Solutions - Division S

~ow-UPS: (J) The mean and median ofa set offive different positive integers is / 2.
0 n e number ,s 3 .less
h
than the median and another is half the mean Wh 1 . h
? [ 0] • a 1st egreatest
possible integer ,n I e set. 2 (2) The m ean, median and mode ofa set of.five positive
. tegers are all. equal.. Three
in .
ofthe numbers are 9' J3 • and 41 • F,.nd th e m1ssmg
. . num b ers
that satisfy this condition. There are two different answers. [21 and 21 ts one answer;
41 and 1oI is the other.]

1· Strategv: Count up from the lesser numbe,:

C Method · . .
4 · ~0 13 is an increase of 14. lncreasmg -5 by 14 is 9
from - ·
h d 2· Strate[}-'." Draw a number line. -5 - 1 + 13
~ h~pp;r
e t line segment shows the amount by ◄ I 11 11 1 11 I I 11 I I f 1 1 I 11 I•
T e· 1 13 exceed s - l . Th e Iower 1·me segment -5 o +s + 10 + 15
l 1
w11c . .
shows the amount by which the desired number / ,J 13 exceeds - 1 ;>
exceeds - 5. / (?) exceeds - 5 /
Sliding the upper segment into the lower position
requires moving the left endpoint from - 1 to - 5, 4
units to the left. Then the right endpoint also slides
4 units to the left, from 13 to 9 . The integer is 9.

40.Method 1: Strategy: Find the unshaded area inside each circle.

The areas inside the two circles are 25n and 9n respectively.
. "d e circ . 25 7t - 2
. le A 1s 43 re
?re = 2
The unshade d area ms1
. 1e B 1s
. ' d e ctrc
The unshaded area ms1 . 91t - ?re = 2I I re ·
2
• 43 + 11
The total unshaded area 1s 2 1t = 27n sq cm .

Method 2: Strategy: Start with the total area of the two circles.
The sum of the areas of the circles is 251t + 91t = 34n. This, however, counts the shaded area
twice, once for each circle. The total unshaded area is 341t - 2( 7 ~ ) = 271t sq cm.

4E. Method I: Strategy: Count in an organised way.

A B C D
To form a triangle, two points must be chosen from 1 row and
one from the other. Suppose two points are chosen from the top
row. Label the four points in the top row A , B, C, D. Two points s
may be chosen in 6 ways (AB, AC, AD, BC, BO, CO). For each t.ACS is shown.
of these 6 pairs of points, the third vertex may be any of the 4
points in the bottom row. There are then 6 x 4 = 24 triangles
using 2 points from the top row and 1 from the bottom row.
Likewise, there are 24 triangles using 2 points from the bottom row and I from the top . In all.
48
;;;-- triangles can be formed.

271

Ilk
Maths Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3
~
Method 2: Strate[)·: Make an organised list. . . 4 .
Label all 8 points, as shown. Listall 18 triangles contammg vertex A, all ! triangles containin
· · rtex C but not A or B and all 6 · g
vertex B but not A, a11 IO triangles contam mg ve . ' tnangl
48 t · · gles can be formed es
containing vertex D but not A or B or C. A tota I of nan ·
tBDP t::.CDP t::.CPQ AfJPQ
A B C D MBP M CP MDP tBCP
• • • • t BDQ t::.CDQ !::.CPR AfJPR
MBQ M CQ MDQ tBCQ
• • • • MBR M CR MDR t BCR
t BDR t::.CDR !::.CPS AfJPs
p Q R s
tBDS tiCDS 11CQR tillQR
MBS M CS MDS MCS
!lCQS t'lCRS tillQs
MPQ MPR MPS MPQ tiBQR
t::.BQS
M QR MOS M RS MPR AfJRS
t::.BPS tiBRS

Method 3: Strategy: Use combinations. Subtract the triples that don't work.
Given eight points, three points may be chosen in 8C3 = 56 ways.
No triangle is formed if all three points are chosen from the same row. There are 4 C3 = 4 sets
of three points in the top row and another 4 sets in the bottom row.
Thus 56 - 4 - 4 = 48 triangles can be formed.

FOLLOW-UP: How many triangles can beformed with vertices chosenfrom a 3 x 3 array
of points? [76]

Set I4: Olympiad 5

SA.Method I : Strategy: Group the numbers by tens and look for a pattern.
Interval Satisfactory Numbers Number of Numbers
I0-19 12, 13, 14, 15, ... , 19 8
20-29 23, 24, 25, ... , 29 7 There are 36 two-digit
numbers in which the
30-39 34, 35, ... , 39 6
ones digit is greater than
the tens digit.
80-89 89 l
Total 36

Method 2: Stralegy: Eliminate all unwanted numbers.

There are 90 _rw_o-digit countin~ numbers. Eliminate the 9 numbers with equal digits ( 11, 22,
e~c._). Then ehmmate the 9 mult1~l~s of IO. The remaining 72 numbers have 2 unequal nonzero
d1g1ts. In half of them the ones d1g1t exceeds the tens digit. There are then 36 such numbers.

272
r Solutions - Division S
~I d . Strateg.)!.: Make a table.
rviet 10 1· -
.~
58 A: Flat Fee - $7.50
~,
Number of cheques
$7.50
B: $3 + 20c per Cheque
$3.20
~ $7.50
10

----
$5.00
20 $7.50

----
$7.00

-
i----
21
22
23
$7.50
$7.50
$7.50
$7.20
$7.40

- $7.60

Therefore, the least number of cheques such that Plan A costs less than Plan B is 23.

Method 2: Strategy: Use Algebra.

Let Nrepresent the number of cheques for which plan A is cheaper.
Then their cost would be 300c + 20Nc. (Use cents to avoid decimals.)
Plan B must cost more than 750 cents: 20N + 300 > 750
Subtract 300 cents from each side of the inequality 20N > 450
Divide each side of the equation by 20: N > 22.5
Cheques come in whole numbers. At least 23 cheques are needed for Plan A to cost less
than Plan B.

SC.Method 1: Strategy: Assign arbitrary dimensions.

