Lecture 3:

Igneous Minerals & Rocks

Open Lecture 3: Task & Polls Quiz

+ Answer Question 1

Open Lecture 3+4: Igneous Rocks

Summary Flow Chart
 Study Sheet – Fill out! Igneous rocks
Ini@al Magma
Lava or
(at Earth’s surface)
(beneath Earth’s surface) LavaMagma?
or Magma?

Cools and solidifies ____________ to form.. Fast or slow? Cools and solidifies _________ to form..

___________ (intrusive) igneous rocks Plutonic or Volcanic? __________ (extrusive) igneous rocks

Which are classified by

mposi@ on
Magma/lava co Plutonic v
s. volcanic
Composi@on (oFen reflected by color) Mineral crystal (grain) size

Based on SiO2 content Coarse grained (1 – 20mm) Fine grained

(minor also: Fe, Mg, Al, Ca content) Very coarse grained (> 2-3 cm) (less then 1 mm)

Aphanitic or Phaneritic?
Divided into
Fill in from lecture slides: Porphyri@c

Felsic IR Intermediate IR Mafic IR Ultramafic IR

When molten rock When molten rock
– % < % < % (magma) cools … (lava/magma) cools…
SiO2 - content > %

Color:
Fast or slow?

Density: _________ / volcanic rock

__________ /plutonic rock
Minerals: Extrusive or intrusive

Vola@le = gas
content:

Explosiveness
of erup@on

Examples
(volc. + plut.):
Rock Cycle
 Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous Rocks & Processes
Quartz Quartz Quartz

Feldspar Clay Min. Feldspar

Mica (Biotite, Feldspar
Calcite Mica
& Muscovite)
Calcite Garnet
Pyroxene
Dolomite Pyroxene
Amphibole Gypsum Staurolite
Olivine Halite Kyanite

Volcanism
1
IGNEOUS
ROCK

Major
Rock types

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 Formation of Rocks – Types of Igneous Rocks
Above Earth’s surface (lava):
extrusive / volcanic ______ cooling
(aphanitic, very fine crystallized crystallization
to glassy)

______ cooling
Below Earth’s surface (magma):
crystallization
Intrusive / plutonic
(phaneritic, coarse crystallized)
Hot
material
Earth’s internal layering:
rises

plastic

liquid
solid

Crust Solid, 5-100 km thick

Mantle, 2800 km thick (partial melt/magma source)
Outer Core, 2200 km thick
Inner Core, 1300 km to center
 Phaneritic or Aphanitic? __________
Intrusive or Extrusive? _________
Cooled fast or slow? ________

Phaneritic or
Aphanitic?
Intrusive or Extrusive?
Cooled fast or slow?
Answer Question 2
Of Lecture 3: Tasks
& Polls Quiz

Aphanitic – Porphyry!
(larger crystals in fine matrix)
Intrusive or Extrusive
Fast, but first crystals formed
earlier..
 Composition & Physical Properties of Magma
3. The composition and physical properties of magma KNOW
THIS!
Mafic magma/lava:
• Low amount of SiO2 (SiO2 < 54 wt%)
- Mafic magma:
• Rich in elements Ca, Fe, Mg
• High temperature- Low amount
(about of SiO2 (SiO2 < 52 wt%)
1200°C)
- High temperature (about 1200°C)
• Low viscosity (runny)
- Low viscosity
• Low in Volatiles (gas)
- Low amount of gas (volatiles)
• Typical minerals: olivine,
- typical pyroxene,
minerals: plagioclase
olivine, pyroxene,
• Not very explosive (effusiveplagioclase
flows) feldspar
• Color index: dark (black) -> mafic
Basalt
Felsic magma/lava:
- Felsic magma:
• High amount of SiO2 (SiO2 > 66 wt%)
- High amount of SiO2 (SiO2 > 66 wt%)
• Rich in elements K, Al,
- Low SiO2 (little(about
temperature Ca, Fe, Mg)
500-800°C)
• Low temperature (about
- More 500-800°C)
viscous than mafic magmas
• High viscosity (stiff)
- Large amount of gas (volatiles)
• High in Volatiles (Gas) minerals: quartz, alkaline feldspar
- typical
• Typical minerals: quartz, Potassium (K-) feldspar
• Often explosive
• Color index: light (white, light grey, pink) -> felsic
 Answer Question 3 in Lecture 3: Tasks & Polls Quiz

What Rock
is this?

