Maria Jorina B.

Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

DESIGN
OF
ROOF BEAM
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

Tributary Area:

Transverse Direction

Internal

1
𝐴1 = (𝑏)(ℎ)
2
1
𝐴1 = (4)(2)
2
𝐴1 = 4𝑚2

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 24𝑚2

External
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

1
𝐴1 = (𝑏)(ℎ)
2
1
𝐴1 = (4)(2)
2
𝐴1 = 4𝑚2

1
𝐴3 = (𝑏)(ℎ) + (𝑏)(ℎ)
2
1
𝐴3 = (4)(1) + (1)(1)
2
𝐴3 = 4.5𝑚2

𝐴4 = (𝑏)(ℎ)
𝐴4 = (4)(1)
𝐴4 = 4𝑚2

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 25𝑚2

Longitudinal Direction

Internal

1
𝐴2 = 2 (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )(ℎ)
1
𝐴2 = (5 + 1)(2)
2
𝐴2 = 6𝑚2
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 36𝑚2

External

5 6 5
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

1
𝐴2 = (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )(ℎ)
2
1
𝐴2 = (5 + 1)(2)
2
𝐴2 = 6𝑚2

1
𝐴5 = (𝑏)(ℎ) + (𝑏)(ℎ)
2
1
𝐴5 = (5)(1) + (1)(1)
2
𝐴5 = 5.5𝑚2

𝐴6 = (𝑏)(ℎ)
𝐴6 = (5)(1)
𝐴6 = 5𝑚2

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 34𝑚2

Minimum Loads (from NSCP 2015)

• Weight of Ceiling: Suspended steel channel system and gypsum board (Table
204-2)

𝑾𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒌𝑷𝒂

• Weight of Floor Finish: Ceramic Quarry

Tile (20mm) on 25mm mortar bed (Table 204-2)
𝑾𝑭 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂

• Weight of Partition: Concrete Masonry (Table 204-2)

Hollow concrete masonry units (Unplastered, add 0.24 kPa for each face
plastered)
(Density for normal weight units= 21.2 kN/m3)(no grout) (t = 150mm)

𝑊𝑃 = [1.44 + 0.24(2)]
𝑾𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂

• Minimum Uniform Live Load: Residential---basic floor area (Table 205-1)

𝑳𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟗 𝒌𝑷𝒂
• Minimum Uniform Roof Live Load: (Table 205-3)

𝑹𝑳𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂

• Unit weight of concrete: (NSCP 2015)

𝜹𝒄 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟑
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

Computation of Loads:

➢ Transverse External
Level 1 (Roof Beam)
A. Dead Load:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 (@12𝑚) = (0.108𝑘𝑃𝑎)(25𝑚2 ) = 2.7 𝑘𝑁

Assume beam dimensions: 200mm x 400mm

𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = (0.2𝑚)(0.4𝑚) (23.5 ) (12𝑚)
𝑚3
𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 22.56𝑘𝑁
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝐿
2.7 + 22.56
=
12
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒌𝑵/𝒎
B. Live Load

0.75𝑘𝑃𝑎(25𝑚2 )
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
12
𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵/𝒎

C. Earthquake Load: (Section 208.6.1)

𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝑣 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 208 − 18 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015

Where:
𝐸ℎ = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝
𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝐷
𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝
𝐹𝑝 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜌 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦/𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐸𝑣 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑘𝑒
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

BASED ON NSCP 2015

• The site location is on Zone 4. (Section [Link])

• Soil Profile Type = 𝑺𝑫 (Section [Link])(Table 208-2) when the soil properties are not
known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑆𝐷 .
• 𝐈 = 𝟏. 𝟎 (Standard Occupancy Structure)(Section 208.4.2)(Table 208 − 1)
• Seismic Source = Type C (Table 208-4)
𝑁𝑎 = 1.0 (Table 208 − 5, NSCP 2015)
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44𝑁𝑎 (Table 208 − 7, NSCP 2015)
R = 5.6 (Table 208 − 11A, NSCP 2015)
Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls or braced frames.
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

Computation:

𝜌 = 1.0 (Section [Link], NSCP 2015)

𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝 = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝 (Section 208.9.2, Equation 208-27, NSCP 2015)
𝑊𝑝 = 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑊𝑝 = 22.56 𝑘𝑁

𝐶𝑎 = 0.44 𝑁𝑎
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44 (1)
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44

𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝 = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝
𝐸ℎ = 4(0.44)(1)(22.56)
𝐸ℎ = 39.71𝑘𝑁

𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝐷 (Section 208.6.1, NSCP 2015)

𝐷 = (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)

𝐷 = 2.7 + 22.26
𝐷 = 25.26 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 (0.44)(1.0)(25.26)
𝐸𝑣 = 5.56 𝑘𝑁

𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝑣
𝐸 = 1.0(39.71) + 5.56
45.27𝑘𝑁
𝐸=
12𝑚
𝑬 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

➢ Transverse Internal
Level 1 (Roof Beam)
A. Dead Load:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 (@12𝑚) = (0.108𝑘𝑃𝑎)(24𝑚2 ) = 2.59 𝑘𝑁

𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 22.56𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝐿

(2.59) + (22.56)
=
12

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

B. Live Load
0.75𝑘𝑃𝑎(24𝑚2 )
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
12
𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒌𝑵/𝒎

C. Earthquake Load: (Section 208.6.1)

𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝑣 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 208 − 18 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015

Where:
𝐸ℎ = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝
𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝐷
𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝

𝐹𝑝 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝜌 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦/𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐸𝑣 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑘𝑒
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

BASED ON NSCP 2015

• The site location is on Zone 4. (Section [Link])

• Soil Profile Type = 𝑺𝑫 (Section [Link])(Table 208-2) when the soil properties are
not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑆𝐷 .
• 𝐈 = 𝟏. 𝟎 (Standard Occupancy Structure)(Section 208.4.2)(Table 208 − 1)
• Seismic Source = Type C (Table 208-4)
𝑁𝑎 = 1.0 (Table 208 − 5, NSCP 2015)
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44𝑁𝑎 (Table 208 − 7, NSCP 2015)
R = 5.6 (Table 208 − 11A, NSCP 2015)
Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls or braced frames.
Computation:

𝜌 = 1.0 (Section [Link], NSCP 2015)

𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝 = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝 (Section 208.9.2, Equation 208-27, NSCP 2015)

𝑊𝑝 = 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑊𝑝 = 22.56 𝑘𝑁

𝐶𝑎 = 0.44𝑁𝑎
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44(1.0)
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝 = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝
𝐸ℎ = 4(0.44)(1)(22.56)
𝐸ℎ = 39.71𝑘𝑁

𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝐷 (Section 208.6.1, NSCP 2015)

𝐷 = (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)
𝐷 = (2.59) + (22.56)
𝐷 = 25.15𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 (0.44)(1.0)(25.15)
𝐸𝑣 = 5.53𝑘𝑁

𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝑣
𝐸 = 1.0(39.71) + 5.53
45.24𝑘𝑁
𝐸=
12𝑚
𝑬 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

➢ Longitudinal External
Level 1 (Roof Beam)
A. Dead Load:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 (@12𝑚) = (0.108𝑘𝑃𝑎)(34𝑚2 ) = 3.67 𝑘𝑁

𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 22.56𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝐿
(3.67 + 22.56)
=
15
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

B. Live Load:

(0.75𝑘𝑃𝑎)(34𝑚2 )
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
15

𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝒌𝑵/𝒎

C. Earthquake Load: (Section 208.6.1)

𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝑣 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 208 − 18 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015

Where:
𝐸ℎ = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝
𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝐷
𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝
𝐹𝑝 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜌 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦/𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝐸𝑣 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑘𝑒
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

BASED ON NSCP 2015

• The site location is on Zone 4. (Section [Link])

• Soil Profile Type = 𝑺𝑫 (Section [Link])(Table 208-2) when the soil properties are
not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑆𝐷 .
• 𝐈 = 𝟏. 𝟎 (Standard Occupancy Structure)(Section 208.4.2)(Table 208 − 1)
• Seismic Source = Type C (Table 208-4)
𝑁𝑎 = 1.0 (Table 208 − 5, NSCP 2015)
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44𝑁𝑎 (Table 208 − 7, NSCP 2015)
R = 5.6 (Table 208 − 11A, NSCP 2015)
Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls or braced frames.