In ratio problems, assigning convenient measures does not affect the answer. For ease of
computation, let the base be 20 and the height 10 so that the area is ½(20)( 10) = l 00 sq units.
If the base is increased by 20%, the new base is 24. If the height is increased by 30%, the new
height is 13. The area of the new triangle is ½(24)( 13)=156 square units. The increase over the
original 100 is 56. Therefore, the area is increased by 56 compared to 100 = 56%.

Method 2: Strategy: Compare areas using the area formula.

The area of the original triangle is given by A= ½bh. The area of the changed triangle is given
by ½(l .20b)( 1.30h) = l( 1.56)bh, which in turn equals 1.56 times ½bh. Therefore the area of the
new triangle is 1.56 ti~es as great as the area of the original. This is 56% greater than the area
of the original. The increase is 56%.

Fouow-UP: Suppose the base of a triangle is decreased by 20%. and its height is
decreased by 30%. By what percent is the area ofthe triangle decreased? [44]

273
=-Mafhs Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3

SD.~rate~: Determine how many ofthe first 300 numbers can~ be used
In each of the sets 1 through to 100, 101 through to 200, and 201 through to 300, lO nu b
have a ones digit of 9, and Io numbers have a tens digit of 9. However, in each set the Ill ers
d' . h . OUfllbe
en mg 10 99 has been counted twice, so each set has 19 numbers t at contam a digit of r
9
the overall list I through to 300, 57 numbers must be eliminated. Refill the list with the · In
57 numbers, 301 through to 357. There are 5 numbers in this set that can't be used (309 ;;;t
329, 339, 349). Add on 5 more numbers 358 through 362. One of these, 359, can't be' '
' . . used
so add on one more number. The 3001h number on Sara's hst 1s 363. '

SE.Strate.[}!: Draw possible paths.

By drawing some paths, you may see two things: (I) the
path can tum either left or right, and (2) each horizontal
segment has an odd length while each vertical segment has
an even length.
Consider first the horizontal segments that can end back at
the starting point. Neither {I unit and 3 units} nor {l, 3 and
5 units} can end at the origin, but {I, 3, 5, and 7 units} can.
By travelling l and 7 units to the right, and 3 and 5 units to
the left, the horizontal part of the path can end at zero.
The longest vertical segment is either 6 or 8 units, the even
numbers on either side of 7. Since 2 + 4 = 6, if 2 and 4
are directed up and 6 is directed down, the vertical part of
the path also ends at zero. Thus the shortest possible path
consists of 7 segments and is shown above.

FOLLOW-UPS: (I) A path consisting ojN line segments is drawn in the coordinateplane.
The first segment starts at (0,0) and is drawn to (2, 0). The second segment starts at (2,0)
and is drawn to (2,4). Each ofthe N segments is drawn at a right angle to the segment
before it and is 2 units longer than that segment. The Nth segment ends at (0,0). What is
the least possible value ofN? [7] (2) What is the least possible value ofN greater than
7? [8] (3) What are the next 2 possible values ofN? [15, 16]

Set 15: Olympiad t

IA.Method I : Strategy: Factor and regroup.

2 x 6 x IO x 14 = ( I x 3 x 5 x 7) x (2 x 2 x 2 x 2)
= (I x 3 x 5 x 7) x N
Then N = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 , so N = 16.

274
 Solutions - Division S

~ Strategy: Do the multiplication and solve the equation.

Since 2 x 6 x IO x 14 = 1680 and I x 3 x 5 x 7 = I 05, the equation simplifies to 1680 = I 05 x N .
Because 1680 7 105 = 16, N = 16.

FOLLOW-UP: Find the whole number N if 2 2 x 33 x 44 = 27 x 2N. [10]

18.Method I: Strategy: Start with 1 person in each room.

After placing 26 people, 1 per room, there are 14 people left over. Place these 14 people, I per
room, so that there are 14 rooms with 2 people in each. That leaves 12 rooms occupied by
exactly one person.
Method 2: Strategy: Start with 2 people in each room.
Place the 40 people 2 per room. This fills 20 rooms, leaving 6 rooms empty. Take I person
from each of 6 of the full rooms to occupy the empty rooms. There are then 6 + 6 = 12 rooms
each occupied by exactly one person.
Method 3: Strategy: Suppose every room has 2 people.
To fill all 26 rooms with 2 people in each room would require 52 people, There are only 40
people, so 52 - 40 = 12 rooms will be occupied by just 1 person.

FOLLOW-UPS: Suppose 60 people occupy the 26 rooms. There are 1, 2, or 3 people per
room. (1) What is the least number ofrooms with 3 people? [8] (2) What is the greatest
number of rooms with 3 people? [ 17]

A B
lC.~rate~: Find the dimensions of the small rectangles.
Represent BC by L and DC by L + W.
Then DC-BC= W L
DC - BC = 6, so W= 6 mm and AD= 4W= 24 mm.
th e area of ABCD is 24 x (24 + 6) = 720 sq mm. D
t t C
L w
FOLLOW-UP: Determine the difference in the lengths BC and CD given that the area of
rectangle ABCD is 2000 square mm. [10 mm]

lD.&r_ate01, • p · h ·d
C~ - md the fractional part of the total eac pa, •
al) the roommates A B and c. A pays half the amount that B and C together pay. That is, of
eve . ' ' 1
. ry $3 paid, A pays $1 and B and c together pay $2. A then pays 3 of the total, or $100. In a
sunilar
$?s ·
manner, smce B pays I the amount paid · by A an d C toget h er, B pays I o f t h e total, or
3 4
~ and B together pay $175, so the third roommate C pays 300 - 175 = $125.

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 ✓ I

Maths Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3

lE.StrategJ1· Li<iittl ..
· ~ le a, 1 angements svstematical/r.
Denote the 6 girls, from shortest t~ tallest, by ·1. 2, 3. 4, 5. and 6.
Method 1· Strategy · p ·, · I . I .
· . =.:...:...==:..::a..L· os, ton tie g1r s. H·ork11H!: from hoth ends ofthe 1,·st
1 must b I fr .
em tie 10nt 10w at the far~~!. Must <..: • • ••

be in the back row at the far right.

2
can be in either row but must be at the far left of the available spaces.

~ or
~
~ ore or
5 can be in either row but must be at the far right of the available spaces.

53ijor ~
3 and 4 go in the remaining spaces. If they are in the same row, 3 goes to the left. If one is
directly behind the other, 3 goes in front. Otherwise, 3 and 4 may go in either available space.