Use:
- Crystal size:
Coarse vs. Fine?
- Texture term?
- Color?

Conclusions:
- Volcanic or plutonic?
- Felsic or mafic?
- Where formed?
KNOW
THIS! Magma/Lava/Rock
T Types

Felsic = (Si)alic Intermediate Mafic (Mg-Fe) Ultramafic

600°C Decrease in Temperature (Bowen R. S.) 1600°C

Stronger/tighter chem. bonds Increase in SiO2 Weaker/ looser chem. bonds

Increase in Viscosity (flow resistance)

Increase in Potential to Trap Gas + Explosiveness
Violent explosive eruptions Effusive flow

Very Important Relationship between:

• Magma/Lava composition • Volatile (gas) content (trapped)
• Temperature • Explosiveness of Volcanism
• SiO2 Content (chem. Bonds) • Volcano morphology
• Viscosity (stiffness) • Tectonic Setting (location of formation)
 Magma Viscosity – Liquids Resistance to Flow
Dependent on temperature, SiO2 content -> molecular bonds ...
Low Viscosity
(chem. bonds
are less tight)
flows well

High Viscosity
(chem. bonds
1 Pa-s = 10 poise.
tighter) does
not flow well
 Igneous Products

1. Plutonism (intrusive) – MAGMA

below surface - coarse crystallized – slow cooling
Magma chambers, dikes/sills

2. Volcanism (extrusive) – LAVA

at surface - fine crystallized – faster cooling
Lava flows, Pyroclastics
 1. Plutonism (below Earth surface – 20-70 km)
- Cooling slow (insulated) - Long time (1,000 to 10,000? of years)
- Mostly coarse crystalline
- Often large extent - magma chambers: plutons or batholiths
- Other intrusions: Dikes & Sills
- Exposed on surface due to long time of erosion!

Erosional
surface

Batholith Dike

Form within Earth’s crust: Sill

Intrusive (plutonic)
Igneous Rocks
Cooled Magma Chamber – Pluton/Batholith

Sierra Nevada Batholith (Yosemite V., CA, USA)

(Formed at appr. 30 km depth in crust,
today exposed due to erosion)
extent: 400 x 80 miles

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Granite
Wikipedia, John Sullivan – Half Dome
 Typical Plutonic Rock Types
• Under surface -> Long time to cool -> Coarse crystallized
• Rock types:
– Granite
– Diorite
– Gabbro
– Peridotite
Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite
(felsic) (intermediate) (mafic) (ultramafic)
Continent. Crust Cont. Crust Cont. + Oceanic Crust Mantle

Felsic = (Si)alic Intermediate Mafic (Mg-Fe) Ultramafic

 Example: Igneous Rock & Minerals

Quartz
(grey)
Plagioclase
(white
Feldspar)

Orthoclase
Biotite (pink
(black K-Feldspar)
Mica)
 Smaller Plutonic Intrusions - Dikes
• Under but close to surface (cool rock around it)
• Intrude -> cut across original geologic layering
• Crystallization texture may look like Volcanic Texture
• Fine crystalline: thin -> cool faster due to cold rock around it

Mafic
(Basalt)
Dike

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51870389@N05/4778443642
 Smaller Plutonic Intrusions - Sills
• Under but close to surface (cool rock around it)
• Intrudes parallel to the original geologic layering
• Crystallization texture may look like Volcanic Texture
• Fine crystalline: often thin –> cool faster due to cold rock around it

