TOPI

CNO.
1
Sal
ayCommuni
ty
Col
lege
Pobl
aci
on,
Sal
ay,
Misami
sOr
ient
al

Gener
alEducat
ionDepar
tment
GE3:Readi
ngsi
nPhi
li
ppi
neHi
stor
y
1stSemest
erofA.
Y.2023-
2024

I
ntr
oduct
ion

I
nthismodul eyouar egoingtodef inediff
erentfacet
sofPhili
ppi
nehistorythr
oughthelensof
COURSEMODULE

var
yingper spect
[Link] l
lalsointroduceyout ohist
oryasadisci
plineandasanar r
ati
ve.
Thi
spr esentsthedef i
nit
ionswhi chtranscendsthecommon–hi st
oryast hestudyofthepast.
Thedistincti
onbetweent hepr i
mar yandsecondar ysourcesi
salsobeingdiscussedinrel
ati
on
tot
hehi stori
calsubjectbeingstudied.

Rat
ional
e

Def
inet
her
elev
anceofhi
stor
y&di
sti
nct
ionsofi
tssour
ces

I
ntendedLear
ningOut
comes

[Link]
inetheimportanceofhi
storyandhist
oriogr
aphy.
[Link]
ndthevalueont hedi
ff
erentsourcesoffactsandthev ar
yingcri
ti
cism
C.I
denti
fysourcesbasedontheircr
edibi
li
ty,
authenti
cit
y,andprovenance.

Lev
elofLear
ning

Remember
ing:
Redef
ini
ngPhi
li
ppi
neHi
stor
y.

1
 TOPI
CNO.
1

Di
scussi
on

Readi
ngsi
nPhi
li
ppi
neHi
stor
y(GEC2)
COURSEMODULE

bl
ogspot
.com

“
Hist
ory
”- comesf r
om aGreekwor d“hist
oria”meansknowl edge
- Accountofthepastofapersonthroughwritt
endocument s
- I
mpor t
antacademicdisci
pli
ne
- Tools(writ
tendocument,oralt
radit
ion,
artef
acts,archi
tect
ure,memor
y)
- Aidwithot
herdisci
pli
nes([Link],Anthr
opology&Li ngui
sti
cs)

Old/tradi
ti
onalunder
standi
ng:
Studyofthepast/achronol
ogi
cal
recor
dofsi
gni
fi
cantev
ent
sof
teni
ncl
udi
nganexpl
anat
ionof
thei
rcauses.

Hi
“ st
ori
ography”–Hist
oryofhi
story(pr
ovidestheunder
standi
ngofthefact
s)
Underst
andi
ngNational
i
sm basedonpr i
marydocument
Writ
tenbymenclosetotheeventstheydescr
ibeoft
enbyeyewit
ness
fr
equentl
ybyacti
vepart
ici
pati
on(thosewhomadeorsawi tmade)

USESOFHI STORY
[Link]
[Link]
mizeRegime
[Link] denti
ty
[Link] hepresent
[Link]
om thepast
F.I
nspirati
ont omov ef
orward

Di
scour
seofHi
stor
y(Fal
secl
aims):

I. Hi
stor
yrequi
resanempiri
calandobser
vabl
eevidence(ent
ail
sobject
ivemeans)
I
I. Hi
stor
yhighl
i
ghtsident
it
ynotthemethods(Reacti
ontoColoni
ali
sm )

2
 TOPI
CNO.
1
I
II
. Hi
stor
yisalwayswrit
tenfortheVictor
s([Link])
I
V. Hi
stor
yisinf
luencedbyhistor
ians(subjecti
vi
ty)
V. Hi
stor
ical
factscannotspeakforthemselves(hi
stor
ical
methodol
ogy)

Under
standingHist
ory:
[Link] hodsinst
udy i
nghi st
ory
[Link] hodsofascertai
ningthefact
s
[Link] r
oll
edimaginati
on
[Link]
udy

Di
mensi
onsofHistor
y:
1)Methods(Scientif
ic)–foll
owRules&Sy st
emat i
cstudy
2)Exposi
ti
on&Nar rati
ve(Art)–Imaginat
ion,l
iter
arytast
e,cr
it
ical
standar
d
3)Int
erpr
etat
ionofLife(Phi
losophy)–Insi
ghtsandJudgement s

“Hi
stori
calResear
ch”–Cri
ti
cal
engagementwi
tht
her
ecor
dsoft
hepastt
hatcanpr
oduceusef
ul
knowledgeaboutt
hatr
ecor
dofevents.
COURSEMODULE

