20 Topic, Conclusion, & Transition Sentences In the previous chepter, we reviewed transition words such as furthermore and however and how they're used to explicitly conned ideas. ‘Transitions, however, can be more than just one or two words—they can be entire sentences that guide the reader from one thought to another. The more complex ideas get and the more subtle the relationships between them become, the longer the transitions will tend to be. Take a look atthe following, paragraphs: By the time Heart of Darkness was published in 1902, a movement wae alreacy underway to expose the large-scale theft and murder occurring in the Congo. Dozens ‘of missionaries had begun sending reports, including photographs, to bear witness 0 the viclence. William Sheppard, an African-American Presbyterian, was one of these missionaries. He sent out shocking testimony of lands seized by force, of people living under a reign of terror, and of soldiers cutting off the hands of women ard children. ‘Aa Englishman named E.D. Morel gathered the many reports and photographs and published them. He gathered crowds to listen to eyewitness accounts of colonial atrocities. He lobbied the British Parliament to denounce the Belgian king’s horrifying, practices. This became the first modem humanitarian movement, and it successfully ‘exposed the horrendous violence in the Congo. Historians estimate, however, that, by that time, between 10 million and 20 million Congolese people had lost their lives. ‘Take note of the bolded sentence. This sentence serves as a transition between the two paragraphs, but how do we know? A good transition sentence references key terms or ideas preceding it and key terms or ideas following it. It brings together what comes before with what comes after. In this case, the transition brings up not only E.D. More, who is the primary focus of the second paragraph butalso the many reports end photographs that were the focus of the first paragraph. ‘When you're asked to choose the best transition between two paragraphs or even between two sentences within the same paragraph, always read above and below where the transition will be. Thebest transition will be the one thet brings together the main elements on cither side, leading from the previous topic to the next, 23A few more examples: L Lambert confirmed that we as humans have a finite amount of mental energy and attention. Tough decision making, such as that used when following a diet, saps us of cur ability to exercise the same discipline later on. Based on this research, Lambert designed a diet that minimizes the need for disciplineand protects against regression. Her program has been used by everyone from celebrities to world-class athletes who vouch for its effectiveness. ‘The bolded sentence is an amazing transition between two topics in the same paragraph. The ovening phrase Based on this research refers back to the statements on mental energy. In particular, the word this makes that reference explicit. The diet that Lambert designed leads into the focus of the next sentence: the program. In shori, this transition guides us from the research she did to the diet program she developed. A professor at Harvard and an advocate of huknan rights, Dr. Joseph remains skeptical of charities that donate haphazardly to impoverished African communities, and his position has gained traction among other scholars. Many economists believe that these donations disrupt the local economy and potentially jeopardize businesses that would have to compete against the items being donated. The bolded phraseis a transition that guides us from Dr. Joseph to other economists, explicitly lying out what the relationship is between them. Now here's an important concept: topic and conclusion sentences are just specific types of transition sen- tences. The job of a topic sentence is to introduce a paragraph, guiding you from the previous one if necessary. The job of a conclusion sentence is to wrap up a paragraph, guiding you to the next one if necessary. These are transition sentences! The example on the first page of this chapter was a topic sentence. ‘There is, however,a slight nuance. Though they are just transition sentences, topic and conclusion sentences are typically more general and less specific than sentences in the middle of a paragraph. That's because 2 topic sentence usually tries to capture the entire scope of the paragraph it leads into, and a conchision sentence ‘encompasses the paragraph that led to it. Note the topic sentence of the paragraph you're reading right now. It’s pretty general and even a bit mysterious, isn’t it? That’s what a topic sentence does. It coesn’t tell you everything—it jus: leads into it. 124‘The following two examples will show topic and conclusion sentences in action: 3. Zero population growth was an idea espoused by Dr. Ehrlich at Stanford in the 60's. His argument was that the Earth’s resources would soon be exhausted and that everyore would suffer unless measures were taken to slow the rats of population growth. By the 70's, the idea had become mainstream. Everyone knew what 2e10 Population growth meant and its implications, People even took to the streets lo raise awareness of the impending doom. Despite the movements popularity, tke predicted apocalypse never happened. The world today manages to support over 7 billion people and countins, ‘Through ingenuity and innovation, the human