Semester-IV

BP401T. PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –III (Theory) 45 Hours

Scope: This subject imparts knowledge on stereo−chemical aspects of organic compounds and organic
reactions, important named reactions, chemistry of important heterocyclic compounds. It also emphasizes on
medicinal and other uses of organic compounds.
Objectives: At the end of the course, the student shall be able to
1. understand the methods of preparation and properties of organic compounds
2. explain the stereo chemical aspects of organic compounds and stereo chemical reaction
3. know the medicinal uses and other applications of organic compounds
Course Content:
Note: To emphasize on definition, types, mechanisms, examples, uses/applications
UNIT-I 10 Hours
Stereo isomerism 10 Hours
Optical isomerism −
• Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds,
• Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules
• DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules
• RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers
• Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture.
• Asymmetric synthesis: partial and absolute
UNIT-II 10 Hours
Geometrical isomerism
• Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems)
• Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers.
• Conformational isomerism in Ethane, n−Butane and Cyclohexane.
• Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical activity.
• Stereospecific and stereo selective reactions
UNIT-III 10 Hours
Heterocyclic Compounds
Nomenclature and classification
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives
Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene − Relative aromaticity, reactivity and Basicity of pyrrole
UNIT-IV 8 Hours
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives
• Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole. Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole.
• Basicity of pyridine
• Synthesis and medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine, azepines and their derivatives

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UNIT-V 7 Hours
Reactions of synthetic importance
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction,
Birch reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction.

Oppenauer oxidation Dakin reaction.

Beckmanns rearrangement Schmidt rearrangement.

Claisen Schmidt condensation

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Organic chemistry by I.L. Finar, Volume−I & II.
2. A text book of organic chemistry − Arun Bahl, B.S. Bahl.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal
4. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L. Gilchrist

BP402T. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Theory) 45 Hours

Scope: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure, chemistry and therapeutic
value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activity relationships of drugs, importance of
physicochemical properties and metabolism of drugs. The syllabus also emphasizes on chemical synthesis of
important drugs under each class.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
1. understand the chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity
2. understand the drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic value of drugs
3. know the Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) of different class of drugs
4. write the chemical synthesis of some drugs
Course Content:
Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of action, uses of
drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective class of drugs as specified in the
course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)
UNIT- I 10 hours
 Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry
 History and development of medicinal chemistry
 Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action
 Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding,
Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.

Drug metabolism:
Principles - Phase I and Phase II.
Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.

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UNIT- II 10 hours
Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System Sympathomimetic agents:
SAR of Sympathomimetic agents
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine,
Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.
Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine,
Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine.
Adrenergic Antagonists:
 Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline*, Phentolamine, Prazosin.
 Beta adrenergic blockers: SAR of beta blockers, Propranolol*, Atenolol, , Esmolol, Metoprolol,
Labetolol, Carvedilol.

UNIT-III 10 hours
Cholinergic neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents
Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine.
Indirect acting/ Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible): Physostigmine, Neostigmine*,
Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride, Tacrine hydrochloride, Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate,
Echothiophate iodide, Parathione, Malathion.
Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride.
Cholinergic Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolytic agents
Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues: Atropine sulphate, Homatropine hydrobromide, Ipratropium
bromide*.
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, Clidinium bromide,
Dicyclomine hydrochloride*, Glycopyrrolate, , Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine
citrate, Biperidine hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Ethopropazine hydrochloride.
UNIT- IV 8 Hours
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
A. Sedative and Hypnotics

Benzodiazepines: SAR of Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*, Oxazepam, Chlorazepate,

Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem
Barbiturtes: SAR of barbiturates, Barbital*, Phenobarbital, Mephobarbital, , Pentobarbital, Secobarbital
Miscelleneous:
Amides & imides: Glutethmide.
Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate.
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Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde.
B. Antipsychotics
Phenothiazeines: SAR of Phenothiazeines − Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine hydrochloride*,
Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride,, Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride.
Ring Analogues of Phenothiazeines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate, Clozapine.
Fluro buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone.
Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride.
Benzamides: Sulpieride.
C. Anticonvulsants: SAR of Anticonvulsants, mechanism of anticonvulsant action
Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone,
Hydantoins: Phenytoin*.
Oxazolidine diones: Trimethadione, Paramethadione Succinimides: Phensuximide, Methsuximide,
Ethosuximide* Urea and monoacylureas: Carbamazepine*
Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam
Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid , Gabapentin, Felbamate
UNIT – V 7 Hours
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
General Anesthetics:
Inhalation anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane.
Ultra-short acting barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium*, , Thiopental sodium.
Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*
Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics
Morphine and related drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine, Meperidine
hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl
citrate*, Methadone hydrochloride*, Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine.
Narcotic antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Naloxone hydrochloride.

Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*, Meclofenamate, Indomethacin,

Sulindac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen,
Phenylbutazone.

BP406P. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Practical) 4 Hours/Week

I. Preparation of drugs/ intermediates
1 1,3−pyrazole
2 1,3−oxazole
3 Benzimidazole
4 Benztriazole
5 2,3− diphenyl quinoxaline
6 Benzocaine
7 Phenytoin
8 Phenothiazine
9 Barbiturate
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 II. Assay of drugs
1. Chlorpromazine
2. Phenobarbitone
3. Atropine
4. Ibuprofen
5. Aspirin
6. Furosemide
III. Determination of Partition coefficient for any two drugs

Recommended Books (Latest Editions)

1. Wilson and Giswold‘s Organic medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
2. Foye‘s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry.
3. Burger‘s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV.
4. Introduction to principles of drug design− Smith and Williams.
5. Remington‘s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
6. Martindale‘s extra pharmacopoeia.
7. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II.
8. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1−5.
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
10. Text book of practical organic chemistry− [Link].

BP 403 T. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II (Theory) 45Hours

Scope: The course deals with the various physical, physicochemical properties and principle involved in
dosage forms, formulations. Theory and practical components of the subject help the student to get a better
insight in to various areas of formulation research and development and stability studies of pharmaceuticals.
Objectives: Upon the completion of the course student shall be able to
1. Understand various physicochemical properties of drug molecules in the designing the dosage form
2. Know the principles of chemical kinetics & to use them in assigning expiry date for Formulation
3. Demonstrate use of physicochemical properties in evaluation of dosage forms
4. Appreciate physicochemical properties of drug molecules in formulation research and Development
Course Content:
UNIT-I 10 Hours 10 hours
Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo−zero, first & second order, units of basic rate constants,
determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing the chemical degradation of
pharmaceutical product: temperature, solvent, ionic strength, dielectric constant, specific & general acid base
catalysis, Simple numerical problems. Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like
hydrolysis & oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Photolytic degradation and its prevention

UNIT-II 10 hours
Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature, non− Newtonian
systems, pseudoplastic, dilatants, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, determination of viscosity,
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capillary, falling Sphere, rotational viscometers
Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain, Elastic Modulus

UNIT-III 10 hours
Coarse dispersion: Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions,
formulation of suspensions. Emulsions and theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions;
Physical stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions.

UNIT-IV 8 hours
Surface and interfacial phenomenon: Liquid interface, surface & interfacial tensions, surface free energy,
measurement of surface & interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface
active agents, HLB Scale, solubilisation, detergency, adsorption at solid interface.

UNIT-V 7 hours
Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of
colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general properties. Optical,
kinetic & electrical [Link] of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization & protective action.

BP 407P. PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS- II (Practical) 4 Hrs/week

1. Determination of surface tension of given liquids by drop count and drop weight method
2. Determination of HLB number of a surfactant by saponification method
3. Determination of Freundlich and Langmuir constants using activated char coal
4. Determination of critical micellar concentration of surfactants
5. Determination of viscosity of liquid using Ostwald‘s viscometer
6. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different suspending agent
7. Determination sedimentation volume with effect of different concentration of single suspending
agent
8. Determination of viscosity of semisolid by using Brookfield viscometer
9. Determination of reaction rate constant first order.
10. Determination of reaction rate constant second order
11. Accelerated stability studies

Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)

1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition
2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume−1 to 3, Marcel Dekkar
Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume 1, 2, 3. Marcel
Dekkar Inc.
7. Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C, and Manavalan R.

