GUIDELINE ASSESMMENT: RMD577
Name MUHAMMAD FARHAN BIN KHOZALI
UiTM ID 2021371089
Program CAAD244 Group 4A / 4B
Area of Interest for BIO-PLASTIC
a research in your
field
Favorite topics
Choice of places/ KEDAH
(States in
Malaysia) to carry
out research
Choose ONE from Tentative Title for Academic Writing (Please provide only ONE title)
your three areas of
interest and try to
create a suitable BIO-PLASTIC FROM FOOD WASTE AS ALTERNATIVE TO ASCERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL
title for your
SUSTAINABILITY
academic writing
proposal.
(RESEARCH
TITLE)
INTRODUCTION Bioplastics are biodegradable materials derived from renewable resources that can be used to address
TO THE the problem of plastic trash strangling the earth and polluting the ecosystem. It makes no sense to use
packaging that can take centuries to decompose to bundle things that last only a few days or months. Plastic is
RESEARCH
the world's third most widely used petroleum derivative. each year, 200 million tonnes of plastic are utilized. It
comes from a non-renewable (petroleum) source, is polluting and non-biodegradable, and can take over 1000
Write in paragraph
years to degrade. That is why countries such as Bangladesh have banned traditional plastic bags (they clog
Introduction must sewage pipes and create flooding), Africa has dubbed them a new "national flower" due to their widespread
consist of: visibility, and Europe has proposed levying a fee on them. Furthermore, this waste kills marine creatures and
fowl that eat it (whales, sea turtles, albatross, etc.) and causes major environmental problems, such as islands of
-A brief background to garbage (Acciona, 2019).
the research/chosen
topic (Introduce your
topic) Bioplastics, which are made from natural polymers derived from agricultural, cellulose or potato waste,
and corn starch waste, are being marketed as an alternative. These materials are 100 percent biodegradable,
equally resistant, and versatile, and they are already used in agriculture, the textile industry, medicine, and the
-Problem statement container and packaging market. Biopolymers, also known as PHA, are becoming increasingly popular in cities
across Europe and the United States for environmental reasons. Within ten years, this product is predicted to
-Objectives meet the needs of 10% of the European plastics industry (Acciona, 2019). Bioplastics are not limited to
biodegradable or compostable polymers derived from natural ingredients. The term also refers to biodegradable
petroleum-based plastics, plant-based plastics that aren't always biodegradable, and polymers that comprise
-A brief description of both petroleum-and plant-based ingredients and may or may not biodegrade (Professor Peter Halley, 2015).
your research design
Using vegetable-sourced bioplastics as a substitute for fossil-sourced polymers can reduce a product's
-Gain the readers’ carbon footprint significantly, depending on the application. In general, these evaluations reveal that biobased
interest polymers perform well in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel savings. In comparison to the
current state, these characteristics can yet be improved. Until now, biomass has mostly competed with food uses
-Demonstrate the and has frequently been obtained through specific crops. By-products from the sugarcane industry, such as
relevance of the study molasses, are already being processed to make biobased polymers in some circumstances (in this case,
biobased PET). Using by-products and waste material from different sectors is now being studied in several
projects, on the local scale (COPROPLAST) as well as on the European scale (URBIOFIN). These
developments need to be implemented on an industrial scale within the coming years while maintaining the
objective of prioritizing the reclamation of biomass in keeping with an approach of eco-design and circular
economy (Thomas Lefevre, 2007).
PROBLEM
STATEMENT: Definition Nature
(Write in full sentences: 3-
4 sentences to explain the
ISSUES of this research
that you are concerned
about) WRITE IN
PARAGRAPH.
In Malaysia, about 16,688 tonnes of food waste is generated per day (Fatimah Zainal, 2021). Despite its
Issues can be found from bio-degradable characteristics which have a high potential to be composted, nearly 80% of the generated food
articles, newsprints/
papers, or speech from
waste is still disposed of at the landfill (Hashim, 2021). Food waste that ends up in landfills produces a large
reasonable sources and amount of methane which is a more powerful greenhouse gas than even CO2. For the uninitiated, excess
the issues are best to be of amounts of greenhouse gases such as methane, CO2 and chlorofluorocarbons absorb infrared radiation and
current issues that are
being discussed and worth
heat up the earth’s atmosphere, causing global warming and climate change (Kavin D. Hall, 2009). Reproducing
to be thought of for your the food waste into a bioplastic product should give a benefit to our environment.
research.
