Definition of Terms

The following terms are conceptually and operationally

defined for better understanding of the readers.

Assessment – is a systematic process of documenting and

evaluating knowledge, skills and attitudes, and beliefs,

typically through measurable means such as tests, exams, surveys,

or observations. It is used to understand and improve learning,

performance, and other outcomes in various contexts, including

education, healthcare, and business.

Attendance and Punctuality – attendance refers to the act of

being present at a place, such as work, school, or another

scheduled event. Regular attendance is often a requirement and an

indicator of reliability and commitment. Punctuality is the

quality of being on time. It involves arriving or completing the

tasks at a designated time and is considered a key aspect of

professionalism and discipline (Birt, 2023).

Behavioral – It specifies observable and measurable actions,

providing clear and objective description of behavior. This

definition is used in various fields, including psychology,

education, and behavior analysis, to ensure consistency in

understanding and measuring specific behaviors

Collaborations with colleagues – refers to the process of

working together with co-workers to achieve common goals. This

involves sharing knowledge, skills, and responsibilities to

enhance productivity and innovation within a team or organisation

(Shagrir, 2017).

Cognitive Behavior – refers to the mental processes involved

in acquiring knowledge and understanding, including thinking,

knowing, remembering, judging, and problem solving. These

processes encompass a wide range of mental activities that are

part of learning and adapting to the environment (Cherry, 2024).

Curriculum, Instruction and Assessment – Curriculum refers

to the structured set of learning experiences, content, and

materials provided by educational institutions to achieve

specific educational goals. Instruction is the process and method

by which teachers deliver to curriculum to students. It involves

teaching strategies, pedagogical techniques, and the interactions

between educators and students to facilitate learning. Assessment

is the systematic process of measuring student`s understanding,

skills, and knowledge. It includes, various methods such as

tests, quizzes, projects, and observations to evaluate and

improve learning outcomes (Meet, 2024).

Curriculum Standards – It defines the specific learning

goals and expectations for what students should know and be able

to do various stages of their education. These standards are

established by educational authorities to ensure consistency,

coherence, and quality in the educational system. They serve as

benchmarks for curriculum development, instructional practices,

and assessment methods (Mulenga, 2018).

Educational Facilities – refer to the physical spaces and

buildings where educational activities take place. These include

classrooms, laboratories, libraries, auditoriums, sports fields,

and other structures designed to support teaching and learning

(Liego, 2010, p. 25).

Emotional – relates to the feelings and effective states

that influence an individual`s thoughts and behaviors. Emotions

can include a wide range of experiences such as happiness,

sadness, anger, fear and empathy. Emotional responses are often

pivotal in personal development, interpersonal relationships, and

decision-making processes.

Employee Welfare – refers to the various programs, benefits,

and services provided by an employer to ensure the well-being and

satisfaction of their employees. This includes healthy and safety

measures, mental health support, financial benefits, work-life

balance initiatives, and over-all working conditions (Sabil et

al., 2023).

Gender Parity - refers to the state of equal representation

and opportunity of individuals for all gender. In various

contexts, such as employment, education, and politics, gender

parity aims to ensure that men and women have equal access to

opportunities, resources, and rights. Achieving gender parity

involves addressing and reducing disparities and biases that

affect gender equality (Zahidi, 2023).

Gender Responsive Basic Education – involves designing and

implementing educational programs and policies that address and

accommodate the different needs and experiences of all genders.

This approach aims to eliminate gender disparities in education

promoting equality, inclusivity, and fairness. It includes

strategies such as adapting curricula to be gender-sensitive,

providing equal opportunities for participation, and addressing

gender-based barriers to learning (UNESCO, 2022, p. 36).

Human Resource Development – is a comprehensive framework

enhancing the skills, knowledge, and abilities of employee within

an organization. HRD encompasses various practices such as

training, professional development, career planning, and

organizational development. The goal is to improve individual

performance, support career growth, and contribute to the overall

effectiveness and competitiveness of the organization (Swansons &

Holton 2009, p. 87).

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) – it refers

to the integration of Information Technology (IT) and

communication technologies used to manage and exchange

information. ICT encompasses various tools and systems, including

computers, software, networks, and telecommunications, that

facilitate the creation, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of

information (Bryant & Garnham, 2017, p. 22).

Innovative Teaching Approaches - refers to the use of

creative and effective methods to enhance the learning experience

and outcomes. This can involve, integrating new technologies,

employing active learning strategies, incorporating

interdisciplinary perspectives, and adapting teaching practices

to better engage students (Hattie, 2015, p. 95).

Innovativeness and Creativity – Innovativeness refers to

ability to develop and apply novel ideas, processes, products, or

services that brings about significant improvements or solve

problems in new ways. Creativity is the capacity to generate

original and valuable ideas or solutions. It involves thinking

divergently, exploring unconventional perspectives, and combining

existing concepts in new ways (Amabile, 1996, p. 12.).

