Module 1: Introduction of Artificial

Intelligence
Subject Code: 22BAD402

5/31/2024

Rao Bahadur Y Mahabaleswarappa Engineering College Ballari

Dr Shiva Prasad KM, Associate Professor Department of CSE, RYMEC Ballari
 Module 1: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence

1. DEFINITION:
 Artificial Intelligence, or AI, refers to the development of computer
systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human
intelligence.

 These tasks include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, understanding

natural language, and perception.

 AI technologies can be categorized into narrow AI, designed for specific

tasks, and general AI, which aims to replicate human cognitive abilities
across various domains. Machine learning, a subset of AI, involves
algorithms that enable systems to learn and improve from data. AI
applications are diverse, ranging from virtual assistants and image
recognition to autonomous vehicles and healthcare diagnostics.

2. APPLICATIONS OF AI
1. AI in Healthcare
 In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the
healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this
industry.

 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster

diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can
inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to
the patient before hospitalization.

2. AI in Gaming
 AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic
games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of
possible places.

3. AI in Finance
 AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The
finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive

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 Module 1: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence

intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial

processes.

4. AI in Data Security
 The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your
data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2
Platform,are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a
better way.

5. AI in Social Media
 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain
billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very
efficient way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI
can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and
requirement of different users.

6. AI in Travel & Transport

 AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of
doing various travel related works such as from making travel
arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the
customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can
make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.

7. AI in Automotive Industry
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to
their user for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced
TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.

 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars

which can make your journey more safe and secure.

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 Module 1: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence

8. AI in Robotics:

 Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general

robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task,
but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can
perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.

 Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the

intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been
developed which can talk and behave like humans.

9. AI in Entertainment
 We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with
some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of
ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for
programs or shows.

10. AI in Agriculture
 Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money,
and time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and
AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture
robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture
can be very helpful for farmers.

11. AI in E-commerce
 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is
becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping
shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color,
or even brand.

12. AI in education
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.
AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.

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 Module 1: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence

 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students,

which will be accessible easily at any time and any place.

3. APPROACHES OF AI
3.1. Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach
1. This is also known as Turing Test Approach
2. Designed by Alen Turing.
3. Mimicking human behaviour to the extent that an observer cannot
distinguish between the machine and a human.
Example: Chatbots engaging in conversation in a way that seems
indistinguishable from a human.
CHATBOTS: Chatbot is a computer program that simulates and processes
human conversation (either written or spoken), allowing humans to interact
with digital devices as if they were communicating with a real person.
The Turing Test Approach
The Turning Test is of 3 Terminals, one terminal is operated by a computer
while other two terminal were operated by human.
The questioner and respondents will interact within a specific subject area
using a specific format after a present length of time, the respondent will be
asked to predict which was computer and which was one human.

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 Module 1: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence

3.2. Thinking Humanly: The Cognitive Model Approach

 Replicating internal cognitive processes of a human, including emotions,
memories, and reasoning.
 Example: Developing AI models that simulate human-like thought processes
and decision-making.
The Cognitive Model Approach
Human cognition involves real-time analysis of the real-world environment,
context, intent and many other variables that inform a person's ability to solve
problems. AI
3.3. Acting Rationally: The Rational Approach
 Applying logical reasoning and problem-solving methods, similar to how a
human think.
 The rational approach to artificial intelligence (AI) uses symbolic logic to
capture the laws of rational thought. It involves manipulating symbols
according to well-defined rules.
 The rational agent approach to AI is about making the best possible choice
in the current circumstances.
 A rational agent is an agent that acts to achieve its best performance for a
given task.
 For example, a self-driving car is rational if it can bring you safely and
comfortably where you need to go in the shortest amount of time.
3.4. Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought Approach
 The laws of thought approach to artificial intelligence (AI) is based on the
principles of formal logic and reasoning.
 It aims to develop AI systems that can reason logically and make
decisions based on a set of predefined rules.
 The laws of thought approach involves:
o Deductive reasoning: Starting with a set of premises and using
logical rules to conclude

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 Module 1: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence

o Correct inferences: Making correct inferences is sometimes part

of being a rational agent
o Logical statements: An entity must behave according to the
logical statements
 Rationally: The ability to make decisions based on logical reasoning
and optimize behaviour to achieve its goals, considering its perception
of the environment and the performance measure.

4. FOUNDATIONS OF AI:
The Artificial intelligence been raised and implemented in various fields,
henceforth the various foundations of Artificial Intelligence are represented
below:
1. Philosophy: Raises fundamental questions about consciousness, ethics,
and the nature of intelligence, influencing AI's ethical considerations and
theoretical underpinnings.
2. Mathematics: Provides the theoretical foundation for algorithms and models
used in AI, including statistics, linear algebra, calculus, and discrete
mathematics.
3. Economics: Examines the economic implications of AI, including its impact
on the job market, industries, and global economies.
4. Neuroscience: Offers insights into the functioning of the human brain,
inspiring neural network models in AI to simulate aspects of human cognition.
5. Psychology: Contributes to AI's understanding of human behavior,
cognition, and perception, influencing the development of human-centric AI
applications.
6. Computer Engineering: Essential for building hardware and software
infrastructure, enabling the practical implementation of AI systems.
7. Control Theory and Cybernetics: Provides principles for designing systems
that can regulate themselves, influencing the development of autonomous AI
systems.

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 Module 1: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence

8. Linguistics: Essential for natural language processing (NLP) in AI, helping

machines understand, interpret, and generate human language.
5. History of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by
Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial
neurons.
2. Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian
learning.

3. Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and
pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check
the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human
intelligence, called a Turing test

4. Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had
proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs
for some theorems.

5. Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American

Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first
time, AI coined as an academic field.

6. Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can

solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in
1966, which was named as ELIZA.

7. Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which
was named as WABOT-1.

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 Module 1: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence

8. The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI
winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe
shortage of funding from government for AI researches.

9. During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was

decreased.

10. Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System".
Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a
human expert.

11. In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association
of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

12. The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter
duration

13. Again, Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due
to high cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very
cost effective.

14. Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion,
Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess
champion.

15. Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a
vacuum cleaner.

16. Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies
like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

17. Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show,
where it had to solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had
proved that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky
questions quickly.

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 Module 1: Introduction of Artificial Intelligence

18. Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now",
which was able to provide information to the user as a predictionYear 2014: In
the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the infamous
"Turing test."

19. Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with
two master debaters and also performed extremely well.

20. Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual

assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on
other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.
6. Forms of Artificial Intelligence:
There are two forms of AI they are:
1. NARROW AI:
Generally known as WEAK AI An example would be any computer game
where one player is the user and the other player is the computer. What
usually happens is, the machine is fed with all the rules and regulations of
the game and the possible outcomes of the game manually. In turn, this
machine applies these data to beat whoever is playing against it. A single
particular task is carried out to mimic human intelligence.
2. STRONG AI:
Generally Known as GENERAL AI. A close example (not the perfect example)
would be the world’s first citizen robot, Sophia. She was introduced to the
world on October 11, 2017. Sophia talks like she has emotions.

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