Computation:

𝜌 = 1.0 (Section [Link], NSCP 2015)

𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝 = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝 (Section 208.9.2, Equation 208-27, NSCP 2015)

𝑊𝑝 = 𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑊𝑝 = 22.56 𝑘𝑁

𝐶𝑎 = 0.44 𝑁𝑎
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44 (1)
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44
𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝 = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝
𝐸ℎ = 4(0.44)(1)(22.56)
𝐸ℎ = 39.71 𝑘𝑁

𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝐷 (Section 208.6.1, NSCP 2015)

𝐷=𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔+𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝐷=(3.67+22.56)
𝐷=26.23 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 (0.44)(1.0)(26.23)
𝐸𝑣 = 5.77𝑘𝑁

𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝑣
𝐸 = 1.0(39.71) + 5.77
45.48 𝑘𝑁
𝐸=
15𝑚
𝑬 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

➢ Longitudinal Internal
Level 1 (Roof Beam)
A. Dead Load:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 (@12𝑚) = (0.108𝑘𝑃𝑎)(36𝑚2 ) = 3.89 𝑘𝑁

𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 22.56 𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝐿
(3.89 + 22.56)
=
15
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
B. Live Load:

0.75𝑘𝑃𝑎(36𝑚2 )
𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
15
𝑹𝒐𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝒌𝑵/𝒎

C. Earthquake Loads: (Section 208.6.1)

𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝑣 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 208 − 18 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015

Where:
𝐸ℎ = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝
𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝐷
𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝
𝐹𝑝 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝜌 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦/𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐸𝑣 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑘𝑒
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
BASED ON NSCP 2015

• The site location is on Zone 4. (Section [Link])

• Soil Profile Type = 𝑺𝑫 (Section [Link])(Table 208-2) when the soil properties are
not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑆𝐷 .
• 𝐈 = 𝟏. 𝟎 (Standard Occupancy Structure)(Section 208.4.2)(Table 208 − 1)
• Seismic Source = Type C (Table 208-4)
𝑁𝑎 = 1.0 (Table 208 − 5, NSCP 2015)
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44𝑁𝑎 (Table 208 − 7, NSCP 2015)
R = 5.6 (Table 208 − 11A, NSCP 2015)
Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls or braced frames.
Computation:

𝜌 = 1.0 (Section [Link], NSCP 2015)

𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝 = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝 (Section 208.9.2, Equation 208-27, NSCP 2015)
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝑊𝑝 = 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑊𝑝 = 22.56 𝐾𝑁
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44𝑁𝑎
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44(1.0)
𝐶𝑎 = 0.44
𝐸ℎ = 𝐹𝑝 = 4 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝑊𝑝
𝐸ℎ = 4(0.44)(1)(22.56)
𝐸ℎ = 39.71 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑝 𝐷 (Section 208.6.1, NSCP 2015)
𝐷 = (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)
𝐷 = (3.89 + 22.56)
𝐷 = 26.45 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝑣 = 0.5 (0.44)(1.0)(26.45)
𝐸𝑣 = 5.82 𝑘𝑁

𝐸 = 𝜌𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝑣
𝐸 = 1.0(39.71) + 5.82
45.53 𝑘𝑁
𝐸= = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
15𝑚

 Transverse External (Roof Beam)

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑃𝑢
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2DL + 1.0E + 1.0LL (𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 405.3.1𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015)
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2(2.11) + 1.0(3.77) + 0 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 405.3 − 1𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015)
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

1
𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 1.92 [ (12)(2.4)] = 27.648 𝑘𝑁 + 22.42𝑘𝑁 (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓
2

𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑠, 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑠) = 50.068 𝑘𝑁

𝑊 50.068
= = 25.034 𝑘𝑁
2 2
𝑊 1
 2
= 2
𝑏ℎ
1
 25.034 𝑘𝑁 = 2
(6)(𝑦)
𝑦 = 8.34 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 𝐷𝐿

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4𝐷𝐿(𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 405.3 − 1𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015)

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4(8.34)
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

11.676 kN/m

7.784 kN/m 6.302 kN/m


Three-Moment
 Equation

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 ℎ1 ℎ2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + = 6𝐸𝐼 ( + )
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2

ℎ1 ℎ2
6𝐸𝐼 ( + ) = 0
𝐿1 𝐿2

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + 𝐿1
+ 𝐿2
=0
7.784 kN/m

6.302 kN/m

6𝐴0 𝑎̅0 6𝐴1 𝑏̅1

𝑀0 𝐿0 + 2𝑀1 (𝐿0 + 𝐿1 ) + 𝑀2 𝐿1 + + =0
𝐿0 𝐿1

6𝐴1 𝑏̅1 𝑤1 𝐿1 3 7𝑤1 𝐿1 3 6.302𝑥43 7𝑥7.784𝑥43

= + = + = 158.95
𝐿1 4 60 4 60
0 + 2𝑀1 (0 + 4) + 𝑀2 (4) + 0 + 158.95 = 0
8𝑀1 + 4𝑀2 + 158.95 = 0 equation 1 11.676 kN/m

7.784 kN/m

6.302 kN/m

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + =0
𝐿1 𝐿2

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 𝑤1 𝐿1 3 8𝑤1 𝐿1 3 6.302𝑥43 8𝑥7.784𝑥43

= + = + = 167.26
𝐿1 4 60 4 60
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 𝑤2 𝐿2 3 𝑤2 𝐿2 3 5𝑤2 𝐿2 3 6.302𝑥43 7.784𝑥43 5𝑥3.892𝑥43

= + + = + + = 246.61
𝐿2 4 4 32 4 4 60
𝑀1 (4) + 2𝑀2 (4 + 4) + 𝑀3 (4) + 167.26 + 246.61 = 0
4𝑀1 + 16𝑀2 + 4𝑀3 + 413.87 = 0 equation 2

11.676 kN/m

7.784 kN/m

6.302 kN/m

6𝐴2 𝑎̅2 6𝐴3 𝑏̅3

𝑀2 𝐿2 + 2𝑀3 (𝐿2 + 𝐿3 ) + 𝑀4 𝐿3 + + =0
𝐿2 𝐿3

6𝐴2 𝑎̅2 𝑤2 𝐿2 3 𝑤2 𝐿2 3 5𝑤2 𝐿2 3 6.302𝑥43 7.784𝑥43 5𝑥3.892𝑥43

= + + = + + = 246.61
𝐿2 4 4 32 4 4 60
6𝐴3 𝑏̅3 𝑤3 𝐿3 3 8𝑤3 𝐿3 3 6.302𝑥43 8𝑥7.784𝑥43
= + = + = 167.26
𝐿3 4 60 4 60
𝑀2 (4) + 2𝑀3 (4 + 4) + 𝑀4 (4) + 246.61 + 167.26 = 0
4𝑀2 + 16𝑀3 + 4𝑀4 + 413.87 = 0 equation 3

7.872kN/m

6𝐴3 𝑎̅3 6𝐴0 𝑏̅0

𝑀3 𝐿3 + 2𝑀4 (𝐿3 + 𝐿0 ) + 𝑀0 𝐿0 + + =0
𝐿3 𝐿0

6𝐴3 𝑎̅3 𝑤3 𝐿3 7𝑤3 𝐿3 3 6.302𝑥43 7𝑥7.784𝑥43

= + = + = 158.95
𝐿3 4 60 4 60
𝑀3 (4) + 2𝑀4 (4 + 0) + 0 + 158.95 + 0 = 0
4𝑀3 + 8𝑀4 + 158.95 = 0 equation 4
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

By elimination method:
8𝑀1 + 4𝑀2 + 158.95 = 0 equation 1
-2 [4𝑀1 + 16𝑀2 + 4𝑀3 + 413.87 = 0] equation 2
−28𝑀2 − 8𝑀3 − 572.82 = 0 equation 5