~ o r [ill67
rI:1111 [III) or
IID&Jorll:If67
ITJlliJ OJID or
IIIf67
QJIII
In all, 5 arrangements are possible.

Method 2: Strategy: Fill in the front row first.

As above, l must be at the far left of the front row and 6 at the far right of the back row. It
seems that the remaining 2 places in the front row can be filled in 6 ways by choosing any
two of 2, 3 , 4 , and 5, namely 2 & 3, 2 & 4 , 2 & 5, 3 & 4, 3 & 5, or 4 & 5. However, if 4 and
5 are both in the front row, the back row is 236, with 3 behind 4, which is not allowed by the
given conditions. The remaining 5 choices lead to the 5 arrangements shown in Method l . Five
arrangements are possible.

FOLLOW-UP: Suppose 8 girls qfdifferent heights are lined up subject to the same conditions.
Ho w many arrangements are possible? [14]

Set 15: Olympiad 2

2A.Strale1£'·: Consider the ones ~igits. . __ . re and

3
p x Q ends in a l . The only different smgle-d1g1t numbers whose product ends m l a
7. Therefore PQ and QP are 37 and 73 (in e ither order).
- PQ where
FOLLOW-UPS: (1) Find a single digit number Q. such that P x Q + P + Q - ·
PQ is a n vo-digit numbe1: [9] (2) Why does this work?

276

<
 Solutions - Division S
~ .
c,,,ntP.VV . First determme the value ofA · then use a comm d .
26-~·A . . ' on enommator.
Because 6 1s m lowest terms, A must be l or 5. But i >¾,so A= l .
?
Then 2 + 1~ = i92 and B = 7. The sum of A and Bis 1 + 7 = s.

2c,Method l : Strategy: Look for a pattern in the sum of each row.

Add the numbers in each row. 1
Row number 1 2 3 4 .. . 10
3 5
7 9 11
Sum of numbers 1 8 27 64 ... ?
13 15 17 19
The sum of the numbers in each row is the cube of that row number. and so on ...
Then the sum of the numbers in the 10th row is 103 = 1000.

Method 2: Strategy: Find a pattern in each rows first number.

Row number 1 2 3 4 5
1st entry in row 1 3 = 2x 1 + 1 7 = 3x2 + 1 13 = 4x3 + 1 21 = 5 x4 +1
Based on this pattern, the first number in the tenth row is 10 x9 + 1 = 91 . The sum of the ten
numbers in the tenth row is 91 + 93 + 95 + ... + 107 + 109 = (91+109) + (93+107) + (95+105)
+ (97+}03) + (99+}01) = 5 X 200 = 1000.

FOLLOW-UPS: (1) Can you.find a pattern in the last number of each row? (2) How
is the average (mean) of each row related to the number of that row? (3) How could
Follow-up 2 be used to find the answer to contest problem 2C?

2D,Method 1: Strategy: Count the cubes on each face; then adjust.

The greatest number of visible faces is 3. Count the
number of cubes visible on each of the 3 faces of
the solid. There are (6 x 8) + (6 x 10) + (8 x 10)
=== l 88 of them. However, this counts cubes along
the 3 visible edges twice and the comer cube 3
rimes. Count the number of cubes along the edges. 6

!here are 10 + 8 + 6 of them but the comer cube 8

IS '
counted 3 times here as well, once on each edge.
Then 188 - 24 counts all visible cubes except the
corner one.
lbe greatest number of cubes you can see is 188 - 24 + 1 = 165·

277
Maths Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3

Method 2: Strategy: Count and remove the cubes on each visible face.
As above, the greatest number of visible faces is three. Remove th e SO cubes on the top face to
be left with a 5 x 8 x l Osolid. Next, remove the 40 cubes on the front face to be left with a 5 x
8 x 2. solid. The 45 cubes on the side face are the only ones remaining from the original visibl
. "bl e
cubes. Originally, a total of 80 + 40 + 45 = 165 cubes were v1s1 e.

FOLLOW-UP: Suppose you painted all the faces of the rectangular solid in the problem
red. How many of the one-inch cubes would have 0 faces painted red? 1 face? 2Jaces?
3? 4 ? 5? 6? [192, 208, 72, 8, 0, 0, OJ

2E.Method 1: Strategy: Consider terminating decimals in.fractional form.

A one-place decimal can be written as a fraction with a denominator of 10, a two-place decimal
can be written with a denominator of I 00, three places with a denominator of 1000, and so on.
Then any fraction that can be represented by a terminating decimal must be equivalent to one
of these fractions. The only prime factors of 10 or 100 or l 000, ... , are 2 and 5. So the unit
fractions that can be written as terminating decimals are those with denominators that have
only 2s and 5s as prime factors.
• Denominators with only 2 as a factor: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
• Denominators with only 5 as a factor: 5, 25
• Denominators with both 2 and 5 as factors : 10, 20, 40, 50
There are 11 fractions on the list that have decimal representations that terminate.

Method 2: Strategy: Look for a fattern in the.fractions with terminating decimals

For the unit fractions from½ to 10 inclusive, the only fractions that have terminating decimals
are ½ , ¼, ½, ½, and / 0 . Notice that the only factors in the denominators are 2 or 5. This is a
requirement for the decim~l ~o termi~ate because ~ and ~ are the_o?ly p_rime farto~s of 1Of 1 qo,
I 000, and so on. The remammg fractions that terminate m the ongmal hst are 16 , 20 , 25 , 32, 40,
1
and 50 . This is a total of 11 fractions.

Set IS: Olympiad 3

3A.Strategy: Write the problem as an addition.

ln the ones place, 3 + 8 ends in 1 so p is I ; 1 is carried. 4r3
In the tens place, I + r + 6 ends in 4, so r is 7; I is carried. + q 6,a
In the hundreds place, I + 4 + q = 8, so q = 3. 84P
Then p + q + r = 11.
FOLLOW-UP: Find w + y + z, !f 4z x y7 = l w02. (Note: 4z and y7 are 2-digit numbers
and 1w02 is a 4-digit number.) [ 16]

278
 rr ;· C t i]
I

Solutions - Division S

3B.Strategy: Determine possible values of the radicand.