race has developed such improved agricultural practices that increasingly more can be maintained with increasingly less, ‘Technclogical developments such as the internet have allowed humans to be more ef- ficientin both production and distribution. The first paragraph talks about the rise of the zero population growth idea whereas the second paragraph talks about the world today. Notice how the bolded sentence serves not only asa conclusion sentence that resolves the first paragraph but also as a transition between the two paragraphs, bridging them together, If you took this sentence out, :he shift in topic between the paragraphs would be jarring and confusing ‘or the reader, who would wonder why the writer is suddenly talking about the world supporting 7 billion people rightafter talking about protests in the streets, 4 ‘Computer science is more than just working with computers. it involves com- putational thinking and algorithms, step-by-step solutions to complex problems. Far ‘example, calculating the shortest way from one location to another like a GPS would requires an algorithm. The subject requires patience and extreme attention to detzil, especially when it comes to tracking down bugs and cleaning up code. From an early age, I knew I wanted to study computer science and so all of my college planning revolved around it. [asked my math and science teachers to wr te me recommendations for all the top universities that offered this major. My college ‘essays focused on the applications that I had built and the fun I had on the robotics team. I talked extensively about my passion for problem solving in my interviews. Now Ijust have to wait for decisions to rol in. The bolded senterce serves as a transition between what computer science is and the author's personal expe- rrience with college planning. Note that this sentence is also a great topic sentence. I's broad and leads dizectly into the more specific details in the rest of the second paragraph, Hopefully by now, you're really seeing how these transitions vork. Bad transitions will either miss the connection altogether or fail to relate both sides in a logical way. Tip When you're asked to insert the best transition between two sentences, look for words such as this, that, and these. These reference words must point to other nouns that exist in the surzouding context, which means the transition sentence itself may need to include them. In the last example, the second sentence of the second paragraph contains tHe words this major. But what is this riajor? Notice that the bolded transition defines what this major is—computer science. Because it supplies that definition, this is the transition you would pick as the answer if this were a question on the SAT, 105Now onthe SAT. you'll know you're being tested on transition sentences when you see questions Lke this: « The writer wants to link the first paragraph with the ideas that follow. Which choice best accomplishes this goal? ‘¢ Which choice vest connects the sentence with the previous paragraph? ‘© Which choice provides the most appropriate introduction to the passage? '* Which choice provides the most logical introduction to the sentence? = Which choise most effectively sets up the information that follows? ‘© Which choicemost effectively concludes the sentence and paragraph? ‘* Which choicemost smoothly and effectively introduces the writer's discussion of... in this paragraph? * Which choicemost effectively sets up the paragraph? Your job boils down to choosing the best transition sentence. In answering these questions, there are a few additional things te watch out for. We'll point them out with this last example. 5. Research has found that expressions of intense enjoyment are most likely the 1e- sult of finding the solution to a difficult problem. The Greek mathematician and sc- centist Archimedes is said to have jumped from his bath and run through the strects naked shouting “Eureka!” after his insight into how to measure the volume of 0b- jects by submerging them in water. Understanding insight is important because it hhas led to some of humanity's most important scientific advances. While the modem. scientific study of insight has existed since the 1950s, only in the last decade have the powerful tools of cognitive neuroscience been applied to the problem, Tools suchas the electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are being used to unravel the neural mechanisms that underlie creative insights. Which choice provides the best introduction to the paragraph? A) NO CHANGE 'B) Many of the scientific insights made by the Greeks were later expanded upon by the Romens. C) Cognitive neuroscience is the field of study concemed with the brain's mertal processes and how they help humans solve problems. D) Insight is that “a-ha!” moment when we get a joke, recognize a hidden pattern, or sclve a problem. Let's go through the answer choices one by one. Answer A might seem correct because the Axchimedes story supports the research, but if we read the whole paragraph, we'll find that the main idea is the study of insight, NOT the enjoyment we get from solving difficult problems. Since Answer A steers the paragraph down the ‘wrong path, it makes for a poor introduction. Even though Answer B mentions insights, this answer can be discarded because the paragraph has nothing to do with the Romans (an irrelevant keyword that allows for easy elimination) Answer C might look correct since it introduces cognitive neuroscience, a keyword mentioned later in the paragraph, but it’s actually wrong because cognitive neuroscience is not the focus of the paragraph. Furthermore, Answer C doesn’t lead smoothly into the next sentence about Archimedes. The correct answer is ‘Answer D, whick defines what insight is. The sentence about Archimedes then serves as an illustration of this definition. 