STEPS IN SOLVING THE EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR

SCIENCE 9 3RD QT FORMULA

REVIEWER
Step 1: CONVERT the percent composition into grams.
MOLE CONCEPT
Step 2: DIVIDE EACH MASS from the atomic mass of the
MOLE element

➢ The unit of grouping for particles of substances. Step 3: IDENTIFY which element has the SMALLEST
➢ Is a Latin word that means heap. 1 heap/mole = MOLE and use that to divide each of the moles of the
6.022 x 1023 element.

AMEDEO AVOGADRO (1776-1856) Step 4: MULTIPLY the mole to the total elements present.
You’ll get your first ratio and empirical formula.
Avogadro’s number = 6.022 x 1023
Step 5: MULTIPLY THE NUMBER OF MOLES to the
MOLAR MASS → The molar mass of an element is the atomic mass
atomic mass of one mole of the atom expressed in
Step 6: ADD ALL THE MASS to get the empirical mass
grams/mole
Step 7: DIVIDE THE EMPIRICAL MASS to the molar mass
MASS PERCENTAGE → is calculated as the mass of
given.
component divided by the total mass of the mixture,
multiplied by 100 Step 8: MULTIPLY THE NUMBER OF EMPIRICAL to the
current empirical formula to get the molecular formula.
MOLE PERCENTAGE → is the percentage of total moles
in a particular component. The sum of mole percent for *If you’re confused with my explanation, you can go back
each component in a solution will be equal to 100. SLIDE to sir raymart’s lecture for better explanation…*I’m not
the best at explaining T-T -stefi
STEPS IN SOLVING THE MOLAR MASS

Step 1: MULTIPLY THE ATOMIC MASS to the NUMBER

OF MOLECULES present in the substance VOLCANO

Step 2: ADD THE TOTAL MASS of all elements in the LITOSPHERE → the solid surface layer of the earth.
substance ASTHENOSPHERE → is a layer partly melted, with less
rigidity and less strength.
Step 3: LABEL using the unit g/mol
MAGMA
STEPS IN SOLVING THE PERCENT COMPOSITION
➢ from the Greek word μάγμα “mixture”
Step 1: DIVIDE the molar mass to the mass of the
➢ is a mixture of molten rock or semi -molten rock,
element.
gases, and bits of solids.
Step 2: MULTIPLY TO 100 to get the percent composition ➢ is highly pressurized and heavily charged with
(estimate if necessary; second decimal place. IT MUST gases.
TOTAL TO 100%)
SILICA CONTENTS OF MAGMA
Step 3: DIVIDE THE NUMBER OF MOLECULES of an
MAFIC MAGMA/BASALTIC MAGMA
element to the TOTAL NUMBER OF ELEMENTS
➢ Silica mixed with large amounts of magnesium
EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA
and iron. 45-55% 𝑆𝑖𝑂2
EMPIRICAL FORMULA ➢ is the simplest whole number ➢ Thinner and darker in color.
ratio of atoms in a compound. ➢ Their density is usually greater than 3.0 g/𝑐𝑚3
➢ Temp. highest temperature with 1000°C -
MOLECULAR FORMULA ➢ is the presentation of the 1200°C
actual ratios of atoms in a molecule. ➢ High in Mg, Fe, Ca,
➢ Low in K & Na
The empirical formula of a compound can be
determined from the amount of percent FELSIC MAGMA/RHYOLITIC MAGMA
composition of each of the elements in the
➢ Magma that has a high percentage of 𝑆𝑖𝑂2.
compounds.
➢ 65-75% 𝑆𝑖𝑂2
➢ Light in color
➢ Have densities less than 3.0 g/𝑐𝑚3
 ➢ Temp. lowest temperature with 650°C - 800°C a magma formed by this process is thick and
➢ Low in Mg, Fe, Ca, contains large amounts of gases.
➢ High in K & Na 3. Eruptions at Hot
volcanic activities may occur in the middle of the
ANDESITE MAGMA large lithospheric plates.

➢ Intermediate between basaltic and rhyolitic Hot spots – the magma underneath a tectonic plate push
magmas. through from the bottom of the plates to the surface,
➢ 55-65% 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 where the magma is shout out.
➢ Temp. with 800°C - 1000°C
➢ Average: Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Na hot spot lava forms cone which are wide with
gentle slope. Cones start building up from the
GAS CONTENT OF MAGMA ocean floor until they rise above the ocean
surface as a volcanic island.
1. Water Vapor will quickly combine with
atmospheric oxygen to form more steam or hot LAVA FLOW
water vapor
2. Carbon Dioxide Carbon monoxide present in 1. Aa Flow – Basaltic lava that is viscous (does not flow
magma combines with oxygen to form carbon very quickly.
dioxide.
3. Sulfur Dioxide Hydrogen Sulfur in magma reacts 2. Pahoehoe Flow – is much thinner and less viscous that
with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide, with Aa
oxygen sulfur forms sulfur dioxide.
3. Pillow Lava – is typically found erupting from
Rhyolitic Magmas have higher gas contents than
underwater volcano vents and fissures.
basaltic
CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
VISCOSITY OF MAGMAS
1. VESUVIAN ERUPTIONS
Fluidity – is the ability to flow.
the most violent and destructive eruption.
Viscosity – is the resistance to flow. Mt. Vesuvius in the year 79 AD
10 km above peak
The rate at which a magma moves upward is Ash cloud shape like cauliflower
determined by its viscosity which is dependent 2. STROMBOLIAN
on silica content. Greater silica content makes the large blobs of non-viscous lava are blasted
magma more viscous out a volcano crater.
Sicilian volcano, Stromboli
Mafic magma/Basaltic magma - has low silica content, Less destructive
therefore it is more fluid and can move more easily. It has Leaves an impressive arc
low viscosity or low resistance to flow. 3. VULCANIAN
a dense cloud of ash and gas exploded out of the
Felsic magma/Rhyolitic magma - has high viscosity
volcano crater and rises dozens of kilometers
which means it is slow-moving due to its high silica
into the atmosphere above the peak. Vulcano,
content.
north of Sicily, 1888-1890
Comes in short bursts
Andesite magma - intermediate viscosity between
12 km above peak
basaltic and rhyolitic.
4. PELEAN
LOCATIONS OF ERUPTION a large quantity of gas, ash, rock, dust, and
incandescent lava fragments are blasted out of
1. Eruptions at Divergent Plate Boundaries a central crater and then travel down the slopes
as a “nuee ardente” meaning glowing avalanche
Divergent Plates – plates that are moving away from Mt. Plee, Lesser Antilles, 1902
each other. 5. HAWAIIAN ERUPTION
is mush less violent, lava comes out of fissures
Plates spread apart creating gaps of rifts (may
vents or form central vent.
be on ocean floor or on land), magma oozes out
Mauan Loa, Hawaii, 1950
of the rifts. ▪ Rift eruptions flown out smoothly
6. PHREATIC
and quietly because lava is mafic or basaltic
magma comes into contact with ground or
which contains few gases.
surface water, producing instant steam.
2. Eruptions at Subduction Plate Boundaries
Caribbean Volcano, La Soufriere, 1976
when two tectonic plates collide, the plate with
the greater density sinks or subducts beneath
the lighter plate.
VOLCANO AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY C. SUBMARINE VOLCANOES are created when
magma erupts in underwater
FEATURES OF VOLCANOES D. SUBGLACIAL VOLCANO It is created by
eruptions beneath the surface of a glacier or
1. Cone - It is usually composed of mixtures of lava
sheets which is melted into a lake by rising lava
and pyroclastic.
that resembles to the pillow lava formed by
2. Vent - It is the opening through which an
submarine volcanoes
eruption takes place.
3. Magma Chamber - It is the large underground GEOTHERMAL ENERGY!
pool of liquid rock found beneath the Earth’s
crust. Energy from volcanoes, our country is prone to
4. Crater - It is a basin-like depression over a vent volcanoes, these volcanoes can be a source of
at the summit of the cone. electricity, the heat of the earth's interior warms
5. Caldera - It is a volcanic depression much larger up water which is trapped in rock formations
than the original crater. beneath its surface. and this energy generated
6. Lava - it is the rock magma expelled from a is called geothermal energy.
volcano during eruption.
7. Dikes - These are the barrier or obstacles in a
volcano.
✓ Geothermal power plants used to produce
8. Sills - These are solidified lava flows that
steam to generate electricity.
originally forced their way between and parallel
✓ Geothermal heat pumps use heat coming from
to older layers of rocks.