Intervention Measures - refer to targeted actions or

strategies implemented to support students who may be

experiencing academic, behavioral, or social challenges. These

measures are designed to address specific needs and barriers that

students face in their learning journey. Intervention measures

can include personalized tutoring, additional instructional

support, behavior management techniques, counselling services, or

specialized educational programs (Kirkpatrick & Kirkpatrick,

2016, p. 89).
 Learning Delivery - refers to the methods, strategies, and

techniques used to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and

skills from educators to students. It involves selecting

appropriate instructional materials, incorporating interactive

and student-centered activities, utilizing technology, and

adapting teaching approaches to accommodate diverse learning

styles and needs (Garrison & Anderson, 2003, p. 47).

Learning Development – refers to the process of enhancing an

individual's or group's ability to acquire, apply, and integrate

new knowledge and skills. It involves designing and implementing

educational strategies and resources that support continuous

learning and improvement (Biggs & Tang, 2011, p. 55).

Learning Environment - refers to the physical, social,

emotional, and cultural context in which learning takes place

within the school setting. It includes the classroom layout,

resources, and materials used for instruction, as well as the

interactions between teachers, students, and peers (Moos &

Trickett, 1974, p. 10).

Learning Resources - refer to the materials, tools, and

sources of information used to facilitate teaching and learning

activities in the classroom. These resources can include

textbooks, workbooks, educational videos, digital platforms,

manipulatives (like math blocks or science kits), and online

databases, among others (Berk, 2009, p.3).

 Learners Development - refers to the growth and progression

of individual`s cognitive, emotional, social, and physical

capacities through educational experiences. This development

encompasses acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes as

learners interact with their environment, engage in various

learning activities, and undergo personal and academic growth

(Flavell, 1999, p. 75).

Learners Support - refers to the various forms of assistance

and resources provided to students to enhance their learning

experience and ensure their success. This support can include

academic help, such as tutoring and remedial classes; emotional

and psychological support, such as counselling and mentoring;

social support, such as peer programs and extracurricular

activities; and physical support, such as health services and

nutritional programs (Tinto, 2017, p. 43)

Planning - refers to the systematic process of designing and

organizing instructional activities, resources, and assessments

to achieve specific educational goals. This involves creating

detailed lesson plans, developing curriculum maps, setting

learning objectives, and preparing teaching materials (Mintzberg,

1994, P.87).

Planning and Field Operations – Planning involves the

process of setting objectives, determining strategies, and

outlining the necessary steps to achieve specific goals. It

includes identifying resources, timelines, and potential

challenges to create a structured approach for achieving desired

outcomes. Field Operations refer to the implementation and

management of plans and activities in real-world settings. This

involves executing planned strategies, managing resources, and

addressing issues that arise during the operational phase

(Harrison & John, 2013, p. 92).

Policies, Programs, Projects, Activities (PPAs) - refer to

the structured and organized initiatives designed to achieve

specific educational goals and improve the overall learning

environment. These initiatives are aimed at enhancing the quality

of education, supporting student development, and fostering a

well-rounded educational experience (Schwab, 2016, p. 108).

Public affairs, Finance and Administration – these have

specific roles and functions within the educational system:

Public affairs involve managing communication and relationships

between the school and its various stakeholders, including

students, parents, the community, government agencies, and the

media. Finance deals with the management of the school’s

financial resources to ensure the effective and efficient use of

funds for educational purposes and Administration refers to the

organization and coordination of school operations to ensure

smooth and effective functioning. Together, these areas support

the educational mission by fostering a positive public image,

ensuring financial stability and accountability, and providing

effective organizational management (Pugh & Hickson, 2007 p. 67).

School Health - refers to the policies, programs, and

practices implemented within educational institutions to promote

and maintain physical, mental, and emotional well-being of

students. This encompasses a range of service and activities,

including health education, medical care, nutrition programs,

mental health support, and emergency preparedness (Lee &

Burgerson, 2006, p. 239)

Social – it pertains to interactions, relationships, and

structures within a group or society. It encompasses aspects

related to how individuals and groups connect, communicate, and

collaborate with each other. This includes social behaviors,

cultural norms, and social institutions that influence and shape

human experiences and interactions (Giddens, 2006, p. 18).

Teachers’ Engagement – refers to the level of commitment,

enthusiasm, and active participation that educators demonstrate

their roles. It encompasses their involvement in teaching,

collaboration with colleagues, professional development, and

contributions to the school community. Engaged teachers are

motivated, invest in their students` success, and continuously

seek ways to improve their practice (Hargreaves & Fullan, 2012,

p. 50).