126Let's summarize the takeaways: « For questions that require you to understand /capture the main idea of a paragraph, read the entire paragraph, not just the next sentence. # Discard answer choices with irrelevant keywords. * Don't base your answer on keywords mentioned elsewhere in the paragraph if they aren't the focus. * Always make sure that your answer meshes well with the next/previous sentence Exercise 1: Choose the best transition. Answers for this chapter start on page 234 1. It’s well known that cell phone usage correlates with a higher chance of vehicle accidents. No matter hhow safely people drive, there will always be accidents, Teenagers have the highest level of risk because they're the newest to driving. They're also the ones who tend to text the most. Older drivers, however, are generally more responsible and have the patience to wait. A) NOCHANGE B) Notall age groups, however, have the same level of risk. C) For that reason, many states require seat belt use by law. D) Road signs that encourage drivers to put their phones away are marginally effective at best. 2, Since I was a child, I've wanted to see the treasures that were supposedly hidden behind the stone wal. My friends would always say that they'd one day start the journey over the wall, but they never found the courage. Despite these failed attempts, [ was determined to find a way in. A) NOCHANGE B) It’s rumored that dragons lay in wait, guarding all the riches beyond imagination. C) Local tribesmen gossiped daily of the different ways they would try to get through. D) Many men had lost their lives trying to scale it and a half-finished underground tunnel had been given up on years ago. 3. Jacobsen LLC. is a cupcake company that does about a million dollars every year, but the bulk of the revenue doesn’t come from the cupcakes that are sold in the stores. Much of the money actualy c from corporate accounts that make sizeable orders for their premier events. A) NOCHANGE B) customers aren't aware of its finances. C) management intends to triple that number in the coming few years. D) most orders aren’t for the signature cupcake that it promotes 4 Of all the Indian tribes, the Wampagees designed the most elaborate masks, but their purpose is still unknown. Perhaps the Wampagees created the masks for their ritual dances, which were performed every month for good luck. As one of the smaller tribes, they had to repeatedly stave off invaders that wanted to claim their land. In order to survive, the Wampagees must have sought ways to deal with ‘enemies other than direct combat. A) NOCHANGE B} Members of the tribe were extremely superstitious, ©) Some speculate that the masks were worn in times of war to intimidate competing tribes. 1D) They could've been used solely as decorative items, a form of art ‘o line the walls of their huts. Ww5, The busiest sesson for our travel agency is spring, cherry blossom season in Japan. During this time, visitors line upoutside our doors for the discounts that we offer. Some are headed solely for the temples ‘while others are interested in the local sushijoin's and the fascinating shopping malls. A) NO CHANGE B) the trees in the public parks are in full bloom. ©) many of thehotels are fully booked. 1D) we arrange plans for hundreds of tourists eager to explore the sites. 6. There were some days when I loved taking public transportation, and other days when I didn’t. On a good day, I would sit back and enjoy the coffee sold at the comer store. Today being a good day, 1 watched an old Vietnamese woman with a cluster of plastic shopping bags gripped tightly in her hand like a cloud of tiny white bubbles. Next to her was the lonely businessman staring longingly across the aisle at the becutiful Mexican girl in the tight jeans standing with her back to him. A) NO CHANGE 8B) study the other passengers. ©) listen to the music stored on my phone. D) read the paper for most of the comunute, 7. The decline in Pennetta’s form, however, is not without its causes, Two years ago, the Falian was in- volved in a bike accident that left her arm with a severe injury. Doctors said that a full recovery was possible, Durng the long break, the tennis star kept up a light practice routine and proclaimed that she ‘would come back to the sport stronger than ever. A) NOCHANGE B) She didr’t play any tournaments for the rest of the year. ) She used the most advanced treatments of physiotherapy to nurse itback to health, D) Tt crossed her mind a few times after the injury that she may never play professionally again. 