pile Closure Plate
Fillet Weld
Flat Closure Plate
Conical Pipe Pile Tip
Monotube Piles
Tapertube Piles
Cast-In-Place (Mandrel Driven)
TYPICAL LENGTHS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS MAXIMUM STRESSES 50 to 80 feet (Shorter & Longer Lengths Possible.) ACI 318 - for concrete Design Stress: 0.33 fc (0.40 f c may be allowed) Driving Stress: Function of Mandrel & Shell 45 to 150 tons. Thin Shell Vulnerable to Damage or Collapse. Redriving Not Recommended. May Be Difficult to Splice. Soil Displacement. Initial Economy. Can Be Inspected After Driving. Tapered Sections Provide High Resistance in Granular Soils. Best Suited for Friction Pile in Granular Soils.
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
REMARKS
Cast-In-Place (Mandrel Driven)
Cast-In-Place (Mandrel Driven)
Prestressed Concrete Overview
TYPICAL LENGTHS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS 30 to 130 feet. ACI 318 - for concrete. ASTM A-82, A-615, A-722 & A-884 - for reinforcing steel. ASTM A-416, A-421, A-882 - for prestress. Design Stress: 0.33 fc - 0.27 fpe (on gross concrete area) Driving Stress: 0.85 fc - fpe (in compression) f 3 ! c + fpe (in tension) 45 to 500 tons. Relatively High Breakage Rate. Soil Displacement. Can be Difficult to Splice. High Load Capacity. Corrosion Resistance Obtainable. Hard Driving Possible. Cylinder Piles Well Suited for Bending Resistance.
MAXIMUM STRESSES
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Prestressed Concrete
Prestressed Concrete Details
Typical Sizes
10 20 inch
20 36 inch 11 18 inch void
10 24 inch 11 15 inch void
Cylinder Piles
Cylinder Pile Details
Typical Sizes
36, 42, 48, 54, & 66 inch O.D.
5 & 6 inch wall
Composite Piles
TYPICAL LENGTHS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS 50 to 200 feet. ASTM A-36 or A-572 for H-section. ASTM A-252 for pipe sections. ASTM D-25 for timber sections. ACI 318 for concrete sections. Design Stress: Dependent upon Pile Materials Used. Driving Stress: Dependent upon Pile Materials Used. 30 to 200 tons. May be Difficult to Attain Good Joint Between Materials. May Solve Unusual Design or Installation Problems. High Capacity May be Possible Depending on Materials. May Reduce Foundation Cost. Weakest Material Governs Allowable Stresses and Capacity.
MAXIMUM STRESSES
TYPICAL DESIGN LOADS DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES
REMARKS
Composite Piles
Pipe H-pile
Concrete H-pile
Composite Piles
Corrugated Shell - Timber
Pipe - Concrete
Site Considerations on Pile Selection
Driven Piles May Cause Vibration Damage. Remote Areas May Restrict Equipment Size. Local Availability of Pile Materials and Capabilities of Local Contractors. Waterborne Operations May Dictate Use of Shorter Pile Sections. Steep Terrain May Make Use of Certain Pile Equipment Costly or Impossible.
Subsurface Effects on Pile Selection
Typical Problem
Boulders over Bearing Stratum
Recommendation
Use Heavy Low Displacement Pile With Shoe. Include Contingent Predrilling Item in Contract. Use Tapered Pile to Develop Maximum Shaft Resistance. Avoid Batter Piles. Use Smooth Steel Pile to Minimize Drag Load or Use Bitumen Coating or Plastic Wrap. Could Also Use Higher Design Stress. Use Rough Concrete Piles to Increase Adhesion and Rate of Pore Water Dissipation.
Loose Cohesionless Soil
Negative Shaft Resistance
Deep Soft Clay
Subsurface Effects on Pile Selection
Typical Problem
Artesian Pressure
Recommendation
Hydrostatic Pressure May Cause Collapse of Mandrel Driven Shell Piles and Thin Wall Pipe. Pile Heave Common on Closed End Pipe. Adequate Pile Capacity Should be Developed Below Scour Depth (Design Load x SF). Tapered Pile Should Be Avoided Unless Taper Extends Below Scour Depth. Use Prestressed Concrete Piles Where Hard Driving is Expected.
Scour
Coarse Gravel Deposits
Pile Shape Effects on Pile Selection
Shape Characteristic
Displacement
Pile Types
Closed End Steel Pipe
Placement Effects
Increase Lateral Ground Stress. Densify Cohesionless Soils.
Prestressed Concrete
Temporarily Remolds and Weakens Cohesive Soils. Setup Time for Large Pile Groups in Sensitive Clays May Be Up To Six Months.
Pile Shape Effects on Pile Selection
Shape Characteristic
Low Displacement
Pile Types
Steel H-pile
Placement Effects
Minimal Disturbance to Soil. Not Recommended for Friction Piles in Coarse Granular Soils. Piles Often Have Low Driving Resistances in These Deposits Making Field Capacity Verification Difficult Resulting in Excessive Pile Lengths Installed.
Open End Steel Pipe
Pile Shape Effects on Pile Selection
Shape Characteristic
Tapered
Pile Types
Timber Monotube Tapertube Thin Wall Shells
Placement Effects
Increased Densification of Soil. High Capacity for Short Penetration Depth in Granular Soils.
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