Resear
chershoul
dbe:
Rigorousreader(knowstheli
mit)
CraftSkil
ls(Arti
sti
caspect)
Awar eness(knowshowt hei
rownexper
ienceaf
fect
sthei
nter
pret
ati
onof
thepast)

Hist
oricalSources
Dist
incti
onofPr i
mar y&Secondar
ySources
(LouisMor eauGottschal
k,Uni
ver
sit
yofChicago)

1)Pr
imar
ySour
ces

Caledas“ORI
l GINALSOURCE”
Producedatt hesamet imeast heev ent,period,orsubj
ectbeingstudied.
I sanar
ti t
ifact,document,diar
y,manuscr ipt,autobi
ography,
recordingoranyother
sourceofinformat i
onthatwascr eatedatt het i
meunderstudy .
Fir
sthandaccount sofat opi
c
Rawmat erials(documentorar ti
factclosest)
[Link]
vesandmanuscr i
ptmaterials,
phot ographs,audi
orecordingandv i
deos

 Whati
sapr
imar
ysour
ce?
Pri
marysourceswereeit
hercreatedduri
ngthetimeper
iodbeingstudi
edorwer ecreatedatal at
er
dat
ebyapar t
ici
pantintheevent sbei
ngstudi
ed( asi
nt hecaseofmemoi r
s).Theyr ef
lectthe
i
ndivi
dualv
iewpointofapart
icipantorobser
ver
.Pr i
marysourcesenabletheresearchertogetas
cl
oseaspossibletowhatact
uallyhappeneddur
inganhi
stori
caleventort
imeperiod

Mor eover,sourcesaret hehistori

caldocument susedbyhi st
ori
ansasev [Link]
primarysour cesincl
udedi ari
es,personaljour
nals,gov
ernmentrecor
ds,courtrecords,pr
oper
ty
records,newspaperarti
cles,mil
it
aryreport
s,mil
it
aryrost
ers,
andmanyot hert
hings.

Thus,det
ermi
ningwhet
herani
tem maybeconsi
der
edt
obeapr
imar
ysour
cei
stoaskhowsoon

3
 TOPI
CNO.
1
af
tert
heev
entwast
hei
nfor
mat
ionr
ecor
ded.

 Pr
imar
ysour
ces

Exampl
esofpr
imar
yresour
cesi
ncl
ude:

di
ari
es,
cor
respondence,
shi
ps'
logs

or
igi
nal
document
se.
[Link]
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
es,
tri
alt
ranscr
ipt
s

bi
ogr
aphi
es,
aut
obi
ogr
aphi
es,
manuscr
ipt
s

i
nter
views,
speeches,
oral
hist
ori
es

casel
aw,
legi
slat
ion,
regul
ati
ons,
const
it
uti
ons

gov
ernmentdocument
s,st
ati
sti
cal
dat
a,r
esear
chr
epor
ts
COURSEMODULE

aj
our
nal
art
icl
erepor
ti
ngNEW r
esear
chorf
indi
ngs

cr
eat
ivear
twor
ks,
li
ter
atur
e

newspaperadv
ert
isement
sandr
epor
tageandedi
tor
ial
/opi
nionpi
eces

Pr
imar
ysour
cescanbef
oundusi
ng:

Li
brar
ycol
l
ect
ion

Pr
imar
ysour
cesf
orhi
stor
ysubj
ectgui
de

2)Secondar
ySour
ces

I
nformati
oncreatedbysomeonewhodi dnotexper i
encefi
rst-
handorparti
cipat
ein
theevent
Producedoutofmanypr i
mar ysources(histor
icalsour
ces)
Descri
be,di
scuss,interpr
et,comment ,evaluat
e,summar i
ze
Processpri
mar yinformation
Producedaft
erthef act(notevidencebutusual lycomment s&discussi
ons)

 Whati
sasecondar
ysour
ce?
Asecondarysourceisanythi
ngthatdescri
bes,
interpret
s,evaluat
es,oranal
yzesinfor
mat i
onfrom
pri
marysources.I
tisthetypi
cal
histor
ybookwhi chmaydi scussaperson,eventorotherhi
stori
cal
topi
[Link] ysour
ceusespr i
marysour cesasev i
[Link] esincl
ude:

4
 TOPI
CNO.
1

 Books,
art
icl
esanddocument
ari
est
hatsy
nthesi
zei
nfor
mat
iononat
opi
c

 Sy
nopsesanddescr
ipt
ionsofar
ti
sti
cwor
ks

 Encycl
opedi
asandt
ext
bookst
hatsummar
izei
nfor
mat
ionandi
deas

 Revi
ewsandessay
sthatev
aluat
eori
nter
pretsomet
hing

Secondar ysour
cesareusual l
ywrit
tensomet imeaf t
eranev [Link]
ed
byaut horswhohaveexami nedasubj ectandhav edr awncertai
[Link]
i
nformat i
onisnotfir
sthand,secondarysour cesareimpor t
antbecauseresearch,bynecessit
y,i
s
buil
tupont heworkofot herschol
[Link],scholar
lybooks,andjournalar
ti
clesare
exampl [Link] t
hprimar ysour ces,
manysecondar ysourcesarealso
subjecti
veandcontainbias.
COURSEMODULE

Iti
snotalwayseasyt odetermineifasourceispr i
maryorsecondaryaccor
dingtothedefi
nit
ions
provi
[Link]
zedbytheircontent,
regardl
essofthei
rfor
mat .I
notherwords,y
ou
mustt hi
nkabouttheinformati
onitsel
frat
hert hanthe"package"i
[Link]
onal
ly,
asource
canbebot hpri
maryand/ orsecondary
,dependi ngonthecontexti
nwhi chi
[Link]
mary
sourcescanoftenbef oundembeddedwi thinsecondarysources.

3)Ter
ti
arySour
ces

Chi
efpurposeistosummar i
zeorsi
mplyr
eorgani
zeideasorotheri
nfor
mat
ion
[Link]
bli
ographies,
Index,
abstr
act
,or
gani
ze,
compi l
eanddigest.

 Howt
otel
lifasour
cei
spr
imar
yorsecondar
y
Todet
ermi
neifsomethi
ngcanbeusedasapri
maryorsecondar
ysour
cei
nyourr
esear
ch,
ther
e
ar
esomesimplequesti
onsy
oucanaskyour
sel
f:

 Doest
hissour
cecomef
rom someonedi
rect
lyi
nvol
vedi
ntheev
ent
sI’
m st
udy
ing(
pri
mar
y)
orf
rom anot
herr
esear
cher(
secondar
y)?

 Am Ii
nter
est
edi
nanal
yzi
ngt
hesour
cei
tsel
f(pr
imar
y)oronl
yusi
ngi
tforbackgr
ound
i
nfor
mat
ion(
secondar
y)?

 Doest
hesour
cepr
ovi
deor
igi
nal
inf
ormat
ion(
pri
mar
y)ordoesi
tcommentupon
i
nfor
mat
ionf
rom ot
hersour
ces(
secondar
y)?

Pr
imar
yvssecondar
ysour
ces:whi
chi
sbet
ter
?
Mostr
esear
chusesbot
hpr
imar
yandsecondar
ysour
[Link]
ementeachot
hert
ohel
pyou

5
 TOPI
CNO.
1
bui
ldaconvi
nci
ngar
gument
.Pri
marysour
cesaremorecr
edi
bleasev
idence,
butsecondar
y
sour
cesshowhowyourwor
krel
atest
oexist
ingr
esear
ch.

Whatdoy
ouusepr
imar
ysour
cesf
or?
Pr
imar
ysour
cesar
ethef
oundat
ionofor
igi
nal
resear
[Link]
l
owy
out
o:

 Makenewdi
scov
eri
es

 Pr
ovi
decr
edi
bleev
idencef
ory
ourar
gument
s

 Gi
veaut
hor
it
ati
vei
nfor
mat
ionabouty
ourt
opi
c

I
fyoudon’
tuseanypr
imar
ysour
ces,
yourr
esear
chmaybeconsi
der
edunor
igi
nal
orunr
eli
abl
e.