8. Serena Williams has come a long way since her childhood days in Califomia. Tournament after tour- nament, yeat after year, she continues to prove her dominance over the sport of tennis, Although she ‘cannot equal Maria Sharapova’s endorsements, she maintains a crushing 17-2 head-to-head record over the number two Russian. In fact, no other female athlete in any other sport can rival Serena’s winnings. A) NO CHANGE B) she finds the time for projects outside of tennis, such as designing fashionable athletic clothing. ) her career prize money exceeds 56 million dollars, almost double that of Sharapova. D) her matches command the highest TV ratings, her popularity among American tenn.s fans being at anall tine high. 9, Many students pursuing their doctorate degrees are disheartened by the amount of research professors have to do tb maintain their positions, but research is much more than poring over books and writing articles. As a biology professor, I conduct interviews with experis, collect samples from the ocean, and perform experiments in the lab. A) NOCEANGE B) the compensation and career stability make it worthwhile. C) the universities are unwilling to change their requirements. D) it shouldn’tbe thought of asa burden. 12810. My doctor has told me that I need to go on a strict diet, no unnecessary snacks and definitely no junk food. Iknow that controlling calorie intake is important when trying to lose weight. Just last night, even after [had finshed my dinner, I drove to the grocery store and wolfed down an entire chessecake in the parking lot A) NOCHANGE B) Lalso exercise daily to improve my health. ©) I forced myself to throw away all the chips and candy from the kitchen cabinet. D) Itry to heed his advice, but it’s difficult. 11. Boston has became the central hub for food, tourism, and entertainment in New England. New businesses ard restaurants are popping up all over the place and its sports teams pack the stadiums every week. ‘The reasons for Boston's growrh can be traced back to excellent state policy decisions decade ago. Old brownstones, once aifordabie to even those on government welfare, are being listed for thousands of dollars. Many people who prefer single studios now have no choice but to find roommates to soften the cost of living. A) NOCHANGE B) Despite the city’s modem appeal, Boston's cultural and historical significance cannotbe ignored. C) Rents for apartments have been on the rise due to the booming economy. D) Boston also has a large variety of housing options. 12, A major component of a pilot's fight training is preparing for emergency situations. However, it is not ‘Practical to rehearse all the scenarios that might occur, Often, a candidate demonstrates excellent fying, skills, but loses composure when under pressure, A} NO CHANGE, B) It is vital that all cabin crew know basic first aid in the event that a passenger becomes ill. C) All important flight instruments, such as the course deviation indicaior, must be regularly moni- tored by the co-pilot. D) Therefore, assessors will look for candidates who can adjust calmly to unexpected events. 13, The Great Pyramid of Giza is best enjoyed by taking the desert approach on camelback or on foot. Not only does it offer a better view of the monuments, but it also costs much less. On busy days, there are so ‘many visitors that it’s impossible to reach the main entrance by the city route. A) NO CHANGE B) avoids most of the tourist traific. C) provides a local experience. D) passes by the Giza plateau, which is home to many fascinating desert animals. 14, The last few years have seen an abundance of new microbial species being discovered. While many discoveries occur in the comfortable surroundings of university research laboratories, sill many more are made out in the field. Scientists have developed special vessels to withstand the extreme pressures found at these depths. A) NO CHANGE B) in jungles and lakes. ©) onthe planet's surface. D) on the deep ocean floor 12916. Sherlock Holmes would sometimes use a loose network of casual spies called the “Baker Street Iregu- jars.” These were young boys who provided intelligence to Holmes on an ad hoc basis. After all, even a detective as great as Sherlock Holmes needs help sometimes. But in the event that the amateur sleuths provided a clue of some special importance, they might just find themselves in receipt of a full dollar! A) NO CHANGE B) His assistant Watson, however, was the primary companion on most of his cases. C) Their reward for such services was 25 cents a day. D) It woulda’tbe until the final novel that they would play a crucial role in the mystery. Exercise 2: Answers for this chapter start on page 234. 1, The body hasmany defenses. Without the conscious brain knowing, several internal mechanisms come into play: T cells raise the alarm, B cells produce antibodies to stop the virus from replicating, and other white blood cells destroy contaminated cells directly. Which choice most effectively sets up the examples given at the end of the sentence? A) NOCHANGE B) When human beings become unhealthy, C) Appartol the immune system, D) At the start of an infection, 2, Though it desends on the school, most students do not buy all the textbooks they need. However, it is not always necessary to purchase a book at full price. Used books are often availatle online at a fraction of their original cost. Similarly, renting textbooks, which allows for semester-long, access to relevant infouration, is becoming much more common. Another option is textbook buyback, in which the university buys the textbook back from the student at the end of the semester. There simply isn’t an. ‘excuse for students to fall behind in class because they can’t get their hands on the required textbooks. Which choice provides the most appropriate introduction to the