2 [4𝑀2 + 16𝑀3 + 4𝑀4 + 413.87 = 0] equation 3

- 4𝑀3 + 8𝑀4 + 158.95 = 0 equation 4
8𝑀2 + 28𝑀3 + 572.82 = 0 equation 6

-1[ −28𝑀2 − 8𝑀3 − 572.82 = 0] equation 5

- 8𝑀2 + 28𝑀3 + 572.82 = 0 equation 6
20𝑀2 − 20𝑀3 = 0
𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝟑

By substitution:
−28𝑀2 − 8𝑀3 − 572.82 = 0 eq. 5
−28(𝑀3 ) − 8𝑀3 − 572.82 = 0
𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝟑 = −𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑵𝒎
8𝑀1 + 4𝑀2 + 158.95 = 0 𝑒𝑞. 1
8𝑀1 + 4(−15.91) + 158.95 = 0
𝑴𝟏 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑵𝒎
4𝑀3 + 8𝑀4 + 158.95 = 0 𝑒𝑞. 4
4(−15.91) + 8𝑀4 + 158.95 = 0
𝑴𝟒 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑵𝒎

11.676 kN/m

6.302 kN/m

M1 = 11.91 kNm M2 = 15.91 kNm M3 = 15.91 kNm M4 = 11.91 kNm

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

7.784 kN/m

6.302 kN/m

M1 = 11.91 kN/m M2 = 15.91 kN/m

∑𝑀𝑅2′ = 0 ↻+
1 1
𝑅1 (4) − 11.91 + 15.91 − 6.302(4)(2) − (4)(7.784) ( 𝑥4) = 0
2 3
𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝑵
11.676 kN/m

7.784 kN/m
∑𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑+
1
16.79 + 𝑅2 ′ − 6.302(4) − (4)(7.784) = 0
2
6.302 kN/m
′
𝑅2 = 23.986 𝑘𝑁
M2 = 15.91 kNm M3 = 15.91 kNm

∑𝑀𝑅3 ′ = 0 ↻+
1 1 1
𝑅2 ′′ (4) − 15.91 + 15.91 − 6.302(4)(2) − (4)(7.784)( 𝑥4) − (4)(3.892) ( 𝑥4) = 0
2 2 2
𝑅2 ′′ = 32.064 𝑘𝑁


𝑹𝟐 = 𝑅2 ′ + 𝑅2 ′′ = 23.986 + 32.064 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑵

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑+
1
32.064 + 𝑅3 ′ − 6.302(4) − (4)(3.892) − (4)(7.784) = 0
2
′
𝑅3 = 32.064 𝑘𝑁

7.784 kN/m

6.302 kN/m

M3 = 15.91 kNm M4 = 11.91 kNm

∑𝑀𝑅4 = 0 ↻+
1 2
𝑅3 ′′ (4) − 15.91 + 11.91 − 6.302(4)(2) − (4)(7.784)( 𝑥4) = 0
2 3
𝑅3 ′′ = 23.986 𝑘𝑁
𝑹𝟑 = 𝑅3 ′ + 𝑅3 ′′ = 32.064 + 23.986 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑵
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑+
1
23.806 + 𝑅4 − 6.302(4) − (4)(7.784) = 0
2
𝑹𝟒 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝑵




 11.676 kN/m 11.676 kN/m

 7.784 kN/m 7.784 kN/m


6.302 kN/m 6.302 kN/m
𝑦 7.784
=
𝑥 4
𝑦 = 1.946𝑥
∑𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑+
1
𝑉𝐴𝐵 − 6.302𝑥 − (𝑥)(1.946𝑥) + 16.79 = 0, 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 0
2
−0.973𝑥 2 − 6.302𝑥 + 16.79 = 0
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑𝒎

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅

1
𝐴𝑡1 + 𝐴𝑟1 = (4)(7.784) + (6.302)(4) = 40.776 𝑘𝑁
2
1
𝐴𝑡2 + 𝐴𝑟1 + 𝐴𝑟2 = (4)(3.892) + (6.302)(4) + (7.784)(4) = 64.128 𝑘𝑁
2

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

∑𝑀𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 0 ↻+
𝑥 1 1
16.79𝑥 − (6.302)(𝑥) ( ) − ( ) (𝑥)(1.946𝑥) ( 𝑥) − 11.91 = 0
2 2 3
−0.3243𝑥 3 − 3.151𝑥 2 + 16.79𝑥 − 11.91 = 0
@𝑥 = 2.03, 𝑴𝑨𝑩 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵𝒎
@𝑥 = 4, 𝑴𝑨𝑩 = −𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵𝒎

∑𝑀𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 0 ↻+
𝑥 𝑥 1 1
−6.302𝑥 ( ) − (7.784)(𝑥) ( ) − ( ) (𝑥)(3.892𝑥) ( 𝑥) + 55.87 = 0
2 2 2 3
@𝑥 = 2, 𝑴𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝑵𝒎
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM

11.676 kN/m

6.302 kN/m

M2 = 15.91 kNm M3 = 15.91 kNm M4 = 11.91 kNm

M1 = 11.91 kNm

32.064kN

23.986 kN

16.79 kN

-16.79 kN

-23.986 kN

-32.064kN
22.39kNm

6.48kNm 6.48kNm

-11.91kNm -11.91kNm

-15.92kNm -15.92kNm
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

Designing Moments
𝑀𝑎𝑥. (+𝑀) = +22.39𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑎𝑥. (−𝑀) = −15.92 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Designing Shear
𝑀𝑎𝑥. (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟)(𝑉) = 32.064 𝑘𝑁

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎
𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎

• Beam Cross-Section
Use:
𝑓𝑐 ′ = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → (1 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑦) 
𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
→ (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 60) 𝑓𝑦
𝛽 = 0.85; 17𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≤ 28𝑀𝑃𝑎 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
 413.7
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽(600) 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034
𝜌𝑏 =  𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏 
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85 (20.7)(0.85)(600) 𝜌 = 0.5(0.0214)
𝜌𝑏 =  𝜌 = 0.0107
(413.7)(600 + 413.7)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0214 
 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟕
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.0214)
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0161

𝜌 𝑓𝑦 0.0107(413.7)
𝜔= = 
𝑓𝑐 ′ 20.7
𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟖
Solve for the dimension of the beam:

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑓𝑐′𝜔𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

22.39𝑥106 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 0.90(20.7)(0.2138)𝑏𝑑 2 [1 − 0.59(0.2138)]

𝑏𝑑2 = 6432690.721

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑑 = 1.5𝑏
𝑏𝑑2 = 6432690.721
𝑏(1.5𝑏)2 = 6432690.721
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟗𝟐𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝑑 = 1.5𝑏
𝑑 = 1.5(200)
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝐶𝑐 = 40𝑚𝑚 → 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 [Link].3 

𝑑𝑏
ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + + 𝑑𝑡 
2
16𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 300𝑚𝑚 + 40𝑚𝑚 + + 10𝑚𝑚
2
𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎

Check the minimum value of h: (Table [Link])
𝐿 𝑓𝑦
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + )
16 700
4000 413.7
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + )
16 700
𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎 < 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎 → 𝑶𝑲!
Required dimension (200mm × 360mm)
𝑈𝑠𝑒:
𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.2𝑥0.4𝑥23.5𝑥12 = 22.56 𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.2𝑥0.36𝑥23.5𝑥12 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 < 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝑶𝑲!


∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝑓𝑐′𝜔𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9(20.7)(0.2138)(200)(300)2 (1 − 0.59(0.2138))
∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 62.65 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Since𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 the beam is design as singly reinforced.