Mafic
(Basalt)
Sill
3D Model Example

https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/nobbys-head-
7212fe363f10423385190b33d2692287
2. Volcanism (at Earth's Surface)
= Extrusive rocks (Flows & Pyroclastics)
= Cooling: fast - Fine crystalline
 Typical Volcanic Rock Types
• Above surface -> short time to cool -> fine grained crystallized
3. The composition and physical properties of magma
• Rock types:
– Rhyolite - Mafic magma:
- Low amount of SiO2 (SiO2 < 52 wt%)
– Andesite - High temperature (about 1200°C)
- Low viscosity
– Basalt - Low amount of gas (volatiles)
- typical minerals: olivine, pyroxene,
– Pumice (felsic) plagioclase feldspar
Rhyolite Pumice (felsic) Andesite Scoria (mafic) Basalt (mafic)
– Scoria (mafic) (felsic) Lots of holes (intermediate) Lots of holes Cont. +
Basalt

- Felsic magma:
Continent. Crust (solidified ash) Cont. Crust- High amount of SiO2 (SiO2 > 66 wt%) Oceanic Crust
- Low temperature (about 500-800°C)
- More viscous than mafic magmas
Rhyolite Andesite Basalt
- Large amount of gas (volatiles)
- typical minerals: quartz, alkaline feldspar

Rhyolith

Felsic = (Si)alic Intermediate Mafic (Mg-Fe) Ultramafic

 Answer Question 4 of Lecture 3: Tasks & Polls

Which of the minerals on the right is/are

likely to be mafic?

A) Pyroxene
B) Potassium (K- or Alkali-) Feldspar
C) Muscovite (type of mica)
D) Quartz

B. K-feldspar
D. quartz
C. muscovite

A. pyroxene
Practice Questions
 More Examples
Aphanitic = very fine crystallized (grained)
Cannot see/identify minerals without
hand lens or microscope!

Volcanic - Extrusive – quick cooling!

No time to crystallize to large minerals

Or: thin intrusion – sill or dike

Phaneritic = coarse crystallized (grained)

Can easily see/identify minerals without
hand lens or microscope!
This may be called: phaneritic-porphyritic!

Plutonic - Intrusive – slower cooling!

Time to crystallize larger (visible) minerals
• Describe Rock !
• Where/How was it formed ?

Click here for link to 3D model

1. Minerals visible with https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/utsc-47e5124-09399f8091ff44baa11ba52bd48b346d
naked eye or not?

Plutonic vs. Extrusive?

Phaneritic vs. Aphanitic?

2. Choose the term, based on color?

- Felsic
- Intermediate
- Mafic
- Ultramafic

3. What kind of minerals

would you say are there?
Quartz, pink feldspar vs. whitish
Feldspar, silvery shiny sheets (Muscovite), black
Shiny sheets (Biotite), dull black mineral (Hbl)…
 c. 1200°C
Magma types
ultramafic

mafic
Evolution

intermediate

For which magma composition

would pyroxenes be one of felsic
the first minerals to form?
a. Felsic
b. Intermediate
c. Ultramafic
c. 600°C - Mafic
d. Non of these
What is “Viscosity”?

1. How shiny a mineral is e.g. high viscosity = very shiny

2. Degree of resistance to flow e.g. high viscosity = does not flow well
3. Color index of igneous rocks e.g. black = highly viscose
4. Level of explosiveness of a volcanic eruption e.g. very explosive =
low viscosity
 Sierra Nevada Batholith (huge pluton)
(Formed deeper in Earth crust,
exposed due to erosion)

This is a ____________ because

a. Intrusive, volcanic rock (phaneritic)
b. Intrusive, plutonic rock (phaneritic)
c. Extrusive, volcanic rock (aphanitic)
d. Extrusive, plutonic rock (aphanitic to porphyritic)