paragraph? A) NOCHANGE, B) Becausethey can’t afford it, C) Despite some professors’ requirements, D) Regardless of their major, . Philosophy is not the same all over the world, Many regard it as the stady of knowledge, reality, and existence. In the East, philosophy tends to be more based in the self-realization of spirituality, whereas in the West, phiosophy uses a more scientific and logical approach to continually rediscover and rededicate ‘oneself to a higher purpose. Buddhists, for example, focus on meditation and attaining a state of enlight- ‘enment. Greek philosophers Socrates and Aristotle, on the other hand, studied logic, debate, ethics, and rationality, Which choice most effectively sets up the information that follows? A) NO CHANGE, B) They all eventually converge toa shared vision, though, C) Easter philosophy and Western philosophy are particularly distinct. D) It is nota hard science and, therefore, is nota valuable system of thought.4, The history of Zydeco music begins with the arrival of the French settlers in Louisiana in the late 1600s. Several instruments make up its characteristic sound, but there is one instrament that is unique to the genre: the vest frottoir, a percussion instrument modeled off of a laundry washboard ard worn over the shoulders, extending down the chest. Itis usually made of stainless steel and is typically played by stroking spoons down its accordion-style ridges, Which choice srovides the most logical introduction to the sentence? A) NO CHANGE B) Many local musicians drew inspiration from its fast tempo, ©) Due to its popularity, it quickly spread to other regions in the South, D) They reserved it for house dances and social gatherings, Studio Fitnessis a small local gym owned by Carolina Teoh. Even when they've switched ty other gyms, many clients still seek out Carolina for her fitness and nutrition services, which are time-consuming for her to camry oxt. By referring new members to her employees, she hopes that by the fifth year, she can ‘move away from customer-facing activities and focus on growing the business. She plans to expand the existing gym and open up new ones in neighboring towns. ‘Which choice provides the most logical introduction to the sentence and the rest of the paragraph? A) NOCHANGE B) Because 1er competition isn't as knowledgeable as she is, ©) Although she now has her training staff running most of the sessions, D) Depite the many workout options available, 6, Mrs. Beriaroch’s amnesia has lead to an almost complete inability to recall the past. It first set in when. she was 60 years old and gradually erased her memories to the point where she hardly knew her own. self. Since then, over 20 years have gone by and she is still surprised every morning by the face staring, back at her in the mirror. She has a few wrinkles but has aged well. Which choice most effectively concludes the paragraph? A) NOCHANGE B) It’s like bumping into the same stranger a thousand times. ) In most zases, amnesia is temporary but Mrs. Benaroch’s was particularly acute, D) She would then brush her teeth and wash her hair. 7. Online piracy is a serious problem. Statistics show that it leads fo an estimated loss of $12.5 billion in music indust:y sales and 71,000 lost jobs per year in the U.S. Despite more important problems in society, various organizations have staged protests warning citizens of the harm done by allowing intellectual property to be downloaded for free. They have also distributed flyers explaining the injustices of depriv- ing many artsts of their ability to eam a living. Which choice provides the most logical introduction to the sentence? A) NO CHANGE B) To recoup their losses, C) To conduct further research, D) Tocaiseawareness of the issue, 1318, It’s amisconception that joining the raw food movement would impose die‘ary limitations that are im- possible to ment. There are several reasons a raw food diet is more flexible than most people think. Some eat only raw vegan; others eat only raw meat. Then there are raw vegetarians who eat deiry products, but they require that no cheese or milk be pasteurized. There are also those who will sot zat any meat, but will eat sashimi, Everyday, there seemsto be a new raw diet being discussed on Internet food forums, ‘Which choice most effectively sets up the examples that follow? A) NO CHANGE B) Though it avoids the pain of cooking, eating raw food is riskier. C) Thore are twa major raw food websites that provide recipes and guidelines. D) There is so much variety among raw food diets that it’s hard to keep track, 9, ‘Television used to provide endless hours of wholesome distraction for our kids. Well, a lot has changed since the days when the most aggression one would see on TV was Fred and Ethel Mertz squabbling on T Love Lucy, The popularity of serial killer thrillers and reality TV dramas exemplifies the brutality and senselessnessthat have become ubiquitous. Nowadays, there are few shows parents can feel comfortable letting their caildren watch. Itseems that even after-school cartcors include distracting grephics and un- realistic storylines. ‘Which choice most effectively concludes the sentence and paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) excessive violence and inappropriate humor, C) complicated plot twists and confusing dialogue. D) frightening settings and disturbing characters 10. Though hypnosis is often dismissed as a playful trick