○ Safety Hazard Symbols

■ yellow triangle=caution
■ orange diamond=warning
■ red octagon=danger
○ WHMIS-Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
■ designed to help people who use harmful materials at work

Organizing Matter

● matter=anything with mass and volume

● matter can exist as solid liquid or gas
○ plasma is 4th state. occurs when substantial energy is added to gas
○ state of substance depends on temperature
● should be able to make chart of transformations between solid liquid gas
● properties are characteristics used to describe a substance; diff substances have diff
properties
○ 2 types: physical and chemical

Physical Properties of Matter

● describe physical characteristics

● Melting Point, boiling point, hardness, malleability(pounded/rolled into sheets),
ductility(stretched into long wire), crystal shape, solubility, density, conductivity
● when a substance undergoes physical change appearance or state may change but
composition stays the same

Chemical Properties of Matter

● describe how a substance interacts with other substances such as acids

● eg: reactions with acids, ability to burn, reaction with water, behaviour in air, reaction to
heat
● only observable when chemical change occurs
● chemical change always results in the formation of a different substance or substances

Pure Substances vs Mixtures

● physical and chemical properties show us whether a substance is pure or a mixture

● Pure substances are made up of only one kind of matter and have unique set of
properties
○ elements and compounds are pure substances
● Mixtures are combinations of pure substances but not chemically combined
○ parts remain in their original, pure form
○ 4 types: mechanical, solution, colloid, suspension
■ mechanical: heterogenous with all different parts visible
■ solution: homogenous mixture in which a substance is dissolved in
another (not separately visible)
■ suspension: cloudy, heterogenous mixture in which tiny particles of
substance are held within another
 ■ solid particles do not dissolve in liquid
■ colloid: cloudy mixture, but the particles of the suspended substance are
so small that they cannot be easily separated
■ mixture in which very small particles of one substance are
distributed evenly throughout another substance. The particles are
generally larger than those in a solution, and smaller than those in
a suspension

Topic 2
Dalton Model (Billiard Ball)

● Suggested matter was made of elements

● first to define element as a pure substance that contained no other substance
● put forward first modern theory of atomic structure
○ said each element is composed of a single particle called an atom
○ also said all atoms in an element have same mass
● sometimes called billiard ball model because he thought atoms were solid
spheres
● basic description of the structure of an element was correct
○ some ideas were later modified based on new evidence

Thomson Model

● discovered subatomic particles

○ when experimenting with cathode rays he found streams of negatively charged
particles
○ called them electrons
■ were much smaller than atoms
○ Thomson inferred that they made up atoms but people didn't agree with him
● Thomson proposed what is called the “raisin bun model”
○ described the atom as a positively charged sphere in which negatively charged
electrons were embedded like raisins in a bun
○ negative electrons balance the positive sphere, so the whole atom has no
electrical charge
● Hantaro Nagaoka refined model: centre of the atom was a large positive charge. The
negatively charged electrons orbited around this charge
○ Most scientists of the day did not agree with this model because existing theories
could not explain it

Rutherford Model

● suggested that atoms were mainly empty space through which the positive particles
could pass, but at the core was a tiny positively charged centre (nucleus)
○ he coined the term 'nucleus'
○ calculated that the nucleus was only about 1/10 000th the size of the atom

Bohr Model
● suggested that electrons do not orbit randomly in an atom. Bohr said that they move in
specific circular orbits, or electron shells
● believed that electrons jump between these shells by gaining or losing energy
● further refinements, by James Chadwick. Chadwick discovered that the nucleus
contained positively charged particles called protons, and neutral particles called
neutrons. The neutron has about the same mass as the proton but carries no electrical
charge. An electron has only 1/1837th the mass of either a proton or a neutron

Quantum Mechanical Model

● quantum mechanics model of the atom describes electrons as existing in a charged

cloud around the nucleus

Organizing the Elements

● Dmitri Mendeleev collected the 63 elements known to exist

● He then wrote down the properties of each element on a card, such as melting point,
density, and colour
● Eventually, he found a pattern that seemed to work. It showed that the properties of
elements vary periodically with increasing atomic mass
● noticed some gaps in his chart of the elements
○ predicted new elements would be discovered
● Many scientists didn’t agree with Mendeleev’s ideas and criticized his work. Within 16
years, however, the gaps were filled through the discovery of new elements

Periodic Table Today

● horizontal rows = periods

○ numbered 1 to 7
○ As you move right, the metals generally become less reactive.
● vertical columns = group, family
○ 18 columns in the table contain groups or families of elements with similar
chemical properties
○ exceptions: group 1 is alkaline metals but hydrogen isn't one
○ families share properties
● These groups have similar chemical properties
● Metals=shiny, malleable, and ductile. They also conduct electricity
● Non-Metals=can be a solid or a gas. Solid nonmetals are dull, brittle elements. Non-
metals, except carbon, do not conduct electricity.
● Mettaloids=have both metallic and non-metallic properties.
● Alkaline metals are the most reactive (group1)
● Alkaline earth metals are also reactive but its not as strong (group 2)
● Halogens are the most reactive non-metal
○ can combine with other elements to form new substances with useful properties
● noble gases are most unreactive stable elements

Topic 3
Ionic Compounds
● Ionic compounds are pure substances formed as a result of the attraction between
particles of opposite charges, called ions
○ high melting point, good electrical conductivity, and distinct crystal shape, solids
at room temperature,
○ When an ionic compound is melted or dissolved in water(aqueous solution), it will
conduct electricity
○ high melting and boiling points
● When the ionic compound is dissolved in water, the metal and nonmetal form an
aqueous solution of ions. An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has become
electrically charged through the loss or gain of electrons.

Molecular Compounds

● When non-metals combine, a pure substance called a molecule or a molecular

compound is formed
● can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature. They tend to be insulators, or poor
conductors of electricity
● relatively low melting and boiling points because the forces between the molecules are
weak

Topic 4
Chemical Reaction

● chemical reaction takes place when two or more substances combine to form new
substances. A chemical change in a substance results from a chemical reaction
○ Chemical changes occur because some substances react with each other when
they come into contact
● materials at the start of a reaction are called the reactants
● new materials produced by the reaction are called products
● Evidence of chemical reaction:
○ a colour change
○ the formation of an odour
○ the formation of a solid or a gas
○ the release or absorption of heat

Endothermic vs Exothermic

● A chemical reaction that releases heat energy is called an exothermic reaction

(increasing temperature)
○ eg: when body metabolizes food
● A chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy is an endothermic reaction (reducing
temperature)
○ eg: baking soda and vinegar

Chemical Reactions Involving Oxygen

● Combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen reacts with a substance to
form a new substance and give off energy. Fire is a common example of a combustion
reaction eg:fire
● Corrosion is the slow chemical change that occurs when oxygen in the air reacts with a
metal eg:rusting
● Cellular respiration is a chemical reaction that takes place in the cells in your body. Food
(glucose) reacts with oxygen to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide

Law of Conservation of Mass

● states that matter is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction

● predicts that the mass of the product will be the sum of masses of reactants
● in open systems some mass may escape in form of gas

Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction

● four factors:
○ presence of catalyst: substances that help a reaction proceed faster. They are
present with the reactants of a reaction, but they are not consumed during the
reaction (eg: enzymes)
○ concentration of reactants: greater the concentration of the reactants, the faster
the reaction because more atoms available for reaction
○ surface area of reactants: greater surface area means more atoms available to
react
○ temperature of reactants: The added heat causes the atoms of each reactant to
move faster, which increases the chances of their colliding with each other