IN TEXT CITATION is Research states that 49 percent of the waste in landfills is made up of organic food waste. Whilst we’re
needed deeply concerned about the problem of plastic slowly filling up the earth, it (plastic) only constitutes 14 percent of
the trash. All the waste or trash from households or commercial buildings is collected and sent to landfills, where
they’re eventually buried. Unfortunately, that is not the end of the process and neither is it the end of our
problem. In fact, burying the food trash ends up creating a harmful greenhouse gas called methane, which can
cause global warming. Methane gas, which is significantly more hazardous than carbon dioxide because it
absorbs heat more efficiently than other greenhouse gases, is released by food waste. Despite the fact state that
methane has a shorter lifespan than carbon dioxide, the gas has a more powerful effect. It can quickly warm the
earth with the heat it absorbs. Rising sea levels and climate change will happen from the warming of the earth.
This is already taking place. The planet is getting hotter, and the weather is becoming more erratic. Even Iceland
recently staged a “funeral” for a glacier that had perished due to climate change (Ameerah Husna Zaki, 2019). In
addition, food waste is responsible for more than 25 percent of all freshwater consumption in the US each year
and is among the leading causes of freshwater pollution (Kavin D. Hall, 2009).
People squander food for a variety of reasons. Every home and individual are unique, but research shows
that many of our daily decisions, from buying and cooking habits to how we store and manage leftovers, all have
an impact on how much food we waste. Food choices and behaviours are also influenced by demographics and
lifestyle variables. People throw-away food for a variety of reasons, including buying too much food or making
too much food and not being able to use it all before it spoils. Fruits and vegetables, as well as leftovers from
prior meals, are two of the most typical types of food waste (City of Edmonton, 2018).
RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
(Please write a brief 1. To identify the causes of food waste and how can it threaten the environment
introduction for your
objectives) 2. To study on how food waste can be turned into a bioplastic product
3. To determine the long-term effects in maintaining environmental sustainability with the use of bioplastic
products
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS: 1. Did food waste can be a threat to the environment?
2. What material can be turned into bio-plastic product?
(Turn each objective into
research question. Each 3. How long bio-plastic product can maintain environmental sustainability?
research question and
research objective MUST
BE related)
HYPOTHESES
(If Applicable)
DELIMITATION: The scope of this study is limited to focusing on and understanding how we can curb climate change caused
by food waste by using bioplastic products as an alternative to reduce the incidence of food waste.
Delimitation is the scope
of study.
You need to scope down
your study in many
different aspects, such as
area of study, answering
the question of:
Where will your research
be carried out? Scope
down to smaller area.
What will the age group of
people who you will focus
on?
Who are your target
audiences? How many- for
your e.g: questionnaires
respondents…
Etc…
Write in paragraphs and
full sentences. NOT IN
POINT FORM.
LIMITATIONS The sources of this research are collected from secondary sources which are from the website, article, and
OF STUDY online news. Questionnaires are also given to the responder in order to collect more accurate data on the cause
of food waste basically in Malaysia.
those characteristics of
design or methodology that
impacted or influenced the
interpretation of the
findings from your research
1. Lack of available
and/or reliable data ?
2. Sample size ?
3. Lack of prior research
studies on the topic?
4. Measure used to collect
data?
5. Self-reported data?
6. Time, place, money
constrain?
STATEMENT OF The new discoveries in this study will offer approaches and initiatives that will have a significant impact on
SIGNIFICANCE Malaysia's society, economy, and nation in terms of environmental sustainability. Knowing the fact that bioplastic
Convince the reader of the products are an alternative to replacing the use of common plastic, the researcher look serious into researching
importance of your
research with respect to on benefits that bioplastic can give benefit to our environment in the future. The Minister of Environment and the
the existing literature and
more generally to the Minister of Science and Technology should play a leading role in research and education on the use of bioplastic
society.
How will your study products in Malaysia and address the problem of pollution caused by the disposal of food waste efficiently.
contribute?
Who will benefit through
your study?
What will be the impact?
LITERATURE REVIEW: Please follow the template Literature.
Sample/ Your
Find at least Author Year Title Aims Method Conclusion
Respondent comments
3 BOOKS,
2 JOURNALS OR Ghada Atiwesh 2021 Environmental looking at the article - Bioplastics bioplastic is
ARTICLES impact of impact of also are more eco-
2 WEBSITES
bioplastic use bioplastic associated friendly than
List down in APA style/ effect on with some common
format or referencing
and ALPHABETICAL environmental shortcomings plastic but it is
ORDER. but not as also had
Please do not put much as some bad
numberings for the list of
petroleum- impacts on
references.
based plastics the
TIPS:
environment
- Previous research
others or yours
- Interlocking findings Mukti Gill 2014 BIOPLASTIC: To provide journal - The bioplastic Bioplastics
and unanswered
A BETTER information industry are an
questions
- Your preliminary work ALTERNATIV about provides a alternative to
on the topic E TO alternatives to better petroleum-
- The remaining
PLASTICS conventional alternative for based plastics
questions and inter-
locking logic plastics for the that secure
- REPRISE of your the sustainable our
research question(s)
betterment of development environment.
in this context.
the earth's of the future
environment. environment.