If ✓50 - xis a positive integer and xis positive, (50 - x) must be a perfect square less than 50.
So (50 - x) can be any of 49, 36, 25, 16, 9, 4, or 1, leading to x = 1, 14, 25, 34, 41 , 46, or 49,
respectively. There are 7 positive integer values of x for which ✓50 - xis a whole number.

FOLLOW-UP: For how many whole number values ofxis ✓ 108 - 3x a whole number? [3]

3C.Strategy: List values of the prime, P, in increasing order.

The first row lists prime numbers. The second row lists the difference between 98 and the
prime. The third row states if the entry in the second row is prime and identifies a simple factor
if the entry is composite.
p 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19
98-P 96 95 93 91 87 85 81 79
ls 98-P prime? no (+2) no (+5) no (+3) no (+7) no (+3) no (+5) no (+3) PRIME
Therefore, the least value of Pis 19.

FOLLOW-UP: Find a whole number value for N such that the value ofN2 + N + 41 is not
prime. [The least is 40; the most readily found is 41 .]

3D.Method 1: Strategy: Determine the x- and y-coordinates separately.

C is j of the way from A to B. Then the x-coordinate of C is (7, 13)
j of the way from the x-coordinate of A to the x-coordinate of B
B. The x (horizontal) distance from A to Bis 7 - (- 5) = 12 and
j of 12 = 8. The x-coordinate of C is (- 5) + 8 = 3. 19
I
Similarly, they-coordinate of C is 4 + j x (13 - 4) = 10.
- l 12- •'
A
(- 5,4)
The coordinates of point Care (3,10). ◄I - I ►\
5
5
{
1
Method 2: Strategy: Show the visually.
Replace the horizontal and vertical distances of 12 and 9 in
method 1 by three 4 by 3 "steps" as shown. To go from A to
C, start at (- 5,4), move to the right 4 and 4 again, and move
up 3 and 3 again. Then (-5 + 4 + 4, 4 + 3 + 3) yields (3,10).

FOLLOW-UP: 1
Suppose point C is ofthe way from A to B, the coordinates ofA are (7.21)
and the coordinates of Care (13,9). What are the coordinates of B? [(17, l)]

279
 Maths Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3

3E. Method I: Strategy: Factor the g iven expression.

7! = I X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X 7
= 5! X (6 X 7).

Then 5! + 7! = 5! + (5! x 6 x 7)
= (5! x I ) + ( 5! x 6 x 7)
= 5! x ( I + 6 x 7) [by the distributive propertyJ
= ( I x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5) x 43.
43 is larger than any prime factor of 5 !.
The largest prime factor of 5! + 7! is 43.

Method 2: Strategy: Pe,form the indicated operations and then factor.

5! + 7! = 120 + 5,040 = 5, 160.
Factor out as many small primes as you can: 5,160 = 23 x 3 x 5 x 43.
The largest prime factor of 5! + 7! is 43.

FOLLOW-VP: Find the value of N for which N! x 4! = (N+ ]) ! [23]

Set IS: Olympiad 4

4A.Strategy: Use reasoning. 4 1 A

First fill in the boxes labelled A and B which must contain the numbers
B 2
3 and 4. A is not 4, so A must be 3 and B must be 4. Next fill in box
D with a 2. Then C is I or 4. Since C cannot be 4, C is I and the box 3 C D X
marked with an X contains a 4.
3

FOLLOW-VP: Create your own 4 x 4 Sudoku-type puzzle byfilling in the answers and then
erasing some ofthe numbers. Make sure that the numbers you leave allow only J solution.

48. Method I: Strategy: Factor the numerator and denominator.

Factor out the common factor in both the numerator and denominator and then cancel to get
the following.
25D(1~2~+~~3=:1:4±1~~98~¾~9~9~l~OOW) - ~
7 (i 2 + 3 4 I 98 ¾ 99 100) - 7

Method 2: Strategy: Pair numbers in both numerator and denominator.

Numerator: (5 - 10) + (15 - 20) + ... + (495 - 500) = (-5) + (- 5) + (-5) + ... + (- 5) = - 250
Denominator: (7 - 14) + (21 - 28) + .. . + (693 - 700) = (- 7) + (-7) + (- 7) + ... + (- 7) = - 350
- 250 5
Then - 350 = 7

280
 Solutions - Division S

Method 3: Strategy: look for a pattern in the partial sums.

- . 5 5 - 10 5 - 10 + 15 . 2
Start with 7 . next 7 _ 14 , then 7 _ 14 + 2 1 , and so on. In each case the fract10n equals 7 . In the
!liven fraction both the numerator and denominator contain the same number of terms, I 00, so
~ 5
the ,·alue remains at 7 .

FOLLOW- U P : Explain why the successive.fractions listed in Method 3 are equivalent.

4C.Strate~r: Set up and solve possible equations.

C is 10 more than A . Also, B. is 3 away from one number and 7 away from the other number.
Then A < B < C. Moreover, either B = A + 3 or B = A + 7 as shown below.
3 7 7 3
A B C A B C
Substitute C = A + IO and each possibility for B into A + B + C = 32. The result will be two
equations: A + (A+ 3) +(A+ 10) = 32 and A+ (A+ 7) +(A+ 10) = 32. The first equation results
1
in A= { and the second equation results in A= 5. A is a whole number so A= 5 and B = 12.

4D.Strategy: Remove the label from the can.

Cut open the cylinder along the dotted line and unroll A
it to get a rectangle with A along the top edge and
.-l- .
B along the bottom edge. This makes it easier to see I I
I I
the shortest distance from A to B . Then connect A and 8 I
B with a straight line segment. Place C as shown to I
I
I
I
form right triangle ACB. Since C is opposite Bon the L.B ( •__J
B 6
cylinder, BC is one-half the circumference. Then AC=
8 cm and BC= 6 cm. Apply the Pythagorean Theorem
or recognise the Pythagorean triple 6-8-10 to get AB = IO cm. The shortest distance from A
to Bis 10 cm.

4E.~ateo,,. L. I . . fa
T ~- 1st t 1e primes and subtract each prime om
30.
e Probability is the ratio of the number of pairs of primes whose sum is 30 to the total
number 0 f a II pairs
. of pnmes.
.