• For Positive Moment

𝑀𝑎𝑥. (+𝑀) = +22.39 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 1.4

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
𝑀𝑢 22.39 × 106 𝑓𝑦
𝑅𝑢 = =  1.4
∅𝑏𝑑2 (0.90)(200)(300)2 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
413.7
𝑅𝑢 = 1.38 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034



𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌

 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝝆:

0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑢 Area of Steel

𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

0.85 (20.7) 2(1.38) 𝐴𝑠 = (0.0034)(200)(300)

𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
413.7 0.85 (20.7) 𝐴𝑠 = 204𝑚𝑚2 

𝜌 = 0.003
𝑈𝑠𝑒 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝜋𝑑2 Check for spacing:

𝐴𝑠 = (𝑁)
4 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚
𝜋(16)2 𝑏 − 𝐶𝑐 − 2(𝑑𝑡 ) − 2(𝑑𝑏 )
204 = (𝑁) ; 𝑁 = 1.01 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2
4 𝑆= 
𝑁−1
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓 200 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 2(16)
𝑆= 
 2−1
 𝑆 = 68𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 
 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑺 = 𝟔𝟖𝒎𝒎

• For Negative Moment
 
𝑀𝑎𝑥. (−𝑀) = 15.92 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝝆:
𝑀𝑢 15.92 × 106
𝑅𝑢 = =  0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑢
∅𝑏𝑑2 (0.9)(200)(300)2 𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑅𝑢 = 0.98 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 0.85 (20.7) 2(0.98)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
 413.7 0.85 (20.7)
 𝜌 = 0.002
 1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
 𝑓𝑦 413.7
 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌
 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒

Area of Steel 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝑩𝒂𝒓𝒔

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = (0.0034)(200)(300) Check for spacing:
𝐴𝑠 = 204𝑚𝑚2  𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚
 𝑏 − 2𝐶𝑐 − 2𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑑𝑏
𝑆= 
𝑈𝑠𝑒 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑅𝑆𝐵 𝑁−1
200 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 2(16)
𝜋𝑑2 𝑆= 
𝐴𝑠 = (𝑁) 2−1
4
𝑆 = 68𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 
𝜋(16)2
204 = (𝑁)  𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑺 = 𝟔𝟖𝒎𝒎
4
𝑁 = 1.01 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2

Stirrups
 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑅 = 32.064 𝑘𝑁
1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
Modification Factor
𝜆 = 1.0 , 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
1
𝑉𝑐 = (1.0)√20.7(200)(300)
6
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝑉𝑐 = 45.5 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75(45.5) → Ø = 0.75
∅𝑉𝑐 = 34.125 𝑘𝑁
1
∅𝑉 = 17.06 𝑘𝑁
2 𝑐

Factored shear near the support

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑅 − 𝑊𝑢 𝑑
11.676 × 0.3
𝑉𝑢 = 32.064 − (6.032 × 0.3) − ( )
2
1
𝑉𝑢 = 28.503 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 
2
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 ( 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [Link] 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015)
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 
2
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟. 
2 𝑐
1
𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 
2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 600; = 150𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝑶. 𝑪 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠

40mm

360mm

200mm

(𝟒@𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎, 𝟔@𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎, 𝟔@𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 @𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝑶. 𝑪.

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

o Longitudinal External (Roof Beam)

𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.0𝐿𝐿 (Section 405.3.1 of NSCP 2015)

(Equation 405.3-1e of NSCP 2015)
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2(1.75) + 1.0(3.03) + 1.0(0)
𝑃𝑢 = 5.13 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Three Moment Equation:

 5.13




6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 ℎ1 ℎ2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + = 6𝐸𝐼( + )
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2
𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + =0
𝐿1 𝐿2

 5.13





6𝐴1 𝑏̅1 𝑤1 𝐿1 3 (5.13)(5)3

= = = 160.31 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
𝐿1 4 4
6𝐴𝑂 𝑎̅𝑂 6𝐴1 𝑏̅1
𝑀𝑂 𝐿𝑂 + 2𝑀1 (𝐿𝑂 + 𝐿1 ) + 𝑀2 𝐿1 + + = 0
𝐿𝑂 𝐿1
0 + 2𝑀1 (0 + 5) + 𝑀2 (5) + 0 + 160.31 = 0 
10𝑀1 + 5𝑀2 + 160.31 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
  
 5.13




6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + = 0
𝐿1 𝐿2
6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 𝑤𝐿3 (5.13)(5)3
= = = = 160. 31𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2 
𝐿1 𝐿2 4 4
𝑀1 (5) + 2𝑀2 (5 + 5) + 𝑀3 (5) + 160.31 + 160. 31 = 0
5𝑀1 + 20𝑀2 + 5𝑀3 + 320.62 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2




Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246




5.13




6𝐴2 𝑎̅2 6𝐴3 𝑏̅3

𝑀2 𝐿2 + 2𝑀3 (𝐿2 + 𝐿3 ) + 𝑀4 𝐿3 + + = 0
𝐿2 𝐿3
𝑀2 (5) + 2𝑀3 (5 + 5) + 𝑀4 (5) + 160. 31 + 160. 31 = 0
5𝑀2 + 20𝑀3 + 5𝑀4 + 320.62 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3

 5.13





6𝐴3 𝑏̅3 6𝐴0 𝑏̅0

𝑀3 𝐿3 + 2𝑀4 (𝐿3 + 𝐿0 ) + 𝑀𝑂 𝐿𝑂 + + = 0
𝐿3 𝐿0
6𝐴3 𝑏̅3 𝑤𝐿3 (5.13)(5)3
= = = 160. 31 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2 
𝐿3 4 4
𝑀3 (5) + 2𝑀4 (5 + 0) + 0 + 160. 31 = 0 
5𝑀3 + 10𝑀4 + 160. 31 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4


By elimination method:
10𝑀1 + 5𝑀2 + 160. 31 = 0 𝑒𝑞. 1
−[5𝑀1 + 20𝑀2 + 5𝑀3 + 320.62 = 0 ] 2 𝑒𝑞. 2
−35𝑀2 − 10𝑀3 − 480.93 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5 

[5𝑀2 + 20𝑀3 + 5𝑀4 + 320.62 = 0 ] 2 𝑒𝑞. 3
− 5𝑀3 + 10𝑀4 + 160. 31 = 0 𝑒𝑞. 4
10𝑀2 + 35𝑀3 + 480.93 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 6 

−1[−35𝑀2 − 10𝑀3 − 480.93 = 0] → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5 
− 10𝑀2 + 35𝑀3 + 480.93 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 6 
25𝑀2 − 25𝑀3 =0 
Therefore,𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝟑 



Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

By substitution:
−35𝑀2 − 10𝑀3 − 480.93 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞. 5
−35(𝑀3 ) − 10𝑀3 − 480.93 = 0 
𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝟑 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎 
10𝑀1 + 5𝑀2 + 160. 31 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
10𝑀1 + 5(−10.69) + 160. 31 = 0
𝑴𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
5𝑀3 + 10𝑀4 + 160.31 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞. 4
5(−10.69) + 10𝑀4 + 160.31 = 0
𝑴𝟒 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

 5.13 kN/m

M1 = 10.69 kN.m  M2 = 10.69 kN.m M3 = 10.69 kN.m M4 = 10.69 kN.m




 5.13 kN/m
M1 = 10.69 kN.m M2 = 10.69 kN.m


∑𝑀𝑅2 ′ = 0 ↻+

𝑅1 (5) − 10.69 + 10.69 − 5.13(5)(2.5) = 0

𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵
 

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑+
12.825 + 𝑅2′ − 5.13(5) = 0

 𝑅2′ = 12.825 𝑘𝑁 5.13 kN.m

M2 = 10.69 kN.m M3 = 10.69 kN.m

∑𝑀𝑅3 ′ = 0 ↻+
𝑅2′′ (5) − 10.69 + 10.69 − 5.13(5)(2.5) = 0
𝑅2′′ = 12.825 𝑘𝑁

𝑹𝟐 = 𝑅2′ + 𝑅2′′ = 12.825 + 12.825 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝑅1 = 𝑅4
𝑅2 = 𝑅3
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM:

Computation
𝑥 5−𝑥 12.825 kN
= 
12.825 12.825

𝑥 = 5 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 5
𝑥 = 2.5𝑚 12.825 kN




𝐴𝑟 = (5)(5.13) = 25.65
𝑴𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
𝑏 = 2.5𝑚
ℎ = 12.825𝑘𝑁
1
𝑀 = −10.69 + (2.5)(12.825)
2
𝑴 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑏 = 2.5𝑚
ℎ = 12.825𝑘𝑁
1
𝑀 = 5.34125 − (2.5)(12.825)
2
𝑴𝟐 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
 Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM

5.13 kN/m

M1 = 10.69 kN.m M2 = 10.69 kN.m M3 = 10.69 kN.m M4 = 10.69 kN.m

12.825 kN 12.825 kN 12.825 kN

-12.825 kN -12.825 kN -12.825 kN

5.34 kN.m 5.34 kN.m 5.34 kN.m

-10.96 kN.m -10.96 kN.m -10.96 kN.m -10.96 kN.m

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

Designing Moments:

𝑀𝑎𝑥. (+𝑀) = +5.34 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑎𝑥. (−𝑀) = −10.69 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Designing Shear:

𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 (𝑉) = 12.825 𝑘𝑁



• Beam Cross-Section
Use:
𝑓𝑐 ′ = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → (1 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑦) 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦
→ (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 60) 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
𝛽 = 0.85; 17𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≤ 28𝑀𝑃𝑎 413.7
 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑏 =  
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85 (20.7)(0.85)(600) 𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏 
𝜌𝑏 = 
(413.7)(600 + 413.7) 𝜌 = 0.5(0.0214)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0214 𝜌 = 0.0107
 
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏  𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.0214)
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟕
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0161


𝜌 𝑓𝑦 0.0107(413.7)
𝜔= = 
𝑓𝑐 ′ 20.7
𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟖

Solve for the dimension of the beam:

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑓𝑐′𝜔𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

10.69𝑥106 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 0.90(20.7)(0.2138)𝑏𝑑 2 [1 − 0.59(0.2138)]

𝑏𝑑2 = 3071257.874
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑑 = 1.5𝑏

𝑏𝑑2 = 3071257.874

𝑏(1.5𝑏)2 = 3071257.874
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑑 = 1.5𝑏
𝑑 = 1.5(200)
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝐶𝑐 = 40𝑚𝑚 → 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 [Link].3 

𝑑𝑏
ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + + 𝑑𝑡 
2
16𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 300𝑚𝑚 + 40𝑚𝑚 + + 10𝑚𝑚
2
𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎

Check the minimum value of h: (Table [Link])
𝐿 𝑓𝑦
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + )
16 700
5000 413.7
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + )
16 700
𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎𝒎 < 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎 
Required dimension (200mm × 360mm)
𝑈𝑠𝑒:
𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.2𝑥0.4𝑥23.5𝑥12 = 22.56 𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.2𝑥0.36𝑥23.5𝑥15 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 < 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝑶𝑲!


∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝑓𝑐′𝜔𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9(20.7)(0.2138)(200)(300)2 (1 − 0.59(0.2138))

∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 62.65 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Since𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 the beam is design as singly reinforced.

• For Positive Moment

𝑀𝑎𝑥. (+𝑀) = +5.34 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
𝑀𝑢 5.34 × 106 𝑓𝑦
𝑅𝑢 = =  1.4
∅𝑏𝑑2 (0.90)(200)(300)2 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
413.7
𝑅𝑢 = 0.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034


𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝝆:
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌
0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑢  𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′

Area of Steel
0.85 (20.7) 2(0.33)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
413.7 0.85 (20.7)
𝐴𝑠 = (0.0034)(200)(300)
𝜌 = 0.0008
𝐴𝑠 = 204𝑚𝑚2 


Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝑈𝑠𝑒 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚

2 𝑏 − 𝐶𝑐 − 2(𝑑𝑡 ) − 2(𝑑𝑏 )
𝜋𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = (𝑁) 𝑆= 
4 𝑁−1
𝜋(16)2 200 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 2(16)
204 = (𝑁) ; 𝑁 = 1.01𝑠𝑎𝑦 2 𝑆= 
4 2−1
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓 𝑆 = 68𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 
 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑺 = 𝟔𝟖𝒎𝒎
Check for spacing:

• For Negative Moment

𝑀𝑎𝑥. (−𝑀) = 10.69 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
0.85 (20.7) 2(0.66)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑀𝑢 10.69 × 10 6 413.7 0.85 (20.7)
𝑅𝑢 = 2
= 
∅𝑏𝑑 (0.9)(200)(300)2
𝜌 = 0.0016
𝑅𝑢 = 0.66 𝑀𝑃𝑎


1.4 1.4
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌: 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 413.7

0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑢 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌

𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒

Area of Steel 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝑩𝒂𝒓𝒔

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = (0.0034)(200)(300)

𝐴𝑠 = 204𝑚𝑚2  Check for spacing:

𝑈𝑠𝑒 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑅𝑆𝐵 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚
 𝑏 − 2𝐶𝑐 − 2𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑑𝑏
𝑆= 
𝑁−1
𝜋𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = (𝑁) 200 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 2(16)
4 𝑆= 
2−1
𝜋(16)2
204 = (𝑁)  𝑆 = 68𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 
4
𝑁 = 1.01 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑺 = 𝟔𝟖𝒎𝒎


Stirrups

 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑅 = 12.825 𝑘𝑁

1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
Modification Factor
𝜆 = 1.0 , 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
1
𝑉𝑐 = (1.0)(1)√20.7(200)(300)
6
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝑉𝑐 = 45.5 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75(45.5) → Ø = 0.75
∅𝑉𝑐 = 34.125 𝑘𝑁
1
∅𝑉 = 17.06 𝑘𝑁
2 𝑐

Factored shear near the support

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑅 − 𝑊𝑢 𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 12.825 − (5.13𝑥0.3)
1
𝑉𝑢 = 11.286𝑘𝑁 < ∅𝑉𝑐 
2
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 ( 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [Link] 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015)
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 
2
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 < 2
∅𝑉𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟. 
1
𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟.
2 𝑐
 40mm

360mm

200mm
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

 Transverse Internal (Roof Beam)

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑃𝑢
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2DL + 1.0E + 1.0LL (𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 405.3.1𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015)
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2(2.10) + 1.0(3.77) + 0 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 405.3 − 1𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015)
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑠) = 2(1.88481) 𝑘𝑁 + 22.42𝑘𝑁 (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓𝑠, 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑠) = 26.19 𝑘𝑁
𝑊 26.19
= = 13.09 𝑘𝑁
2 2
𝑊 1
  2 = 2
𝑏ℎ
1
 13.09 𝑘𝑁 = (6)(𝑦)
2
𝑦 = 4.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 = 𝐷𝐿

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4𝐷𝐿(𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 405.3 − 1𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015)

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4(4.36)
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
6.104 kN/m

4.069 kN/m 6.29 kN/m


Three-Moment Equation

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 ℎ1 ℎ2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + = 6𝐸𝐼 ( + )
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
ℎ1 ℎ2
6𝐸𝐼 ( + )=0
𝐿1 𝐿2

7.784 kN/m

6.302 kN/m
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + 𝐿1
+ 𝐿2
=0
6𝐴0 𝑎̅0 6𝐴1 𝑏̅1
𝑀0 𝐿0 + 2𝑀1 (𝐿0 + 𝐿1 ) + 𝑀2 𝐿1 + + =0
𝐿0 𝐿1

6𝐴1 𝑏̅1 𝑤1 𝐿1 3 7𝑤1 𝐿1 3 6.29𝑥43 7𝑥4.069𝑥43

= + = + = 131.02
𝐿1 4 60 4 60
0 + 2𝑀1 (0 + 4) + 𝑀2 (4) + 0 + 131.02 = 0
8𝑀1 + 4𝑀2 + 131.02 = 0 equation 1
6.104 kN/m

4.069kN/m

6.29 kN/m

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + =0
𝐿1 𝐿2

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 𝑤1 𝐿1 3 8𝑤1 𝐿1 3 6.29𝑥43 8𝑥4.069𝑥43

= + = + = 135.36
𝐿1 4 60 4 60
6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 𝑤2 𝐿2 3 𝑤2 𝐿2 3 5𝑤2 𝐿2 3 6.29𝑥43 4.069𝑥43 5𝑥2.035𝑥43
= + + = + + = 176.6
𝐿2 4 4 32 4 4 60
𝑀1 (4) + 2𝑀2 (4 + 4) + 𝑀3 (4) + 135.36 + 176.6 = 0
4𝑀1 + 16𝑀2 + 4𝑀3 + 311.96 = 0 equation 2

6.104 kN/m

4.069 kN/m

6.29 kN/m

6𝐴2 𝑎̅2 6𝐴3 𝑏̅3

𝑀2 𝐿2 + 2𝑀3 (𝐿2 + 𝐿3 ) + 𝑀4 𝐿3 + + =0
𝐿2 𝐿3
6𝐴2 𝑎̅2 𝑤2 𝐿2 3 𝑤2 𝐿2 3 5𝑤2 𝐿2 3 6.29𝑥43 4.069𝑥43 5𝑥2.035𝑥43
= + + = + + = 176.6
𝐿2 4 4 32 4 4 60
6𝐴3 𝑏̅3 𝑤3 𝐿3 3 8𝑤3 𝐿3 3 6.29𝑥43 8𝑥4.069𝑥43
= + = + = 135.36
𝐿3 4 60 4 60
𝑀2 (4) + 2𝑀3 (4 + 4) + 𝑀4 (4) + 176.6 + 135.36 = 0
4𝑀2 + 16𝑀3 + 4𝑀4 + 311.96 = 0 equation 3
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

4.069 kN/m

6.29kN/m

6𝐴3 𝑎̅3 6𝐴0 𝑏̅0

𝑀3 𝐿3 + 2𝑀4 (𝐿3 + 𝐿0 ) + 𝑀0 𝐿0 + + =0
𝐿3 𝐿0

6𝐴3 𝑎̅3 𝑤3 𝐿3 7𝑤3 𝐿3 3 6.29𝑥43 7𝑥4.069𝑥43

= + = + = 131.02
𝐿3 4 60 4 60
𝑀3 (4) + 2𝑀4 (4 + 0) + 0 + 131.02 + 0 = 0
4𝑀3 + 8𝑀4 + 131.02 = 0 equation 4

By elimination method:
8𝑀1 + 4𝑀2 + 131.02 = 0 equation 1
-2 [4𝑀1 + 16𝑀2 + 4𝑀3 + 311.96 = 0] equation 2
−28𝑀2 − 8𝑀3 − 492.9 = 0 equation 5

2 [4𝑀2 + 16𝑀3 + 4𝑀4 + 311.96 = 0] equation 3

- 4𝑀3 + 8𝑀4 + 131.02 = 0 equation 4
8𝑀2 + 28𝑀3 + 492.9 = 0 equation 6

-1[ −28𝑀2 − 8𝑀3 − 492.9 = 0] equation 5

- 8𝑀2 + 28𝑀3 + 492.9 = 0 equation 6
20𝑀2 − 20𝑀3 = 0
𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝟑

By substitution:
−28𝑀2 − 8𝑀3 − 492.9 = 0 eq. 5
−28(𝑀3 ) − 8𝑀3 − 492.9 = 0
𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝟑 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵𝒎
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

8𝑀1 + 4𝑀2 + 131.02 = 0 𝑒𝑞. 1

8𝑀1 + 4(−13.69) + 131.02 = 0
𝑴𝟏 = −𝟗. 𝟓𝟑𝒌𝑵𝒎
4𝑀3 + 8𝑀4 + 131.02 = 0 𝑒𝑞. 4
4(−13.69) + 8𝑀4 + 131.02 = 0
𝑴𝟒 = −𝟗. 𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝑵𝒎

6.104 kN/m

6.29 kN/m

M1 = 9.53 kNm M2 = 13.69 kNm M3 = 13.69 kNm M4 = 9.53 kNm

4.069 kN/m

6.29 kN/m

M1 = 9.53 kN/m M2 = 13.69 kN/m

∑𝑀𝑅2 ′ = 0 ↻+
1 1
𝑅1 (4) − 9.53 + 13.69 − 6.29(4)(2) − (4)(4.069) ( 𝑥4) = 0
2 3
𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑+ 6.104 kN/m

1
14.25 + 𝑅2 ′ − 6.29(4) − (4)(4.069) = 0 4.069 kN/m
2
′
𝑅2 = 19.048 𝑘𝑁
6.29 kN/m

M2 = 13.69 kNm M3 = 13.69 kNm

∑𝑀𝑅3 ′ = 0 ↻+
1 1 1
𝑅2 ′′ (4) − 13.69 + 13.69 − 6.29(4)(2) − (4)(4.069)( 𝑥4) − (4)(2.035) ( 𝑥4) = 0
2 2 2
𝑅2 ′′ = 22.753 𝑘𝑁
𝑹𝟐 = 𝑅2 ′ + 𝑅2 ′′ = 19.048 + 22.753 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝑵
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑+
1
22.753 + 𝑅3 ′ − 6.29(4) − (4)(2.035) − (4)(4.069) = 0
2
𝑅3 ′ = 22.753 𝑘𝑁
4.069 kN/m

6.29 kN/m

M3 = 13.69 kNm M4 = 9.53 kNm

∑𝑀𝑅4 = 0 ↻+
1 2
𝑅3 ′′ (4) − 13.69 + 9.53 − 6.29(4)(2) − (4)(4.069)( 𝑥4) = 0
2 3
𝑅3 ′′ = 19.048 𝑘𝑁
𝑹𝟑 = 𝑅3 ′ + 𝑅3 ′′ = 22.753 + 19.048 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝑵

∑𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑+
1
19.048 + 𝑅4 − 6.29(4) − (4)(4.069) = 0
2
𝑹𝟒 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵





4.069 kN/m


6.29 kN/m
6.29 kN/m𝑦 4.069
=
𝑥 4
𝑦 = 1.01725𝑥
∑𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑+
1
𝑉𝐴𝐵 − 6.29𝑥 − (𝑥)(1.01725𝑥) + 14.25 = 0, 𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 0
2
−0.508625𝑥 2 − 6.29𝑥 + 14.25 = 0
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝒎

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅

1
𝐴𝑡1 + 𝐴𝑟1 = (4)(4.069) + (6.29)(4) = 33.298 𝑘𝑁
2
1
𝐴𝑡2 + 𝐴𝑟1 + 𝐴𝑟2 = (4)(2.035) + (6.29)(4) + (4.069)(4) = 45.506 𝑘𝑁
2
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

6.104kN/m 6.104 kN/m

4.069 kN/m 4.069 kN/m

6.29 kN/m 6.29 kN/m

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

∑𝑀𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 0 ↻+
𝑥 1 1
14.25𝑥 − (6.29)(𝑥) ( ) − ( ) (𝑥)(1.01725𝑥) ( 𝑥) − 9.53 = 0
2 2 3
−0.1695𝑥 3 − 3.145𝑥 2 + 14.25𝑥 − 9.53 = 0
@𝑥 = 1.96, 𝑴𝑨𝑩 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵𝒎
@𝑥 = 4, 𝑴𝑨𝑩 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑵𝒎

∑𝑀𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 0 ↻+
𝑥 𝑥 1 1
−6.29𝑥 ( ) − (4.069)(𝑥) ( ) − ( ) (𝑥)(2.035𝑥) ( 𝑥) + 41.801 = 0
2 2 2 3
@𝑥 = 2, 𝑴𝑩𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑵𝒎
 Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM

6.104 kN/m

6.29 kN/m

M1 = 9.53 kNm M2 = 13.69 kNm M3 = 13.69 kNm M4 = 9.53 kNm

22.753 kN

-22.753 kN

18.37 kNm
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

Designing Moments
𝑀𝑎𝑥. (+𝑀) = +18.37𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑎𝑥. (−𝑀) = −13.698 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Designing Shear
𝑀𝑎𝑥. (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟)(𝑉) = 22.753 𝑘𝑁

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎
𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵⁄𝒎

• Beam Cross-Section
Use:
𝑓𝑐 ′ = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → (1 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑦) 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦
→ (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 60) 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
𝛽 = 0.85; 17𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≤ 28𝑀𝑃𝑎 413.7
 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑏 =  
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85 (20.7)(0.85)(600) 𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏 
𝜌𝑏 = 
(413.7)(600 + 413.7) 𝜌 = 0.5(0.0214)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0214 𝜌 = 0.0107
 
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏  𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.0214)
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟕
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0161


𝜌 𝑓𝑦 0.0107(413.7)
𝜔= = 
𝑓𝑐 ′ 20.7
𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟖
Solve for the dimension of the beam:

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑓𝑐′𝜔𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

18.37𝑥106 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 0.90(20.7)(0.2138)𝑏𝑑 2 [1 − 0.59(0.2138)]

𝑏𝑑2 = 5277736.871

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑑 = 1.5𝑏

𝑏𝑑2 = 5277736.871

𝑏(1.5𝑏)2 = 5277736.871
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑑 = 1.5𝑏
𝑑 = 1.5(200)
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝐶𝑐 = 40𝑚𝑚 → 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 [Link].3 

𝑑𝑏
ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + + 𝑑𝑡 
2
16𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 300𝑚𝑚 + 40𝑚𝑚 + + 10𝑚𝑚
2
𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎

Check the minimum value of h: (Table [Link])
𝐿 𝑓𝑦
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + )
16 700
4000 413.7
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + )
16 700
𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎 < 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎 → 𝑶𝑲!

Required dimension (150mm × 285mm)
𝑈𝑠𝑒:
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.2𝑥0.4𝑥23.5𝑥12 = 22.56 𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.2𝑥0.36𝑥23.5𝑥12 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 < 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝑶𝑲!


∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝑓𝑐′𝜔𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9(20.7)(0.2138)(200)(300)2 (1 − 0.59(0.2138))
∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 62.65 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Since𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 the beam is design as singly reinforced.

• For Positive Moment 1.4

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝑀𝑎𝑥. (+𝑀) = +18.37 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
413.7
𝑀𝑢 18.37 × 106 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034
𝑅𝑢 = = 
∅𝑏𝑑2 (0.90)(200)(300)2

𝑅𝑢 = 1.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌

 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝝆:

0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑢

𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′
Area of Steel
0.85 (20.7) 2(1.13) 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
413.7 0.85 (20.7)
𝐴𝑠 = (0.0034)(200)(300)
𝜌 = 0.0028 𝐴𝑠 = 204𝑚𝑚2

𝑈𝑠𝑒 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝜋𝑑2 
𝐴𝑠 = (𝑁)
4 
𝜋(16)2 Check for spacing:
204 = (𝑁) ; 𝑁 = 1.01 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2
4
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓
𝑏 − 𝐶𝑐 − 2(𝑑𝑡 ) − 2(𝑑𝑏 )
 𝑆= 
𝑁−1
 200 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 2(16)
𝑆= 
 2−1
 𝑆 = 68𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 
 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑺 = 𝟔𝟖𝒎𝒎
 

• For Negative Moment


𝑀𝑎𝑥. (−𝑀) = 13.698 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌:

𝑀𝑢 13.698 × 106 0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑢

𝑅𝑢 = =  𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
∅𝑏𝑑2 (0.9)(200)(300)2 𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑅𝑢 = 0.85 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 0.85 (20.7) 2(0.85)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
413.7 0.85 (20.7)

 𝜌 = 0.0021

 1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 413.7

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒


Area of Steel

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = (0.0034)(200)(300) Check for spacing:
𝐴𝑠 = 204𝑚𝑚2  𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑅𝑆𝐵 𝑏 − 2𝐶𝑐 − 2𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑑𝑏
𝑆= 
𝑁−1
𝜋𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = (𝑁) 200 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 2(16)
4 𝑆= 
2−1
𝜋(16)2
204 = (𝑁)  𝑆 = 68𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 
4
𝑁 = 1.01 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑺 = 𝟔𝟖𝒎𝒎

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝑩𝒂𝒓𝒔

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

Stirrups

 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑅 = 22.753 𝑘𝑁

1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
Modification Factor
𝜆 = 1.0 , 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
1
𝑉𝑐 = (1.0)√20.7(200)(300)
6
𝑉𝑐 = 45.5 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75(45.5) → Ø = 0.75
∅𝑉𝑐 = 34.125 𝑘𝑁
1
∅𝑉 = 17.06 𝑘𝑁
2 𝑐

Factored shear near the support

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑅 − 𝑊𝑢 𝑑
6.104 × 0.3
𝑉𝑢 = 22.753 − (6.29 × 0.3) − ( )
2
1
𝑉𝑢 = 21.65 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 
2
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 > 0.5∅𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 ( 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [Link] 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015)
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 
2
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟. 
2 𝑐
1
𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 
2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 600; = 150𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝑶. 𝑪 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠

40mm

360mm

200mm

(𝟒@𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎, 𝟔@𝟕𝟓𝒎𝒎, 𝟔@𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 @𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝑶. 𝑪.

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

➢ Longitudinal External (Roof Beam)

Roof Beam

𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.0𝐿𝐿   (Section 405.3.1 of NSCP 2015)

(Equation 405.3-1e of NSCP 2015)
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2(1.76) + 1.0(3.04) + 1.0(0)
 𝑃𝑢 = 5.152 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Three Moment Equation:

 5.152




6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 ℎ1 ℎ2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + = 6𝐸𝐼( + )
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + = 0
𝐿1 𝐿2


5.152




6𝐴1 𝑏̅1 𝑤1 𝐿1 3 (5.152)(5)3

= = = 161 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2 
𝐿1 4 4
6𝐴𝑂 𝑎̅𝑂 6𝐴1 𝑏̅1
𝑀𝑂 𝐿𝑂 + 2𝑀1 (𝐿𝑂 + 𝐿1 ) + 𝑀2 𝐿1 + + = 0
𝐿𝑂 𝐿1
0 + 2𝑀1 (0 + 5) + 𝑀2 (5) + 0 + 161 = 0 
10𝑀1 + 5𝑀2 + 161 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
  
 5.152




6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + = 0
𝐿1 𝐿2

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 𝑤𝐿3 (5.152)(5)3

= = = = 161𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2 
𝐿1 𝐿2 4 4
𝑀1 (5) + 2𝑀2 (5 + 5) + 𝑀3 (5) + 161 + 161 = 0
5𝑀1 + 20𝑀2 + 5𝑀3 + 322 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2


Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246


5.152




6𝐴2 𝑎̅2 6𝐴3 𝑏̅3

𝑀2 𝐿2 + 2𝑀3 (𝐿2 + 𝐿3 ) + 𝑀4 𝐿3 + + = 0
𝐿2 𝐿3
𝑀2 (5) + 2𝑀3 (5 + 5) + 𝑀4 (5) + 161 + 161 = 0
5𝑀2 + 20𝑀3 + 5𝑀4 + 322 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3


5.152




6𝐴3 𝑏̅3 6𝐴0 𝑏̅0

𝑀3 𝐿3 + 2𝑀4 (𝐿3 + 𝐿0 ) + 𝑀𝑂 𝐿𝑂 + + = 0
𝐿3 𝐿0

6𝐴3 𝑏̅3 𝑤𝐿3 (5.152)(5)3

= = = 161 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2 
𝐿3 4 4
𝑀3 (5) + 2𝑀4 (5 + 0) + 0 + 161 = 0 
5𝑀3 + 10𝑀4 + 161 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4


By elimination method:
10𝑀1 + 5𝑀2 + 161 = 0 𝑒𝑞. 1
−[5𝑀1 + 20𝑀2 + 5𝑀3 + 322 = 0 ] 2 𝑒𝑞. 2
−35𝑀2 − 10𝑀3 − 483 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5 

[5𝑀2 + 20𝑀3 + 5𝑀4 + 322 = 0 ] 2 𝑒𝑞. 3
− 5𝑀3 + 10𝑀4 + 161 = 0 𝑒𝑞. 4
10𝑀2 + 35𝑀3 + 483 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 6 

−1[−35𝑀2 − 10𝑀3 − 483 = 0] → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5 
− 10𝑀2 + 35𝑀3 + 483 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 6 
25𝑀2 − 25𝑀3 =0 
𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝟑 




Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

By substitution:
−35𝑀2 − 10𝑀3 − 483 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞. 5
−35(𝑀3 ) − 10𝑀3 − 483 = 0 
𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝟑 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎 
10𝑀1 + 5𝑀2 + 161 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞. 1
10𝑀1 + 5(−10.73) + 161 = 0
𝑴𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
5𝑀3 + 10𝑀4 + 161 = 0 → 𝑒𝑞. 4
5(−10.73) + 10𝑀4 + 161 = 0
𝑴𝟒 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

 5.152 kN/m

M1 = 10.73 kN.m  M2 = 10.73 kN.m M3 = 10.73 kN.m M4 = 10.73 kN.m




∑𝑀𝑅2 ′ = 0 ↻+

𝑅1 (5) − 10.73 + 10.73 − 5.125(5)(2.5) = 0

𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵
  5.152 kN/m
M1 = 10.73 kN.m M2 = 10.73 kN.m
∑𝐹𝑣 = 0 ↑+
12.8125 + 𝑅2′ − 5.125(5) = 0

 𝑅2′ = 12.8125 𝑘𝑁


∑𝑀𝑅3 ′ = 0 ↻+ 

𝑅2′′ (5) − 10.73 + 10.73 − 0.85(5)(2.5) = 0 5.152 kN.m

𝑅2′′ = 12.8125 𝑘𝑁 M2 = 10.73 kN.m M3 = 10.73 kN.m



𝑹𝟐 = 𝑅2′ + 𝑅2′′ = 12.8125 + 12.8125 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵

𝑅1 = 𝑅4 
𝑅2 = 𝑅3 
Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM:

Computation
12.8125 kN
𝑥 5−𝑥
= 
12.8125 12.8125

𝑥 = 5 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 5 12.8125 kN
𝑥 = 2.5𝑚




𝐴𝑟 = (5)(5.152) = 25.76
𝑴𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
𝑏 = 2.5𝑚
ℎ = 12.825𝑘𝑁
1
𝑀 = −10.73 + (2.5)(12.8125)
2
𝑴 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑏 = 2.5𝑚
ℎ = 12.825𝑘𝑁
1
𝑀 = 5.285625 − (2.5)(12.8125)
2
𝑴𝟐 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
 Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM

5.152 kN/m

M1 = 10.73 kN.m M2 = 10.73 kN.m M3 = 10.73 kN.m M4 = 10.73 kN.m

12.81 kN 12.81 kN 12.81 kN

-12.81 kN -12.81 kN -12.81 kN

5.29 kNm 5.29 kNm 5.29 kNm

-16.73 kNm -16.73 kNm -16.73 kNm -16.73 kNm

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

Designing Moments:

𝑀𝑎𝑥. (+𝑀) = +5.29 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑎𝑥. (−𝑀) = −10.73 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Designing Shear:

𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 (𝑉) = 12.81 𝑘𝑁



• Beam Cross-Section
Use:
𝑓𝑐 ′ = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → (1 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑦) 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦
→ (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 60) 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
𝛽 = 0.85; 17𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≤ 28𝑀𝑃𝑎 413.7
 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽(600)
𝜌𝑏 =  
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
0.85 (20.7)(0.85)(600) 𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏 
𝜌𝑏 = 
(413.7)(600 + 413.7) 𝜌 = 0.5(0.0214)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0214 𝜌 = 0.0107
 
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏  𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75(0.0214)
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟕
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0161


𝜌 𝑓𝑦 0.0107(413.7)
𝜔= = 
𝑓𝑐 ′ 20.7
𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟖
Solve for the dimension of the beam:

𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎

𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑓𝑐′𝜔𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

10.73𝑥106 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 0.90(20.7)(0.2138)𝑏𝑑 2 [1 − 0.59(0.2138)]

𝑏𝑑2 = 3082749.952

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑑 = 1.5𝑏
𝑏𝑑2 = 3082749.952
𝑏(1.5𝑏)2 = 3082749.952
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑑 = 1.5𝑏
𝑑 = 1.5(200)
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎



Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

𝐶𝑐 = 40𝑚𝑚 → 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 [Link].3 

𝑑𝑏
ℎ = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑐 + + 𝑑𝑡 
2
16𝑚𝑚
ℎ = 300𝑚𝑚 + 40𝑚𝑚 + + 10𝑚𝑚
2
𝒉 = 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎
Check the minimum value of h: (Table [Link])
𝐿 𝑓𝑦
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + )
16 700
5000 413.7
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.4 + )
16 700
𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗. 𝟔𝟗 𝒎𝒎 > 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒎 
Required dimension (200mm × 360mm)
𝑈𝑠𝑒:
𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.2𝑥0.4𝑥23.5𝑥12 = 22.56 𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.2𝑥0.36𝑥23.5𝑥15 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 < 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝑶𝑲!

∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝑓𝑐′𝜔𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.9(20.7)(0.2138)(200)(300)2 (1 − 0.59(0.2138))

∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 62.65 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Since𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 the beam is design as singly reinforced.

• For Positive Moment 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌

 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒

𝑀𝑎𝑥. (+𝑀) = +5.29 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑢 5.29 × 106
𝑅𝑢 = = 
∅𝑏𝑑2 (0.90)(200)(300)2
𝑅𝑢 = 0.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Area of Steel

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝝆: 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

𝐴𝑠 = (0.0034)(200)(300)
0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑠 = 204𝑚𝑚2
𝑈𝑠𝑒 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
0.85 (20.7) 2(0.33)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] 𝜋𝑑2
413.7 0.85 (20.7) 𝐴𝑠 = (𝑁)
4
𝜌 = 0.0008 𝜋(16)2
204 = (𝑁) ; 𝑁 = 1.01𝑠𝑎𝑦 2
1.4 4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 
𝑓𝑦 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =  
413.7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0034 

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

Check for spacing: 200 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 2(16)

𝑆= 
2−1
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚
𝑆 = 68𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 
𝑏 − 𝐶𝑐 − 2(𝑑𝑡 ) − 2(𝑑𝑏 )
𝑆=  𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑺 = 𝟔𝟖𝒎𝒎
𝑁−1


• For Negative Moment 0.85 (20.7) 2(1.57)

 𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
413.7 0.85 (20.7)
𝑀𝑎𝑥. (−𝑀) = 10.73 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑢 10.73 × 106 𝜌 = 0.0016

𝑅𝑢 = = 
∅𝑏𝑑2 (0.9)(200)(300)2 1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 413.7
𝑅𝑢 = 0.66 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜌: 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒
0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′

Area of Steel

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = (0.0034)(200)(300) Check for spacing:
𝐴𝑠 = 204𝑚𝑚2  𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚
𝑈𝑠𝑒 16𝑚𝑚 ∅ 𝑅𝑆𝐵 𝑏 − 2𝐶𝑐 − 2𝑑𝑡 − 2𝑑𝑏
𝑆= 
𝑁−1
𝜋𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = (𝑁) 200 − 2(40) − 2(10) − 2(16)
4 𝑆= 
2−1
𝜋(16)2
204 = (𝑁)  𝑆 = 68𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 
4
𝑁 = 1.01 𝑠𝑎𝑦 2 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑺 = 𝟔𝟖𝒎𝒎

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎 ∅ 𝑩𝒂𝒓𝒔

Maria Jorina B. Andres
Design of Roof Beam
Principles of Reinforced/Pre-stressed Concrete 246

Stirrups

 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑅 = 12.8125 𝑘𝑁

1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝜆√𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
Modification Factor
𝜆 = 1.0 , 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
1
𝑉𝑐 = (1.0)(1)√20.7(200)(300)
6
𝑉𝑐 = 45.5 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75(45.5) → Ø = 0.75
∅𝑉𝑐 = 34.125 𝑘𝑁
1
∅𝑉 = 17.06 𝑘𝑁
2 𝑐
Factored shear near the support
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑅 − 𝑊𝑢 𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 12.8125 − (5.152𝑥0.3)
1
𝑉𝑢 = 11.27 𝑘𝑁 < ∅𝑉𝑐 
2

𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 ( 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 [Link] 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑆𝐶𝑃 2015)
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 
2
1
𝐼𝑓 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟. 
2 𝑐
1
𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
2 𝑐


40mm

 
 285mm


150mm