Write in paragraphs and
full sentences. NOT IN
POINT FORM FOR Jereme 2017 Bioplastics The negative Journal - The potential It concludes
YOUR FINAL
PROPOSAL. TIPS made from effects on the of the that food
USED THE upcycled food environment replacement waste is
CONNECTION WORD
waste. of the of possible to be
Prospects for intensive use biopolymers, turned into the
their use in of synthetic, including bio-plastic
the field of oil-derived those product as
design plastics to produced well as a
make from waste, replacement
products have increase as to the
given their common type
renewed performance of plastic
impetus to the improves and
search for with the
biopolymers possibility of
derived from processing
vegetable, them with the
animal, or machines
microbial used for
matter that synthetic
could prove to plastics, such
be a sound as 3D printers
alternative in
a number of
applications
RAAZ 2013 Eco-friendly Biodegradabl Journal - Biodegradabl
MAHESHWARI Bioplastic for e plastics are e plastics
Uncontaminat becoming a opened the
ed new trend way for
Environment because they new
are believed consideration
to be friendlier s of waste
to our management
environment. strategies
since these
materials are
designed to
degrade
under
environmental
conditions or
in municipal
and industrial
waste
treatment
facilities
Cecilia Cecchini 2017 Bioplastics The negative Journal - The potential It concludes
made from effects on the of the that food
upcycled food environment replacement waste is
waste. of the of possible to be
Prospects for intensive use biopolymers, turned into the
their use in of synthetic, including bio-plastic
the field of oil-derived those product as
design plastics to produced well as a
make from waste, replacement
products have increase as to the
given their common type
renewed performance of plastic
impetus to the improves and
search for with the
biopolymers possibility of
derived from processing
vegetable, them with the
animal, or machines
microbial used for
matter that synthetic
could prove to plastics, such
be a sound as 3D printers
alternative in
a number of
applications
RESEARCH The practical "how" of any piece of research is referred to as research technique. It's about how a
METHODS: researcher designs a study in a systematic way to produce accurate and reliable results that address the study's
1. What is your study goals and objectives. A research methodology chapter (or section) covers the topics stated above in a
design and why did
you choose it?
dissertation, thesis, academic journal article (or pretty much any formal piece of study). An excellent
Explanation on what is methodology chapter in a dissertation or thesis not only explains what methodological decisions were made but
Research Design
2. Is the study Qualitative also why they were made.
or Quantitatve?
Describe Qualitative or (Derek Jansen & Kerryn Warren, 2020)
Quantitatve?
3. What are the methods
you will use to collect For this research, secondary data like referring to the website, journal, article, and others are employed. All
data?
- Primary? Or of the research sources were used to collect the data on the bio-plastic product and how it can sustain the
Secondary?
- List up and environment. Secondary data is the data that has already been collected through primary sources and made
explain
4. Who will be the readily available for researchers to use for their own research. It is a type of data that has already been collected
participants of your
study? in the past. Books, personal sources, journals, newspapers, websites, government documents are examples of
- respondent?
secondary data sources. When compared to primary data, secondary data is known to be more readily available.
5. What
procedures/activities To use these sources, a relatively little study is required, and manpower is required. (Formplus, 2021)
will the study involve?
- Interview?
Questionnaire?
Experiments?
Observations?
Photo Shoots?
Diaries? Video
Recording?
6. How long will the
study/research take to
get completed?
CHAPTER Chapter 1: Introduction
OUTLINE -
-
Please list up your -
outline (Draft)
-
-
Chapter 2: Literature Review
-
-
-
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
-
Chapter 4: Result
-
Chapter 5: Discussion and Recommendations for Future Research
-
*Reference
*Appendices
RESEARCH
SCHEDULE *Timetable (Please follow this example)
(GANTT
CHART):
Time line of the assigned
task
REFERENCES Here’s example of APA Style
Please follow APA The name of the author. (The Year of Publication). The Title of the Publication. The Place of publication, the
Style/Format name of the publisher.
- Related documents to
be consulted/ studies. The name of the author and The name of the author. (The Year of Publication). The Title of the Publication. The
- Follow technicalities in Place of publication, the name of the publisher.
writing references.
- To be presented in
ALPHABETIC
ORDER.
- To be presented in
classified manner.
(Books, journals,
commission reports,
newspaper, etc)
CONCLUSION
- State about the
feasibility of the
proposed research/
study.
- Upcoming Challenges.
- Upcoming treats,
difficulties, hindrances.
- Make a conclusive
remark.
Final proposal will be a compilation of FORM I & II, with additional of Research Methodology, Chapter Outline and Gantt Chart – To
be submitted latest in Week 14.