Whatdoy
ouusesecondar
ysour
cesf
or?
Secondarysourcesaregoodforgainingafullovervi
ewofy ourt
opicandunder
standi
nghowother
resear
[Link]
zeal ar
genumberofprimarysour
cest
hat
COURSEMODULE

wouldbediffi
cultandti
me-consumi ngtogatherbyy our
self
.Theyall
owyouto:

 Gai
nbackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ionont
het
opi
c

 Suppor
torcont
rasty
ourar
gument
swi
thot
herr
esear
cher
s’i
deas

Gat
herinfor
mationfr
om pri
marysour
cest
haty
oucan’
taccessdi
rect
ly(
[Link]
ivat
elet
ter
sor
phy
sicaldocumentsl
ocatedel
sewher
e)

Hi
stor
ical
Process(Cr
it
ici
sm )

Ty
pesofCr
it
ici
sm

1.I
nter
nal Cri
ti
cism
Alsoknownas“ HigherCrit
ici
sm”
Investi
gatestheorigi
noft heancienttexttounderst
andthewor ldbehi
ndi
t.
Investi
gatesthemeani ngandt r
ustwor t
hinessofthecontexts.
Lookatt hevalueandwor t
hofitscontents
Thegoal istofindtheorigi
nalmeani ng(restore)&reconstruct
ionoft
he
histor
icalsi
tuati
on
Engageswi ththemeani ngofthet ext
Looksatt hereadabil
it
yofsour ce&t heaut hor
sgoodfait
h, moti
v e&
compet ence

Truthfulnessoftheevidence
Cont entofthesource
Ci
r cumst anceofit
spr oduct
ion
Credibil
ityoftheauthor(context
,agenda,
knowl
edge,
int
ent
ion)

6
 TOPI
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Sampl
eQuesti
on:
[Link] heaut hor?
[Link] stheconnect i
onoft heauthortowardsthedocument
?
[Link] sthedegr eeoffami l
iar
it
yoftheauthor?
[Link] horbei ntheplace?
[Link]’sori
ginalwit
hhim?
[Link] stentwit
hthewrit
er?
[Link] vationsheldindependent?

[Link]
ernalCri
ti
cism
Alsoknownas“LowerCr it
icism”
Thesour ceisauthenti
cbychecki ngthevali
dit
yofthesource.
Importantinanalyzi
ngdata(t otrustt
hedataornot)
Veri
fyi
ngwi ththeuseofphy sicalcharact
eri
sti
cs(consist
ency)
[Link],t
ypeofink, l
anguagethatisused.

Reposi
tori
esofPr i
marySources:
[Link]
onalArchiv
esofthePhil
i
ppines
COURSEMODULE

[Link]
onalLi
braryofthePhi
l
ippines
[Link]
onalHistor
ical
HouseofthePhil
ippi
nes

“
Ali
sti
ngofov
er5,
000websitesdescri
bingholdi
ngofmanuscr
iptsarchi
ves,
rar
ebooks,
hist
ologi
calphotogr
aphf orr
esear
chschol
ars.”

Cont
ext
ualAnal
ysi
s
- I
samet
hodt
oanal
yzet
heenv
ironmenti
nwhi
chabusi
nessoper
ates.

Anal
yzi
ng:
Whati sitt
ell
ingy ou?
Clar
ifyanyunf amili
art ermsorconcept s
Hist
oricalcontextpr ovidesinformation,backgr oundyouneed
Focusont hesel ectedpar tstobet t
erunder standt hewhol
ethi
ngs
Don’tjumpt oconcl usiont oosoon
Hearal l
theev i
dencebef oremaki ngadeci sions
Consideralltheinformat ionoft hesource
Answert hesuggest edquest i
ons
Learnerscanbe(at torney,detecti
ves,j
ury)

Li
nks&Ot
herAddi
ti
onalSour
ces

Vi
deolinks:
htt
ps:/
/ www.y
outube.
com/wat
ch?v=c7NTW3n8l
uY
ht
tps:
//[Link]
[Link]/
watch?
v=zeeC7cGk2mk
ht
tps:
//[Link]
[Link]/
watch?
v=ewE96I6Hzl
o

7
 TOPI
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Inthismoduleyouareexposedtothedefiniti
ons&/ortermsofr eadi
ngsi nhi
stor
[Link]
alsoguidedtoanalyzePhil
i
ppinehistor
yf r
om amul tipl
eper specti
vethroughthelensof
selectedpri
marysourcescomingf r
om variousdisci
pli
nesandofdi ff
erentgenr
[Link]
ne
withthese,y
ouar egoi
ngtotestyourknowledgeonRedef i
ningyourideaonwhathistor
yis
allaboutbytaki
ngupashortquiz.

Shor
tQui
z
COURSEMODULE

Sour
cesAddi
ti
onalResour
ces

Candelari
a,J.&Al
por
ha,
V.(
2018)Readi
ngsi
nPhi
l
ippi
neHi
stor
y,Mani
l
a,Phi
l
ippi
nes,
Rex
Publ
ishing
I