Sgrurn is 30: The first nine prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 , 13, 17, 19, and 23 . Begin with the
eatest p . 30 . . 30 .
Prime . nme._ ~ 23 = 7, also a pnme. 30 - 19 = 11, a pnme. - 17 = 13, a pnme. The next
as is l 3 which 1s accounted for; There's no need to test further. Only 3 pairs of primes have
um of JO: {7, 23}, { 11. 19}, and {13, 17}.
~~ :airs of primes: There are several ways to count all 36 possible pa irs of primes. Three
1
~ e l s are offered.

281

►
Maths Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3
--..;;;::

l . Pair each prime with the greater primes: thus 2 is paired wi th ea_c~ of t~e ~ other Primes
greater than 2 3 with each of the 7 primes greater th an 3, 5 wit eac O -the 6 primes
greater than s,' and so on. In all there are 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 36 patrs of primes.
2. There are 9 possible values for the first of the two primes. Pair each of th es~ with any of
the 8 remaining primes, a total of 9 x 8 = 72. This, however'. c~unts each pair twice (e. g.
2 paired with 3 and 3 paired with 2). The total number of patrs 1s 72+2 = 36.
3. List all pairs of primes in an orderly manner.
The probability that the sum of the 2 primes 30 is ]6 = fi. •
FOLLOW-UPS: (1) Two different primes are selectedfrom the.first 9 prime numbers. What is
the probability that their sum is odd? [i~
ort] (2) Two primes, not necessarily different,
are selected.from the.first 9 prime numbers. What is the probability that their sum is odd?
[~1] (3) Two different primes are selectedfrom the.first 20 prime numbers. What is the
probability that their sum is 30? [ 1io ]

Set IS: Olympiad 5

SA.Strategy: Maximise the digits, working.from the left.

The largest possible value for A is 9. Since A = B x C, the values of B and C are either 3 and 3
or! and I. Of the_se, the largest possible value of B is 9. Then C is I. Thus B = c x D become~
9 - I x D and D 1s 9. The greatest 4-digit number ABCD is 9919.

FOLLOW-UP: Find the largest 4-digit number, ABCD, so that A x B = C d

A x C = D . [3139] an

58. Method
R · I : Strategy: Use algebra and the deifinz·1.wn oif mean.
ewnte23 - x = y- 71 as x+y=23+ 71 = 94.
The mean of x and y is ½(x + y) = ½(94) = 47 _

Method 2: Strategy: Assign values to x

The wording of the question implies th~t th . .
ass 1·gne d tior x. Therefore assign any value t ere
fi dis a smgle answer no matter what value ts·
the mean is ½(l + 93) = 47.
0
n th e mean: SUppose x = 1. Then y = 93 and
To check, assign at least two very diffi
. . erent values to 2 3 _
again the mean 1s 47. And if x = - 7 th _ - x - Y- 71 : If x = 80, then y = I4 and
' eny - 101 and still the mean is 47.

282
 Solutions - Division S

5c.SJ.ralegY_:2 Find a3 pattern 4

in the successive powers of 2 and of 3 _
2 I -- -2' 2 = -4 ' 2 = _8 , 2 = J-6 ' 2 =32
5
_ , 2 -- 64
6
_ , 2 7 = 12H, 2 8 = 256, and so on. The ones d1g1ts
· ·

2
repeat in the pattern 2 , 4 , 8 , 6 and then 2, 4, 8, 6, and so on. Then 4 2 8 2 12 and 2 16 all have the
same ones digit, 6. Sim ilarly, 23, 27, 2'1, and 2 15 all have the same ~ne~ di~it, 8.
Re~eat the process on po:ers of 3. The successive ones digits are 3, 9, 7, I and then 3, 9, 7, 1
agam, and so on. Then 3 has the same as the ones digit as V , namely 9. Thus the ones digit
in 215 + 3 10 is the same as that of 8 + 9, which is 7.

FOLLOW- U PS:(1) What is the ones digit in the product of22012 x 32013 x 52014 ? [O] (2) How
many consecutive zeros appear at the end of the product? [2012]

5D.StrategY_: Draw a picture.

N B
The angle through which the boat turns is L.BOF. m L.BOE =
90 - 41 = 49 and m L. WOF = 90 - 59 = 31 . To begin at a heading
of B and finish at a heading of F, the boat must tum either
41 + 90 + 31 = 162° counterclockwise, or 49 + 90 + 59 = 198°
clockwise. The lesser angle requires less time, and at 3° per
second, the least time required is 162 ..,.. 3 = 54 seconds.

SE.Strategy: Find the total of the unshaded areas.

The sum of the areas of the 3 circles, 41t + 91t + l 61t = 291t, includes
each interior region in the picture. However, it includes regions B
and C twice, since each is part of two circles. The sum of the areas
of B and C is then (291t - 171t) + 2 = 61t. The largest circle, whose
area is l 61t, consists of regions A, B, and C, so the area of region A
alone is l 61t - 61t = 10n.

Set 16: Olympiad 1

IA.Method 1: Strategy: Use the distributive property. . . ..

2013 x 10,00l = 2013 x (l0,000 + 1) = 20130000 + 201_3. There are no carries m the a~d_1t1~n
of the two addends, so the sum of the digits in the sum 1~ the sa~e as the sum of the d1g1ts m
the two numbers. The sum of the digits in the product is 6 + 6 - 12·

Method 2 : Strategy: Do the multiplication. .

2013 x 10,00l = 20 , 132 ,013 . The sum of the digits in the product 1s 12.

283
- - - - -- -- -

Maths Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3

1B.Strategy: Consider the.first 6 positive integers.

The problem suggests that it doesn 't matter which 6 consecutive integers ~re c_hosen, so choose
small values, say, 1 through 6. (You may choose any set of 6 consecutive mtegers.) Divide
each of the numbers I, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 by 6 and get remainders I, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 0. The sum
of the resulting 6 remainders is 15.

FOLLOW-UP: Ari lists the integers from 31 through to 50, inclusive, and then crosses out
one ofthem. He divides each ofthe remaining numbers by 20 and adds the remainders.
The sum of the remainders is 177. Which number did Ari cross out? [33]

IC.Method I: StratefJY: Draw a number line.

