HASHEMITE UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Nozzle Test Report
Student Name: Bashar Abdulqader Alaqayleh
Student Reg. No.: 1440224
Section No.: 1
Instructor: Ahmed Bani-Yassin
Engineer: Mohammad Fawzi
Objectives:
1. To study pressure and velocity distribution along a nozzle.
2. To find critical pressure ratio and efficiency of a nozzle.
3. To study the change in properties of fluid.
Procedural Flowchart:
Connect air supply to inlet valve
Turning on the compressor
Adjusting the inlet pressure
Take the readings of pressures at all sections from For more trials
pressure gauges.
Taking the readings of inlet and outlet temperatures by
digital thermocouples and mass flow rate.
No more trials
Adjust the mass flow rate
Record the results
Analysis of Data:
Table (1): experimental results
Pi P2 P4 P6 P8 Pe Ti Te 𝒎𝒎̇
Test
[Bar] [Bar] [Bar] [Bar] [Bar] [Bar] [℃] [℃] [𝐠𝐠/𝐬𝐬]
1 4 4 4 4 4 4 zero
2 4 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.1 3 19.5 17 2.65
3 4 3.8 3.4 3 2.1 2 20.6 17.5 3.3
4 4 3.8 3.4 3 1.8 1 22.6 17.5 3.3
5 4 3.8 3.4 3 1.8 0 22.5 17.5 3.3
2
Table (2): temperature at different sections
Ti T2 T4 T6 T8 Tea Tes
Test
[𝐊𝐊] [𝐊𝐊] [𝐊𝐊] [𝐊𝐊] [𝐊𝐊] [𝐊𝐊] [𝐊𝐊]
2 292.5 290.39 288.24 281.55 271.96 290 269.42
3 293.6 289.33 280.28 270.43 244.23 290.5 240.85
4 295.6 291.30 282.19 272.27 235.30 290.5 198.92
5 295.5 291.20 282.09 272.18 235.22 290.5
o Sample of Calculations: «with reference to the 3rd test for all calculations»
𝑘𝑘−1
𝑃𝑃 � 𝑘𝑘 �
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 � 𝑒𝑒� , 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘 = 1.4
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 = 20.6 + 273 = 293.6 K
𝑘𝑘−1 1.4−1
𝑃𝑃 � 𝑘𝑘 � 3.8 � 1.4 �
𝑇𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 � 2� = 293.6 � � = 289.33 K
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 4
.
.
.
𝑘𝑘−1 1.4−1
𝑃𝑃 � 𝑘𝑘 � 2 � 1.4 �
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑇𝑇8 � 𝑒𝑒 � = 244.23 � � = 240.85 K
𝑃𝑃8 2.1
Table (3): velocity at different sections
V2 V4 V6 V8 Ves
Test
[m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s] [m/s]
2 2.06 2.92 4.69 6.43 6.82
3 2.93 5.17 6.82 9.96 10.29
4 2.94 5.19 6.85 11.01 13.94
5 2.94 5.19 6.85 11.01
o Sample of Calculations:
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 = �2(ℎ𝑖𝑖 − ℎ𝑒𝑒 ) + 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖2 , 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (ℎ𝑒𝑒 − ℎ𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 − 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 ) , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 = 1.005
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘.𝐾𝐾
𝑉𝑉2 = �2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 − 𝑇𝑇2 ) + 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖2 = �2 × 1.005 × (293.6 − 289.33) + 0 = 2.93 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
.
.
.
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = �2𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 (𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑇𝑇8 ) + 𝑉𝑉82 = �2 × 1.005 × (244.23 − 240.85) + 9.962
= 10.295 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
3
o In order to find the Area of different sections, we need the density
Table (4): density of the flow at different sections
𝝆𝝆𝟐𝟐 𝝆𝝆𝟒𝟒 𝝆𝝆𝟔𝟔 𝝆𝝆𝟖𝟖
Test
[𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 ] [𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 ] [𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 ] [𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 ]
2 4.68 4.59 4.33 3.97
3 4.58 4.23 3.87 2.99
4 4.55 4.20 3.84 2.67
5 4.55 4.20 3.84 2.67
o Sample of Calculations:
𝑃𝑃 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜌𝜌 = , 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅 = 0.287 . 𝐾𝐾
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑃𝑃2 = 3.8 × 100 = 380 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑃𝑃2 380
𝜌𝜌2 = = = 4.58 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇2 0.287×289.33
.
.
.
𝑃𝑃8 210
𝜌𝜌8 = = = 2.99 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇8 0.287×244.23
Table (5): area of different sections
A2 A4 A6 A8
Test
[𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 ] [𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 ] [𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 ] [𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 ]
2 0.000275 0.000197 0.00013 0.000104
3 0.000246 0.000151 0.000125 0.000111
4 0.000247 0.000151 0.000126 0.000112
5 0.000247 0.000151 0.000126 0.000112
o Sample of Calculations:
𝑚𝑚̇
𝐴𝐴 =
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑚𝑚̇2 3.3×10−3
𝐴𝐴2 = = = 2.459 × 10−4 𝑚𝑚2
𝜌𝜌2 𝑉𝑉2 4.58×2.93
.
.
.
𝑚𝑚̇8 3.3×10−3
𝐴𝐴8 = = = 1.108 × 10−4 𝑚𝑚2
𝜌𝜌8 𝑉𝑉8 2.99×9.96
4
Table (6): nozzle efficiency and the ratio of (Pe/Pi)
Test 𝐏𝐏𝒆𝒆 /𝐏𝐏𝐢𝐢 η
2 0.75 0.108
3 0.5 0.059
4 0.25 0.053
5 0 ---
o Sample of Calculations:
𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 2
= = 0.5
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 4
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 −𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 293.6−290.5
𝜂𝜂 = = = 0.059
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 −𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 293.6−240.85
5
Figure (1): pressure variation along the nozzle sections
Pressure Variation along the Nozzle Sections
4.5
3.5
Temperature [K]
2.5 Test 2
2 Test 3
Test 4
1.5
Test 5
1
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Sections
The pressure decreases through the nozzle.
Figure (2): temperature variation along the nozzle sections
Temperature Variation along the Nozzle Sections
300
290
280
270
Temperature [K]
260
Test 2
250
Test 3
240
Test 4
230 Test 5
220
210
200
0 2 4 6 8 10
Sections
The temperature decreases through the nozzle.
6
Figure (3): velocity variation along the nozzle sections
Velocity Variation along the Nozzle Sections
12
10
Temperature [K]
Test 2
6
Test 3
Test 4
4
Test 5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Sections
The velocity increases through the nozzle.
Figure (4): mass flow rate against the ratio of (Pe/Pi)
. 𝑷𝑷𝒆𝒆
𝒎𝒎̇ v.s. �𝑷𝑷
𝒊𝒊
3.4
3.2
mass flow rate [g/s]
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
inlet outlet pressure ratio
𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒
From the graph, the point at which the chocking phenomena occurs is: = 0.5.
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
If the theoretical value of the ratio to chocking is 0.5275, then:
0.5275 − 0.5
%𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = � � × 100% = 5.21%
0.5275
7
Applications of Nozzles:
o Gas turbines.
o Jet engines.
o Rockets.
o Flow measurements.
Governing Equations of Jet engines:
o The net thrust developed by the engine:
o The power developed from the thrust of the engine is called the propulsive
power 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝̇
o propulsive efficiency is given by:
