EE–20118L Electrical Network Analysis Lab
LAB No: 13
Measurement and Analysis of Frequency response of Passive Filters
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to:
1. To analyze the frequency response of RC and RL circuits.
2. To determine the frequency response using time domain measurements.
3. To construct different types of filters (low pass and high pass).
Equipment
1. Computer
2. Pspice software
3. Breadboard, resistance ,Capacitor, Inductor, multimeter , connecting wires, etc.
4. Function Generator
2. Introduction
The frequency response of a circuit is a measure of the output in comparison to the input,
as a function of frequency. The function used to characterize this is the transfer function,
with its It magnitude or gain, typically expressed in dB, and the phase shift, expressed in
radians or degrees. The frequency response is important in the analysis and design of
filters, tuners, amplifiers, etc.
A filter is a network designed to pass signals with a specific frequency range (passband)
and reject or attenuate signals whose frequencies lie outside of this passband. The most
common filters are low pass filters, Figure 1 (a), which pass low frequencies and reject
high frequencies, high pass filters, Figure 1 (b), which pass low frequencies and reject
high frequencies, bandpass filters Figure 1 (c), which pass a select band of frequencies
and reject those outside this range and band reject filters, Figure 1 (d), which reject a
specific band of frequencies and pass all other frequencies.
Figure 1 Basic types of filters. (a) low pass filter, (b) high pass filter, (c) band pass filter, and (d) band
reject filter.
The cut-off frequencies for RC filter and RL filter are as follows:
For RC filters:
(1) fc = 1/2 π RC
For RL filters:
(2) fc = 1/ ( 2 π L/R)
The gain for RC filter and RL filter are as follows;
(1) Av= Vo/Vi
(2) dB= 20log(Vo/Vi)
3. Procedure
For circuits (a) and (b) in Figure 2,
R = 1 kΩ, C = 1 μF.
For circuit (c) and (d) in Figure 2,
R =1 kΩ, L = 100 mH.
1. On breadboard, build circuit (a) as in Figure 2. Connect Ch1 to input and Ch2 to output
so that both the input and the output are displayed on the oscilloscope.
2. Set the input voltage to 1V. Vary the frequency from 10 Hz to 10 kHz.
Frequency Vin Vout Av dB Phase Φ
(vo/vi) (Av) (Vin versus Vout)
i) Plot the Av vs. frequency curve and the phase vs. frequency curve in either
linear or log scale by selecting at least ten frequency (10, 50, 100, 150,….. etc) values
and determining the amplitude and phase from the oscilloscope.
ii) Determine the frequency ‘fc’ where output is 0.707 of the input.
iii) Determine the phase angle θc (Vin versus Vout)
3. Compare the result with that from SIMULATION. What kind of filter is it?
4. Repeat step 1 to 3 for circuit (b), (c) and (d).
SIMULATION
1. In Pspice, build and simulate the circuits (a) through (d) in Figure 2. Find the
frequency response for each circuit. This can be accomplished indirectly. Set the input
voltage magnitude to 1V. Vary the frequency of the input voltage source from 10 Hz to
10 kHz.
i) Record the output voltage magnitude and the phase difference between the input and
the output voltages at each frequency.
ii) Plot the voltage vs. frequency curve and the phase vs. frequency curve in either linear
or log scale.
iii) Compare the results of circuit (a) and (b) with those from Practical measurement.
iv) Compare the results of circuit (c) and (d) with those (a) and (b).
L2 R2
v in 1 2 v out v in v out
100m h 1
V1 V1
1Vac R2 1Vac 1k L2
0Vdc 1k 0Vdc 100m h
0 0
(c) (d)