used by magicians, it can actually increase a pax tient’s focus and alleviate a wide range of mental issues when used in a serious manner, For example, many people have successfully cured their phobias through hypnosis, whether it be a fear of flying or @ fear of water. Others have used it to recover suppressed memories or alter destructive habits such as overeating and smoking, It can instill motivation in athletes and put insomniacs to sleep. While the science behind it remains dubious, there is no question that some people have had dramatic results ‘Hypnosis, if performed by a competent practitioner, has the potential to reshape the mind to create new Tesponses, feelings, behaviors, and thoughts. ‘The writer wants a concluding sentence that restates the main argumentof the paragraph. Which choice best accompiishes that goal? A) NO CHANGE B) The degree to which anyone can be hypnotized depends on many factors. ©) Despite what many think, those who have been hypnotized do not lose control over their behavior 1D) Some doctors now recommend hypnosis as an alternative to expensive drugs and medication. 11, Sumo wrestling started in Japan during the 1600s as a form of entertainment. Many years of highly regimented -raining are endured for the chance to gain fame and fortune atsix Grand Sumo tournaments held each year. Winners can expect adulation and praise, not to mention the right to wear elaborate topknots and silk robes in recognition of their higher ranking. Japanese spectators flock to the arenas whenever these high-profile wrestlers are scheduled for a match, Which choice most smoothly and effectively introduces the writer’s discussion of sumo wrestlers in this paragraph? A) NO CHANCE B) To become a master sumo wrestler is to be admired in Japanese society. ©) Because of its popularity, very few fans will acknowledge the dangers of sumo wrestling. D) Sumo mnatches consist of just one round and typically last only a few seconds. 13212, Many students today are in financial trouble. More and more law school graduates are finding it difficult to land the high-paying positions they had envisioned when submitting their applications. Many have tured to mic-level paralegal positions at smaller firms or have left law altogether for otker fields such as information technology, finance, and management. Those fortunate to find employment still have to contend with the crushing, burden of student loans, “I thought I'd be driving a Lexus by now,” one attomey said, “Instead I’m borrowing my friend’s Camry.” Which choice most effectively sets up the paragraph? A) NOCHANGE B) Despite declining enrollment, law schools continue to raise their tuition. C) Law schools are revising their courses to better prepare students for the workforce, D) The promise of a law degree has eroded in recent years. 13, Student loan debts—the total having reached an outstanding $1.2 trillion in 2015—are on the rise in the US. Trying tc take out a mortgage forhome repairs or to get anew auto loan is proving harder with hefty Student loan debt overshadowing the credit of paren's who have co-signed for their child's education. ‘There are options, however, to relieve parents of this burden. For example, the child could eventually take advantage of a co-signer release program to remove the parent irom the obligation. Which choice provides the most appropriate introduction to the paragraph? A) NO CHANGE B) are having a negative effect on the home improvement and auto industries. ) are taking a heavy toll on parents. D) are making it impossible for the new generation to live debt-free. 14. The H’mongpeopleare an ethnic group in the mountainous region of Southeast Asia. After China, north Vietnam has the next highest population, with over one million people in the Black H'mong and Flower Hmong tribes, whohave adopted decorative jewelry distinctto their respective tribes. TheBlack H'mong use the indigo they grow to dye their clothes a deep-blue, almost black, while the Flower H’mong's are much more colorful Which choice most effectively sets up the information that follows? A) NO CHANGE B) the most abvious distinction between the two being their traditional wardrobes ©) who reside in completely different geographical locations. D) who both subsist largely on their crop harvests. 15. The past two decades have seen the birth of an amazing professional phenomenon called the virtual assistant, which is revolutionizing the way that business can be conducted for both the assistant and the client. Highly educated, self motivated people of diverse talents have been looking for ways to work from the confort of their own homes for ages, and now itis finally a possibility. In fact, documents can ‘be written, graphics can be designed, and prototypes can be built without ever having to meet in person. In addition, there are agencies that put prospective workers through a thorough recruitment process so that quality and efficiency can be assured. Nothing, however, can replace the speed and productivity of petson meetings, Which choice most clearly ends the passage with a restatement of the writer’s primary claim? A) NO CEANGE B) The digital workplage is quickly becoming a trustworthy and viable option that is beneficial to everyone, ©) Many businesses hire virtual assistants in third world countries, where wages are lower. D) Confidentiality and secutity are ongoing issues in this age of online business 133