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LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN BASIC CALCULUS

Quarter 3, Week 2
LIMITS OF SOME TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Learning Competencies
1. Compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions using table of values and
graphs of the functions (STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-1)
sin t 1 cos t et  1
,
2. Illustrate limits involving the expressions t t and t using table of values
(STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-2)

Background
A function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) such that to each values of the first variable x,
there corresponds a unique value of the second variable y.

Mathematical functions can be in the following forms:

1). Algebraic Form 2) Table Form 3) Graph Form

Activity 1.
Direction: Evaluate the f(x) = x3 - 3x - 1. Then, complete the given table and draw its graph.
x -2 -1 0 1 2
f(x)

Key Concepts
In mathematics, the limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning
the behavior of that function near a particular input and calculus is called the Mathematics of Change. The
study of limit is necessary in studying change in great detail. The evaluation of a particular limit is what
underlies the formulation of derivative and the integral of a function.
Let f(x) be a function, c be a constant which the variable x will approach. And the limit to be denoted
by L, is the unique real value that f(x) will approach as x approaches to c.
This can be written as lim f ( x)  L
x c

(Can be read as “The limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L.”)

Illustration: 2
lim( x  4)  12 Limit as x approaches c
x 4
This provides direction on what inputs
should be used to determine the change in
function
outputs as its moving towards its limit.

EVALUATING LIMIT OF A FUNCTION USING TABLES AND GRAPHS

Procedures:
a. Provide inputs or set values of x that satisfy the condition x c. And x or inputs should be at least within 2
units from the c (from left and right). NOTE: Choose inputs that are really close to c.
b. Construct tables where x c from the left and right.
c. Evaluate the function using the provided inputs.
d. Then observe where the output is heading as x c.
e. Graph the function.
f. Determine if the limit exists or does not exist.

Example 1. Show that lim( x 2  4)  12 by selecting replacements for x near 4.

x 4
 12
x 3.8 3.9 3.99 3.999 (from the left of x=4 )
f(x) 10.44 11.21 11.9201 11.992001

x 4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001 (from the right of x=4 )

f(x) 12.81 12.0801 12.008001 12.00080001
4
Thus, the limit of x2 - 4 as x approaches 4 is 12.

Example 2. Evaluate the limit of the given function lim f ( x)

x 4
if x  1 if x < 4
f ( x)   2
( x  4)  3 if x > 4
Solution:
f(x) = x + 1 if x < 4
x 3.7 3.85 3.995 3.9999
f(x) 4.7 4.85 4.995 4.99999 5
f(x) = (x - 4)2 + 3 if x > 4
3
x 4.3 4.1 4.001 4.00001
f(x) 3.09 3.01 3.000001 3.0000000001
4
The values that x approaches are not equal, In such a case, the limit does not exist (DNE)
In symbols, lim f ( x ) DNE
x 4

Activity 2. lim f ( x)  x  1
Direction: Evaluate the limit of the function x 0 using the given table of values. Then, draw
its graph and tell whether the limit exists or not.
x -0.1 -0.05 -0.01 -0.005 -0.001 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.1
f(x)

THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION AT c VERSUS THE VALUE OF THE FUNCTION AT c

There is a difference between evaluating function and evaluating the limit of a function.

Example.
Evaluating Limit of a Function Evaluating Function
2
x  x6 x2  x  6
lim f ( x)  f ( x) 
x  3 x3 x3
From the left of x = -3 where x = -3
x -3.01 -3.001 -3.0001 -3.00001 (3) 2  (3)  6
f ( x)  0
f(x) -5.01 -5.001 -5.0001 -5.00001 (3)  3

From the right of x = -3

Thus, the result is 0.
x -2.99 -2.999 -2.9999 -2.99999
f(x) -4.99 -4.999 -4.9999 -4.9999

Thus, the limit is -5.

The results of evaluating the limit of a function and evaluating function are not the same. This shows
that not all results are equal. Thus, table of values and graph are used in evaluating limit of a function and
not a direct substitution that is used in evaluating function.

LIMIT THEOREMS
Theorem 1. lim c  c where c is a constant. lim(3)  3
Examples: 1. lim 3  3 2.
xa x 0 x 2
1
Theorem 2. For any number a : lim x  a Examples: 1. lim x  2 2. lim x 
x a x 2 x 1/ 4 4
Theorem 3. Constant Multiple Rule. Suppose lim f ( x)  L then limk  f ( x)  k  L
xa
where k is a constant. xa

Example:: lim 5 x  5 lim x  5(2)  10

x 2
x 2
Theorem 4. Sum/Difference Rule. Suppose lim f ( x)  L and lim g ( x)  M
then, lim f ( x)  g ( x)  L  M
xa x a

x a

Example: lim 3x  2  3 lim x  lim 2

x 1 x 1 x 1
 3(1)  2
5
Theorem 5. Product Rule. Suppose lim f ( x)  L and lim g ( x)  M
then, lim f ( x)  g ( x)  L  M
xa x a

x a

Example: lim x  4 x  lim x  lim 4 x

x 2 x 2 x 2
 2  4(2)
 16
Theorem 6. Quotient Rule. Suppose lim f ( x)  L and lim g ( x)  M
x a
then, f ( x) L
xa

lim  provided that M ≠ 0

g ( x) M
x a
x lim x
Example: lim  lim x1
x 1 x  3 x 1 lim x  3
x 1
1

lim x  lim 3
x 1 x 1

1 1
 
1 3 4
Theorem 7. Power Rule. lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)
p
 p

 
xa xa
4
Example: lim x  lim x 4
x3 x 3

 [3]4
 81
Theorem 8. Radical/Root Rule. lim x  lim x Example: lim x  lim x  4 2
xa xa x 4 x 4

Theorem 9. Limit of Polynomial Function. If p(x) and q(x) are polynomials,

then p ( x) p (a ) if q(a) ≠ 0
lim p( x)  p(a) lim 
x a xa q( x) q(a)
2 2 2 1
Example 1: lim x  3x  5 Example 2: x   
x 3
lim 24 6 3
f (3)  32  (3)(3)  5 x  2 x  4

 995  5
Activity 3
Direction: Evaluate the following using limit theorems.
1. 2.
3x 2  x  1 x2  x  5
lim lim
x  2 3 x 2  2
x 2 3
x3  x  8
References:

Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (2016). Senior High School Basic Calculus
Learner’s Material.

Yunker, L., Vannatta, G., Crosswhite, F. (1981). Merrill Advanced Mathematical Concepts. Columbus, Ohio:
Charles E. Merill Publishing Company.

Esperanza, P. (2019). Numberbender: Pagsolve ng Limit ng mga Function (Part 1)

[Link]
CUotTbUxVhOF7BxbR3WLNBxjw&index=10

Pinoy Easy Math Tutorial (2020). Topic 1.1. Basic Calculus - The limit of a Function (Tagalog)
[Link]

STEM Teacher PH. Limit Theorems Basic Calculus

[Link]

Prepared by:

ELERIZA C. MUNCAL
T-III

Noted by: Approved by:

PATRIA P. ROBLES, Ph.D. MELBA JOY B. TALENS

Asst. School Principal II School Principal II