Case 1: If P is between - 2 and 7 and twice Case 2: If Pis to the left of- 2 and twice as
as far from 7 as from - 2, divide the segment far from 7 as from - 2, then -2 is halfway
between them into 3 equal parts as shown between P and 7. Since 7 is 9 units to the
below. 7 - (- 2) = 9, so each part is 3 units right of -2, P is 9 units to the left of -2.
long. One number that works is -2 + 3 = I. Another number that works is (- 2) - 9 =
- 11.
-2 p 7 p -2 7
I I I • I I I ►
Note that no other number can be to the right of 7, as it would then be closer to 7 than to -2.
The two integers are 1 and -11.
Method 2: Strategy: Use algebra.
Let P represent the number to be found.
Case 1: IfPis between -2 and 7, then 7 -P = 2(P-(-2)). That simplifies to 7 - P = 2(P + 2).
Multiplying P + 2 by 2 results in 7 - P = 2P + 4. Adding P to each side of the equation results
in 7 = 3P + 4. Subtracting 4 from each side results in 3 = 3P. Then P = 1.
Case 2: However, if Pis to the left of-2, then 7 - (-2) = -2 - P. That simplifies to 9 = - 2 - P.
Adding 2 to each side results in I I = - P. Multiplying both sides by -1 results in P = - I l.
The two integers are 1 and -11.

JD.Strategy: Start with.five 30s, and adjust.

The minimal values for the first two numbers are I and I. To maximise the median make the
other three numbers as nearly equal as possible. The mean is 30, so the sum of all five numben
is 150. If the first two are I and I, the sum of the other three is 148. 148 + 3 = 49 RI . The thref
numbers can be 49, 49, and 50. The greatest possible value of the median is 49.

284
 Solutions - Division S
~ FoLLO w-UPs.. (I) What other set of5 numbers would also satisfy the problem's conditions?
[I , 2, 49, 49, 49] (2) The mean of the set of numbers 35, 78, 54, 112 and xis 73. What
is the median of the set? [78]

£ . ~: £~amine each of the _ten slices.

1
Suppose the sltces _are made horizontally. The picture shows
a view of all the shces. The top and bottom slices each have
9 blocks that have just one painted face. On each of the eight
remaining slices there are 3 blocks with I painted face along
each of the 4 horizontal sides. So, 3 blocks x 4 faces = 12
blocks painted per slice. There is a total of (2 x 9) + (8 x 12)
== 114 blocks that have exactly one painted face.

FOLLOW-UPS: (I) How many of the 250 blocks have no faces painted? [72] (2) How
many have exactly 3 faces painted? [8] (3) Suppose the original cube, after painting,
is sliced into 25 pieces, each JO x JO x 0.4 and then each of these pieces is cut into
1 x 1 x 0.4 blocks. How many ofthese 2500 blocks have exactly 3 faces painted red? [8]

Set 1ft: Olympiad 2

2A.Method 1: Strategy: Cast out weeks.

After I August, there are 30 more days in August. There are 30 additional days in September
and 25 more to 25 October. That is a total of 85 days. 85 -;- 7 = 12, Rl . Then 25 October is
I day later in the week than 1 August. 25 October, 2018 is a Thursday, so 1 August 2018 is
Wednesday.

Method 2: Strategy: Count backwards.

25 October 2018 is a Thursday. Then 18, 11, 4 October; 27, 20, 13, 6 September; and 30, 23,
16, 9, 2 August are also Thursdays. 1 August 1 2018 is a Wednesday.

Method 3: Strategy: Count forwards.

1 August is the same day of the week as 8, 15, 22, 29 August; 5, 12, 19, 26 September; and 3,
10, 17, 24 October. 25 October is a Thursday, so 1 August, 2018 is a Wednesday.

FOLLOW-UP: 5 February, 2012 was a Sunday. On what day of the week is 5 February,
2018? [Monday]

285
 Maths Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3

2B. Method l: Strategy: Split the region into more familiar shapes.
Draw EF to split the rectangle into 2 congruent squares. One-fourth of
each square is shaded, and putting the squares together, one-fourth of
rectangle ABCD is shaded. The area of ABCD is 128 sq cm, so the area
of the shaded region is 32 sq cm.

Method 2: Strategy: Draw a useful line segment.

Since AE = EB = BC= CF= FD = DA = 8, all acute angles in the figure measure 45° and all
other angles are right angles. Draw EF, which is also 8. Rectangle ABCD is now divided into
8 congruent isosceles right triangles. The area of ABCD is 128 sq cm, so the area of each of
the smaller 8 triangles is 16 sq cm. The area of the shaded square, consisting of two such
triangles, is 32 sq cm.

FOLLOW-UPS: (1) Suppose in the given problem, AB= 40 cm and BC= 7 cm. What is
the area of the shaded region? [70 sq cm] (2) Suppose in the given problem, AB= x
cm and BC = y cm. What is the area ofthe shaded region in terms ofx and y? [T
sq cm]

2C.Strategy: Start with the most restrictive condition.

There are fewer 2-digit perfect squares than 2-digit primes, so start with the squares.
P+3 16 25 36 49 64 81
p 13 22 33 46 61 78
Is Pprime? yes no no no yes no
P+6 19 67
Is P = 6 prime? yes yes
19 and 67 are two-digit primes. However, 19 is not the next greater prime after I 3; 17 is also
prime. There are no primes between 61 and 67. P is 61.

2D.Method 1: Strategy: Simplify the problem by assuming the train is not moving.
The boy travels 6 km/h faster than the train. Suppose the train is not moving and the boy
travels at 6 km/h. He will reach the front of the train in the same amount of time as he would in
the given problem. Travelling at 6 km/h is equivalent to travelling 1 km in IO minutes, which
is 0.5km in 5 minutes. Therefore, M = 5.

286
 Solutions - Division S
Method 2: Strategy: Make a chart
Using th~dnfonn~tion given, th e train's speed is~~ of a kilometre every minute, and the boy's
speed is 60 of a kilometre every minute, create the following chart:
Distances At 1 minute At 2 minutes At 3 minutes At 4 minutes At 5 minutes
1§ 32
Train 60 48 64 80
60 60 60 60
22 44
Boy 60 66 88 11 0
60 60 60 60
From rear of _Q_ .Ll_ 18 30
train to boy 60 60 24
60 60 60

Since the train is 0.5km long the distance between the boy and the rear of the train has to be
0.5km = ~g km. That occurs at 5 minutes.