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BP 404 T. PHARMACOLOGY-I (Theory) 45 Hours
Scope: The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the living organisms and how their
effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers the information about the drugs like, mechanism of
action, physiological and biochemical effects (pharmacodynamics) as well as absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion (pharmacokinetics) along with the adverse effects, clinical uses, interactions, doses,
contraindications and routes of administration of different classes of drugs.

Objectives: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to

1. Understand the pharmacological actions of different categories of drugs
2. Explain the mechanism of drug action at organ system/sub cellular/ macromolecular levels.
3. Apply the basic pharmacological knowledge in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
4. Observe the effect of drugs on animals by simulated experiments
5. Appreciate correlation of pharmacology with other bio medical sciences

Course Content:
UNIT-I 5 Hours
General Pharmacology
a. Introduction to Pharmacology− Definition, historical landmarks and scope of pharmacology, nature
and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug administration, Agonists, antagonists
(competitive and non competitive), spare receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis,
idiosyncrasy, allergy.
b. Pharmacokinetics− Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
.Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination

UNIT-II 15 Hours
General Pharmacology
a. Pharmacodynamics− Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories and classification
of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions signal transduction mechanisms,
G−protein−coupled receptors, ion channel receptor, transmembrane enzyme linked receptors,
transmembrane JAK−STAT binding receptor and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose
response relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.
b. Adverse drug reactions.
c. Drug interactions (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic)
d. Drug discovery and clinical evaluation of new drugs −Drug discovery phase, preclinical evaluation
phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials and pharmacovigilance.
e. Principles of toxicology - Definition and basic knowledge of acute, subacute and chronic toxicity.
Definition and basic knowledge of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity
General principles of treatment of poisoning.
f. Chronopharmacology - Definition of rhythm and cycles. Biological clock and their significance
leading to chronotherapy.

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UNIT-III 10 Hours
Pharmacology of peripheral nervous system
a. Organization and function of ANS.
b. Neurohumoral transmission,co−transmission and classification of neurotransmitters.
c. Parasympathomimetics; Clinical symptoms and management of organophosphorus poisoning;
Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, sympatholytics.
d. Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral).
e. Local anesthetic agents.
f. Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and glaucoma

UNIT-IV 8 Hours
Pharmacology of central nervous system
a. Neurohumoral transmission in the [Link] emphasis on importance of various neuro
transmitters like with GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, serotonin, dopamine.
b. General anesthetics and pre-anesthetics.
c. Sedatives, hypnotics and centrally acting muscle relaxants.
d. Anti-epileptics;
e. Clinical symptoms and management of barbiturates poisoning
f. Alcohols and disulfiram

UNIT-V 07 Hours
Pharmacology of central nervous system
a. Psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, antimanics and
hallucinogens.
b. Drugs used in Parkinsons disease and Alzheimer‘s disease.
c. CNS stimulants and nootropics.
d. Opioid analgesics and antagonists; Clinical symptoms and management of morphine poisoning
e. Drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance and dependence.

BP 408 [Link]-I (Practical) 4Hrs/Week

1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology.
a. Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology.
b. Study of common laboratory animals.
c. Maintenance of laboratory animals as per CPCSEA guidelines.
d. Common laboratory techniques. Blood withdrawal, serum and plasma separation, anesthetics and
euthanasia used for animal studies.
2. Dose calculation in pharmacological experiments
3. Study of different routes of drugs administration in mice/rats.
4. Introduction to in-vitro pharmacology and physiological salt solutions.
5. DRC of acetylcholine using isolated chicken ileum.
6. Effect of spasmogens and spasmolytics using isolated chicken ileum (eg- physostigmine , atropine)
7. Determination of PA2 value of Atropine using isolated chicken ileum (by Schilds plot method).
8. Study of effect of drugs on gastrointestinal motility
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 9. Determination of acute oral toxicity (LD50) of a drug from a given data
10. Determination of acute skin irritation / corrosion of a test substance
11. Determination of acute eye irritation / corrosion of a test substance
12. Calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters from a given data
Note: Wherever wet laboratory experiments are not feasible, simulated experiments by software /videos
may be used.
Recommended Books (Latest Editions)
1. Rang H. P., Dale M.M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale‘s Pharmacology,.Churchil
Livingstone Elsevier
2. Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc Graw-Hill
3. Goodman and Gilman‘s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
4. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A. K., Bradley
R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
5. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott‘s Illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology
6. [Link]. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd,
New Delhi.
7. Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher
8. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles [Link]& Robert,
9. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company, Kolkata.
10. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. VallabhPrakashan,

BP 405 [Link] AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I (Theory) 45 Hours

Scope: The subject involves the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope, classification of crude drugs,
their identification and evaluation, phytochemicals present in them and their medicinal properties. To study
production of plants and phytochemicals through plant tissue culture.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able
1. To know the techniques in the cultivation and production of crude drugs
2. To know the crude drugs, their uses and chemical nature
3. To know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs
4. To carry out the microscopic and morphological evaluation of crude drugs

Course Content
UNIT-I 10 Hours
Introduction to Pharmacognosy:
a. Definition, History, scope and development of Pharmacognosy.
b. Sources of Drugs – Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture
c. Organized drugs,( seed, leaf, bark, wood, root, rhizome, flower, fruit and entire drug) unorganized
drugs, (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums, mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -resins).

Classification of drugs:
Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo and serotaxonomical
classification of drugs
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Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin:
Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and
biological methods.
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method, leaf constants, Camera Lucida,
and calibration of eye piece micrometer using stage micrometer.
UNIT-II 10 Hours
Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin: General aspects on cultivation and
collection, processing and storage of drugs of natural origin. Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal
plants. Plant hormones and their applications. Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to
medicinal plants.
Conservation of medicinal plants: In situ and ex situ conservation of medicinal plants.
UNIT-III 07 Hours
Plant tissue culture: Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, nutritional
requirements, growth and their maintenance. Applications of plant tissue culture in Pharmacognosy. Edible
vaccines
UNIT IV 10 Hours
Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine:
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely, Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha,
Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine.
Introduction to secondary metabolites:
Definition, classification, properties and general tests for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Flavonoids,
Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins.
UNIT V 08 Hours
Study of biological source, chemical constituents and uses of drugs of natural origin containing following
Plant drugs /Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogen- Cannabis,
Teratogens- Tobacco, Colchicum, Veratrum
Natural allergens-Classification, Preparation and standardization of allergenic extract.
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemical constituents, sources, preparation, evaluation,
preservation, storage, therapeutic uses and commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for
the following Primary metabolites:
Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Starch, Tragacanth, Honey.
Proteins and Enzymes: Gelatin, Casein, Proteolytic enzymes (Papain, Bromelain, Serratiopeptidase,
Urokinase, Streptokinase, Pepsin).
Lipids (Waxes, fats, fixed oils): Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool Fat, Bees wax.
Marine Drugs: Novel medicinal agents from marine sources: Antiviral,
Antimicrobial, Anticancer and Cardiovascular agents.

BP409 P. PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY I (Practical) 4 Hours/week

1. Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests:
(i) Tragacanth (ii) Acacia (iii)Agar (iv) Gelatin (v) starch (vi) Honey (vii) Castor oil

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 2. Determination of stomatal number and index
3. Determination of vein islet number, vein termination number and palisade ratio.
4. Determination of size of starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals by eye piece micrometer
5. Determination of Fiber length and width by eye piece micrometer.
6. Determination of number of starch grains by Lycopodium spore method
7. Determination of Ash values.
8. Determination of Extractive values of crude drugs.
9. Determination of moisture content of crude drugs
10. Determination of swelling index and foaming index. Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)
1. [Link], Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W.B. Saunders & Co., London, 2009.
2. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E., Pharmacognosy, 9th Edition., Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia, 1988.
3. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
4. Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi.
5. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th Edition, Nirali
Prakashan, New Delhi.
6. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), 1st Edn, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi.
7. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, [Link], IInd edition, Birla publications, New Delhi, 2007
8. Practical Pharmacognosy: C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhale
9. Anatomy of Crude Drugs by M.A. Iyengar
10. Biren Shah ,[Link],Text Book of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, second edition ,Elsevier
publications.

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