EXPERIMENT 6
THERMOCHEMISTRY
Reagents and Materials
- Deionized water - Thermometer
- Ice - Balance
- 400 mL Beaker - Styrofoam cup and lid
OBJECTIVE
The heat of fusion for water will be determined by monitoring the temperature changes
while a known mass of ice melts in a cup of water.
INTRODUCTION AND THEORY
Thermochemistry is a branch of chemistry that describes the energy changes that
occur during chemical reactions. In some situations, the energy produced by chemical
reactions is actually of greater interest to chemists than the material products of the
reaction. For example, the controlled combustion of organic molecules, primarily
sugars and fats, within our cells provides the energy for physical activity, thought, and
other complex chemical transformations that occur in our bodies. Similarly, our energy-
intensive society extracts energy from the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal,
petroleum, and natural gas, to manufacture clothing and furniture, heat your home in
winter and cool it in summer, and power the car or bus that gets you to class and to
the movies. By the end of this chapter, you will know enough about thermochemistry
to explain why ice cubes cool a glass of soda, how instant cold packs and hot packs
work, and why swimming pools and waterbeds are heated. You will also understand
what factors determine the caloric content of your diet and why even “nonpolluting”
uses of fossil fuels may be affecting the environment.
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A. The Nature of Energy :
All forms of energy can be interconverted. Three things can change the energy of an
object: the transfer of heat, work performed on or by an object, or some combination
of heat and work. Thermochemistry is a branch of chemistry that qualitatively and
quantitatively describes the energy changes that occur during chemical reactions.
Energy is the capacity to do work.
B. The First Law of Thermodynamics :
The first law of thermodynamics states that the energy of the universe is constant. The
change in the internal energy of a system is the sum of the heat transferred and the
work done. At constant pressure, heat flow (q) and internal energy (U) are related to
the system’s enthalpy (H). The heat flow is equal to the change in the internal energy.
C. Entalpy :
For a chemical reaction, the enthalpy of reaction (ΔHrxnΔHrxn) is the difference in
enthalpy between products and reactants; the units of ΔHrxnΔHrxn are kilojoules per
mole. Reversing a chemical reaction reverses the sign of ΔHrxnΔHrxn.
D. Calorimetry :
Calorimetry measures enthalpy changes during chemical processes, where the
magnitude of the temperature change depends on the amount of heat released or
absorbed and on the heat capacity of the system. It uses devices called calorimeters,
which measure the change in temperature when a chemical reaction is carried out.
The magnitude of the temperature change depends on the amount of heat released or
absorbed and on the heat capacity of the system.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Measure the mass of strofoam cup (m1)
2. Fill the 400 mL beaker about half full of deionized water
3. Add de-ionized water into the strofoam cup and record the mass of cup + water
(m2). Measure the temperature of water (Ti,water)
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4. Insert the thermometer into a bucket of ice and allow the temperature to
stabilize. Record the temperature, which is (Tice).
5. Add 4 cubes of (amount can be varied for each group) ice into cup filled with
de-ionized water, close the lid and allow all ice to melt and equilibrium
temperature is reached.
6. Record the temperature of final amount of water when all ice melt completely in
water(Tfinal)
7. Record the final mass (water + cup + ice) (m 3)
Calculations
We need to investigate the experiment in two systems; ice and water and base our
calculations on heat transfer between these two systems. Heat given by the water is
received by the ice where ice melts and its temperature increases to the equilibrium
temperature which is measured at the end of the experiment.
There are three phases ice go through temperature of ice increases to the melting
point, ice melts and temperature of liquid water (which belongs to the ice) increases to
the equilibrium temperature. Assuming the coffee cup that ice and water is placed to
be insulated energy transfer with the surrounding is omitted. Energy transfer between
ice and water is the concern in this experiment. Heat received by the ice system can
be written as :
= ( − , ) + + ( − )
Where heat given by the water system is written as :
= ( − )
Heat transfer to the surrounding is assumed to be negligible leading us to the equation
below which states: heat given by water is equals to the heat received by ice.
= −
Cwater = 4.18 J.g-1. 0C-1
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Cice = 2.05 J.g-1. 0C-1 can be used as an average value (2.01 J.g-1. 0C-1 at -13 0C and
2.11 J.g-1. 0C-1 at 0 0C )
Using experimental data that will be collected during the experiments and the constants
provided you will be expected to calculate the heat of fusion for ice.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Mass of empty beaker (g) :
Mass of beaker and water (g) :
Mass of water (mwater) (g) :
Initial temperature of water (Twater) (oC) :
Initial temperature of ice (Tice) (oC) :
Fınal temperature of mixture (Tfinal) :
Mass of mixture (g) :
Mass of ice (mice) :
PRE-EXPERIMENT ASSIGNMENT
1- What is the value of heat of fusion for ice? (Find the value from literature)
2- What is the main assumption for coffecup calorimeters
3- What does first law of thermodynamics states?
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