FOLLOW-UP: Suppose the train travels at 24 km/h and the boy starts at the front of the
train and travels at 16 km/h toward the rear of the train. How long will it take him to
reach the rear of the train? [45 seconds]

2E.Strategy: Minimise the numerator and maximise the denominator.

i i f.
Divide: + 265 = x 2 Because the result is a whole number, then 6 is a factor of a and b is
a factor of 25 . Likewise, i
+
8 =
15
i f.
x 1 Because this result is a whole number, then 8 is a
factor of a and bis a factor of 15 . Since 6 and 8 are both factors of a, the least possible value
of a is 24. Also, since bis a factor of both 25 and 15, the greatest possible value of bis 5. The
. f . a . 24
least possible value of the raction T, is s .

Set If,: Olympiad 3

3A.&rate~: Use the IO and 7 to find Y. . .

Because 10 _ y = 7, y is 3. Then 8 _ 3 = 5 and 7 - 5 = 2. Fill m
5 and 2.
The remaining circles contain 1, 4, 6, and 9 in some order: because
C - 2 = D, then C is 6 and Dis 4. Fill in 6 and 4.
Since 17 - B\ = 6, Bis 1 or 13 . Since 13 is not in the set, Bis l.
Therefore, Xis 10- l = 9. Thus Y = 3 and X = 9.

287
 Maths Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3
· · • fiorm
· · l b rate ~
3B. Strateg:1:: Represent the gzven znformatzon zn age _ 13
· .
th rd .
The first 2 diagrams show that 2A + B = 17 and A + 2B - · The i diagram shows that
A+ B = C. The question asks for the value of A+ B.

Method 1: Add the equations 2A + B = 17 and A + 2B = 13 to get 3A + 3B = 30. Divide both

sides of 3A + 3B = 30 by 3 to get A+ B = I 0. Because A+ B = C, C is 10.
Method 2: Since 2A + B = 17 and A + 2B = 13, the value of A is 4 more than that of B. Because
2A + B = l 7, 2A + A = 21 . Then 3A = 21 and A is 7.
Now find Band then C: Since 2A + B = 17, 14 + B = 17 and Bis 3. These values also check in
A+ 2B = 13 . Since A+ B = 7 + 3, C is 10.

FOLLOW UPS: (1) Find the value ofa + b + c in the system ofequations: a + b + 5c =
23; a+ 5b + c = 19; 5a + b + c = 35. [11] (2) Find the values ofx, y, and z: x + y-z
= -2; X - y + Z = 5; - X + y + Z = - 4. [X = i, y = -3, Z = ½.]

3C.Strategy: Seat the boys one at a time.

Let the first boy pick any of the 8 available chairs. If the second boy is to sit in a chair next
to the first boy, then he has only two choices out of the seven unoccupied chairs. So the
probability that the two boys are seated next to each other is ~- The girls may sit in any
order without affecting the outcome.

FOLLOW-UP: Suppose an empty chair is between the 2 boys at the table. What is the
probability that one particular girl is not seated next to either boy? [i or ½1

3O.Method I: Strategy: Look for a pattern in the number ofnew trees each year.
Each year the farmer plants 4 more trees than the previous year.
3 3 3 3 3
...
Year
Number of new trees planted 1
1 2 3
9 13 ...
5
4 9
?
3f2[2'3
Total trees to date 1 15 28 ...
6 ? 312111 2 13
The total number of trees is then 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 + 21 + 25 + 29 + 33 = 153. Or, si~ce
the n_u1~bers in the second row of the table are equally spaced, their sum equals the median
m_:1lt1plted by the number of entries: 17 x 9 = 153. By the end of the Year 9, he had planted
I :,3 trees in all.

288
 Solutions - Division S

Method 2: Strategy: Find the dimensions of the rectangle at the end of each year.
Examine the diagram for each of the first three years. Starting with Year 2, each year he adds
one more row and two more columns. Thus, the total number of trees at the end of two years is
arrayed in 2 rows of 3 columns each for 6 trees, at the end of three years in 3 rows of 5 columns
each for 15 trees, and at the end of four years, there were 4 rows of 7 columns each for a total
of 28 trees (as shown in the table above). Following the pattern, at the end of nine years he
had planted 9 rows of 17 columns each for a total of 153 trees.

3E.Strategy: Express the area of triangle ABC in two ways.

Graph and label the figure, as shown. Counting boxes,
AB = 8 and BC= 6 . Express the area of triangle ABC two
different ways: ½ x 6 x 8 and½ x 10 x h. Then equate
them since they represent the same area: 24 = 5 x h.
The length of BE is 4.8.

FOLLOW-UP: The lengths of the legs of a right D C

triangle are represented by a units and b units, the
hypotenuse by c units, and the altitude to the hypotenuse by h units. Express the value of
h in terms of a, b, and c. [ h = a: ]

Set 16: Olympiad 4

4A.Method 1: Strategy: Draw the diagram. Y, ~

B=---
I I
The shortest path occurs when each move is toward the goal. One ~--
possible path is shown. Count to find that the shortest path is 21
units long. -
-:_
"""
14
I I

I I 1 1,
1
,<f:F
.Method 2: Strategy: Determine horizontal and vertical di_stances separately. _
Horizontally, the distance from A(-1, 0) to B(3, 5) is 4 umts, and then on t? C(7, ~3) 1s also 4
units for a total of 8 units. Vertically, the distance from A(-1, 0) to 8(3, 5) 1s 5 u_mts, and then
on to C(7, -3) is 8 units for a total of 13 units. The length of the shortest path ,s 8 + 13 = 21
units long.

2 89
 Maths Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3

4B.Strategy: Count in an organised way.

Consider each individual angle and each combination of adj acent
individual angles.
One individual angle: L.ABX, L.XBY, L.YBZ, LZBC.
Two individual angles: L.ABY, L.XBZ, L.YBC
Three individual angles: L.ABZ, L.XBC z
Four individual angles: L.ABC B -------_,,,. C
Altogether, 4 + 3 + 2 + I = 10 acute angles are in the diagram.

FOLLOW VPs: (]) A triangle is formed by connecting 3 vertices ofa given pentagon. In
how many ways can this be done? [10] (2) Why is this question equivalent to problem
4B? [Consider the vertices that are not used.] (3) How many different committees of5
people can be chosen.from a group of 7 people? [21]

4C.Strategy: Minimise the number of ushers.

Group each 30 fans with 1 usher to form groups of 31 . Then the 20 000 people are divided into
645 groups of 31 each, with 5 people left over. Those 5 people must contain at least 1 usher and
at most 4 fans . There must be at least 645 + 1 = 646 ushers. There are at most 20 000 - 646
= 19 354 fans that can be in attendance.

4D.Method 1: Strategy: Draw a useful line segment. I

Through B draw a line segment (DE) perpendicular to both line
l and line m as shown. The acute angles in a right triangle are
complementary. In right t:JJBA, L.DBA contains 90 - 35 = 55°.
Similarly, in right!). EBC, L.EBC contains 90 - 42 = 48°. L.DBE is a
straight angle and it equals 180°, so L..ABC = 180 - 55 - 48 = 77°. m

Method 2: Strategy: Draw a different useful line segment.

Through B draw line BP parallel to both line land line mas shown. I D
If a transversal cuts two parallel lines, the alternate interior angles
are congruent. Then L.DAB contains the same number of degrees,
35, as L.ABP and L.PBC contains the same number of degrees, 42,
as L.BCE.
m E
Therefore L..ABC contains 35 + 42 = 77°.

290
 Solutions - Division S
-==:
attP.eev: Convert the given fractions into decimals.
Sttr.-11
4E.~ d . 1 . .
count~ng the ecn-i:ia s is an_easier_ P_roce~s than counting fractions. Write the given fractions
i
in decimal form u s mg ~ decimal digits: 4 = .250 and = .375. From .001 through .375, there
are 375 three-place decimals, but 249 of them (.001 through .249) are not in the desired range.
Thus there are 375 - 249 = 126 decimals in the range that can be expressed using exactly three
decimal places, and each of them is equivalent to a unique fraction in lowest terms. There are
i
126 fractions between¼ and inclusive that can be exactly represented using three-digit
decimals.
Follow-Up: There are exactly 13 fractions in lowest terms between½ and N, inclusive,
that can be represented as a decimal numeral with exactly two decimal digits. N > ½-
Find Nin lowest terms. [}5]

Set 16: Olympiad 5

SA.Method 1: Strategy: Make a table comparing the faulty and actual distances.

Odometer Reading in km 4.6 9.2 ... 46 92

Actual km Travelled 5 10 ... 50 100
Acton and Bywater are 100 km apart.

Method 2: Strategy: Use proportional reasoning

The ratio of registered kilometres to actual kilometres is always 4.6 to 5. Since 4 .6 must be
multiplied by 20 to get 92, multiply 5 by 20. Acton and Bywater are 100 km apart.

Method 3: Strategy: Use algebra. 4.6 92

If x is the actual distance travelled, then: 5 = X

Cross-multiply: 4.6x = (5)(92)

Simplify: 4.6x = 460
Divide each side of the equation by 4.6: X = 100

Therefore Acton and Bywater are 100 km apart.

SB.Strate~: Look for a pattern in the partial sums.

Write the first term, the sum of the first two terms, the sum of the first three terms, and so on,
to form a new sequence: 2, - 1, - 3, o, then 2, - 1, - 3, 0, then 2, - 1, - 3, 0, . .. These cm~ulative
sums repeat in blocks of 4. 2012 is a multiple of 4, so the 2012th sum is 0. The 2013 sum is
th erefore 2. The sum of the first 2013 terms of the sequence is 2.

FOLLOW-UPS:(]) Suppose today is Wednesday. What d~y ofthe week is 1000 days from
today? [Tuesday] (2) The first four terms of the senes 2 - 3 - x + 3 + . .. repeat
endlessly. Find the value ofx that will make the sum of the.first 47 terms equal - 87. [9]

291
Maths Olympiad Contest Problems Volume 3

SC.Method 1: Strategy: Select a convenient value for x. ~

There are infinitely many pairs of values of x and y that satisfy the giv~n equation. Select any
convenient value of y and use it to solve for x. For example, suppose Y 1s 0. Then 5x - 2y:::: 30
becomes 5x - 0 = 30 and x = 6. Then y -~x becomes (0) - ~ (6) = 0 -15. Thus, y-~x == -15.
Check by using a few other values for x or y . The result will always be - 15.
Method 2: Strategy: Use algebraic procedures to transform the equation.
Start with the given equation: 5x - 2y = 30
Multiply both sides of equation by - 1: - 1(5x - 2y) = - 30
Distribute the negative sign on the left side of equation: - 5x + 2y = - 30
Rearrange the terms on the left side of equation: 2y - 5x = - 30
Divide each term by 2: y-ix = -15

SD.Strategy: Use the meaning ofpercent.

J
The fraction of all adults starting a new business last year was and this year it was ~ . An
5
increase of 20% means that the new rate is 120% of the old rate, or 1.2 times the old rate.
The old rate multiplied by 1.2 is the new rate: (1.2)J = is
Multiply NI by 1.2: li = ...1
N 55
Cross-multiply:
(N)(l) = (1.2)(55)
Simplify:
N =66
The equation can be solved in several other ways but the result will always be N = 66.

SE.Strategy: Start with simple cases and look for a pattern.

Start with a rectangle which has 4 "inside" comers and O "outside" comers. Then add one
comer at a time by cutting right-angled pieces from it.

Sketch

Number of inside corners

D [J CJD
4 5 6
...

... 23
Number of outside corners 0 I 2 p
...
In each case there are 4 more inside comers than outside comers. In the complete floor plan,
there are 23 inside comers and therefore I 9 outside comers. p = J9.

292
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"It uses -~v~rything we have learned in maths .. . I succeed in it
and I like~it, so hopefully I will do something involving maths."
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STUDENT

"I find that it helps generate enthusiasm for maths, and

challenges my strongest students."
TEACHER

"I am amazed at the rich problem solving strategies my kids

came up with to solve these problems ..."
TEACHER

"We accepted students at all ability level s. They all

lea r ned from each other. The ~students loved u si ng
non -conventional strategies to5olve_problems."
TEACHER

A RECOMMEN DED TEXT OF THE

AUSTRALASIAN PROBLEM SOLVING
MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS INC.