close to earth's surface.
9. Conduit - It is a channel conveying liquid
material such as magma.
CLIMATE
10. Flank - it is the side of the volcano
11. Summit - It is the highest point of apex of a
WEATHER → refers to the day-to-day changes or
volcano.
patterns in the atmosphere at a particular place
12. Throat - is the entrance of a volcano.
13. Ash Cloud - It is expelled in the atmosphere and and time.
composed of pulverized rocks and glass
created during eruption.
CLIMATE → defined as the cumulative patterns of
14. Volcanic Bomb - These are the chunks of lava weather in a particular place over time.
blasted into the air.
15. Pyroclastic Flow - These are fast moving METEOROLOGY → study of the changes in
currents of hot gases and rock travelling temperature, moisture, air pressure and wind
downhill from a volcano. direction in the troposphere.
16. Tephra Fall - It refers to fragmented material
that consists of pumice, scoria, lithic materials, CLIMATOGRAM → is a visual representation that
or crystals. shows annual high, lows, averages, and ranges of
17. Lahar - These are flowing mixture of volcanic temperature as well as precipitation for a specific
debris and water. city, province, or region.
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Temperature – line graph
1. CINDER CONE VOLCANO Is formed by fluid lava
Precipitation – bar graph
that is ejected because of high pressure that
builds up in the magma chamber
FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE
2. SHIELD VOLCANOES these are large, broad
gently sloping volcanoes that spread put in all LATITUDE
directions
3. COMPOSITE VOLCANOES are formed by ➢ the geographic coordinate that specifies
alternating layers of andesitic lava and rock the north-south position of a point on the
fragments.
surface of the Earth.
OTHER ASSOCIATED VOLCANO LANDFORMS a) ARCTIC = regions found at 66.5°N to the
North Pole comprise the Arctic Region.
A. LAVA DOMES are created by small masses of b) TROPHIC CLIMATES = refers to the zones
lava which are too viscous or too thick to flow within latitudes between 5/10˚ to 35˚. •
very far.
Tropical Zone (5° to 10° latitude) •
B. CALDERA Is a depression formed at the summit
Subtropical Zone (20° to 35° latitude)
of shield volcanoes.
c) TEMPERATE = refers to the zones between
40˚ and 60/70˚
OCEAN CURRENTS ❖ METHANE Is a hydrocarbon gas produced
through natural sources and human
➢ covering about 71% of the Earth and with a activities, it enhanced greenhouse effect
capacity to absorb about twice as much of by 20%.
the sun’s radiation ❖ NITROUS OXIDE Commonly known as
➢ different oceans don’t mix because of their laughing gas, used as an oxidizer in
composition, salinity, and density. rocketry and motor racing to increase the
power output of engines.
WINDS
❖ CHLOROFLUOROCARBON (CFCs) Are
➢ air pressure gradient or the difference organic compounds that contain carbon,
between regions of high and land pressure chlorine, and fluorine produced as volatile
derivative of methane and ethane
ELEVATION
CLIMATE CHANGE IN FOCUS: IMPACTS AND
➢ also known as “altitude” THREATS
➢ One of the factors that affect climate as it
affects the region’s temperature and 1. Rising temperature
precipitation 2. Biodiversity depletion
➢ Higher altitude = lower temperature 3. Shrinking ice sheets
➢ Lower altitude = high temperature 4. Sea level rise
5. Ocean acidification
RELIEF 6. Extreme weather

➢ Refers to the shape of the land’s surface. It WAYS TO MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE
includes aspects, which means the CHANGE
direction in which a slope faces.
1. Increase carbon sequestration and
CLIMATE CHANGE conservation
2. Anaerobic digestion of waste
➢ refers to any significant change in the
3. Use of bioenergy
measures of climate lasting for an extended
4. Reduce fertilizer use
period of time.
5. Improved energy efficiency
➢ GREENHOUSE EFFECT - is the process
through which heat is trapped near
Earth's surface by substances known as
'greenhouse gases.' Imagine these gases
as a cozy blanket enveloping our planet,
helping to maintain a warmer
temperature than it would have
otherwise. Greenhouse gases consist of
carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, nitrous
oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and water
vapor.
➢ Without greenhouse effect the world would
freeze.

FIVE GASES RESPONSIBLE FOR 99.5% OF THE

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

❖ WATER VAPOR Is the most prevalent of the

GHG. It accounts for the 4% of the
composition of the atmosphere.
❖ CARBON DIOXIDE Is a naturally occurring
chemical compounds that is released
through natural processes such as
respiration and volcanic eruption