GENDER IN SOCIETY REVIEWER  Adults reward boys for gender-appropriate toys

-----------------------------------------------------------------  Cultural devaluation of women and femininity

MIDTERM EXAM COVERAGE: contributes to asymmetry.
 Meaning and Nature of Gender  Boys are strongly discouraged from having
 Gender and Sexuality Across Time interests or activities that are associated with
 Biomedical Perspectives in Gender and girls
Sexuality
 Psychosocial Dimension on Gender and SEPARATION
Sexuality  Boys play more with boys; girls with girls.
 Sex & Senses  Small boys exhibit more aggressive behavior
-------------------------------------------------------------- than small girls.
CHAPTER 1  Because of this separation, boys and girls
develop different cultures – different ways of
Meaning and Nature of Gender interacting and different norms for interpreting
SEX ways of interacting
 Physical differences between people who  This can result in cross-cultural
are male, female, or intersex miscommunication
 Person's sex is usually assigned based on
physiological traits such as genitalia and HETEROSEXUAL MARKET
chromosomal composition. A person's "natal  Significant shift in gender separation and
sex" is the sex ascribed to them at birth. difference.
 Dominant activity in elementary school: pairing
SEXUALITY boys and girls into couples.
 Describes to whom a person is sexually  This market is the means by which the social
attracted, which can be based on gender, order comes to presume heterosexuality,
multiple genders, or not at all. marginalizing and rendering deviant any who
do not eventually participate
GENDER
 Involves how a person identifies DEVELOPING DESIRE
and is not made up of binary forms  Concentration of desire, or cathexis (Connell
rather a broad spectrum. 1987), is a force in the maintenance of the
 Exists as social constructs — gender heterosexual gender order. It leads one not
roles or norms, relationships of and simply to desire those in the other sex class,
between groups of women and but to form oneself in a particular mold as an
Men. object of desire by those others. Girls come to
want to feel small and delicate; boys want to
GENDER STEREOTYPES feel big and strong.
 Preconceived ideas whereby females and  Girls desire smallness and femininity, boys
males limit the development of the natural desire strength.
talents and abilities of girls and boys, women  Emotion and desire are structured and learned.
and men, as well as their educational and  Men's emotional control is crucial in navigating
professional experiences and life taboos.
opportunities in general.
 Used to justify historical power relations and
sexist attitudes. CHAPTER 2

LEARNING TO BE GENDERED Gender and Sexuality Across Time

Beginning of Dichotomy DIVINE FEMININE

 Birth announcements instantly transform an  High importance and respect to women
"it" into a "he" or "she," assigning it to a because of their capability to conceive a child
lifetime as male or female. (Butler 1993)
 Colors and clothing are integral to gender EGALITARIAN
perception, influencing gender attributions.  Belief that men and women have equitable
 Newborns' early life stage demonstrates power and role
gender as a collaborative affair.
PATERNITY
LEARNING ASYMMETRY  a state of being a father or role of father in the
 Males have emerged as more engaged in conception
enforcing gender differences than females.
 idea rises during Agricultural era, when  Written documents emphasize obedience,
people started to build their communities and virtue, and precepts.
learned to train rear cattle /livestock
ARE MEN FAVORED THAN WOMEN?  Women should obey to their father, when
In many parts of the world, gender disparities still married she should obey her husband, and
exist, such as the gender pay gap, when widowed she should obey her son.\
underrepresentation of women in leadership
roles, and issues related to access to education What is womanly virtue?
and healthcare. Whether men are favored over She does not distinguish herself in talent and
women depends on specific contexts and intelligence.
ongoing social dynamics.
What is womanly speech?
PATRIARCHY She does not sharpen her language and speech.
 came from the Greek word Patriarkhes
which means “the rule of the father” a social What is womanly manner?
system where men primarily hold the power She does not seek to be outwardly beautiful or
in the political and private matter ornamented.

The patrilineal society often follows What is womanly merit?

patriarchal society which means: She does not outperform others in her skills and
cleverness
 Men are only allowed to inherit properties of
the family and carry also the family name. TERMS FORMULATED OPPRESSION CAUSED
 Women are left with no inheritance; they are BY PATRIARCHY
expected to marry a man who can support
her economically.  Sexism: Prejudice, stereotypes, discrimination.
 Women are not allowed to go to school, to
 Gender pay gap: Men earn more than women.
vote, prohibited to learn science or politics.
 Underrepresentation in politics, military,
executive positions.
Friedrich Engels German philosopher and
sociologist;  Rape on women and stigma: Women
 Argues patriarchy emerged from private
ashamed to report crimes.
property ownership.
 Men's dominance controlled wealth excess.  Conservative expectations on women's
 Men only inherit family wealth.
behavior.
HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER  Unrealistic depictions of women in fiction.
 Women do more housework and
GREEK
 Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek  childcare.
philosophers saw women as inferior sex and
 Boys trained as leaders, women as
properties of men.
 Women's roles: obeying husbands, raising houseworkers.
children, household care.
 Women forbidden from learning philosophy,
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
politics, science.
Also term as Women’s liberation movement,
EGYPT
women’s movement, feminism is a continuing
 Egyptian Civilization valued women's status
series of social movements that aim to challenge
compared to Greeks.
the patriarchal society that creates these
 Women engaged in trade and politics.
oppressive political structures, beliefs, and
 Greek influence spread to Egypt during
practices.
Alexander the Great's conquest.
FIRST WAVE OF FEMINISM in 19TH CENTURY
CONFUCIANISM'S HISTORICAL VIEWS ON
GENDER
 Advocated for women's right to vote and
 Confucianism dictates family and societal
property rights.
behavior.
 Women perform 66% of global work but earn
less and own fewer properties than men.
 UN reports women perform 66% of world's Ovaries — 2 glands that produce eggs, as well as
work but earn less. the female hormones estrogen and progesterone
Fallopian tubes — 2 tubes that connect the
Feminism demands equality and these points: ovaries with the uterus

 Women suffrage
 Equality in politics and society
 Reproductive Rights
 No to Domestic Violence
 Sexual Harassment and Sexual
 Violence
 Other rights such as:
 Right to divorce their husbands
 Right to make a decision on her
 pregnancy, equitable wages,
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM EXTERNAL
 and equal employment or
 Opportunity Labia Majora - Protect and enclosed the external
reproductive organs
Labia Minora - Protect the opening of vagina and
urethra
CHAPTER 3 Clitoris - Gives pleasurable sensation during
sexual intercourse
Biomedical Perspectives in Gender and Vestibule - Vaginal and urethral opening
Sexuality Vestibular Glands - Moisten and lubricate the
vestibule with a secretion

Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Testicles (or testes) — 2 oval-shaped organs that

produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells, as
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM well as male hormones, including testosterone
INTERNAL Epididymis — 2 coiled tubes that connect each
testicle to the vas deferens
Vagina — a muscular passage that connects the Scrotum — a pouch of skin that hangs outside the
cervix with the external genitals pelvis to hold and regulate the temperature of the
Cervix — the lower part of the uterus that testicles
connects to the vagina Vas deferens —a muscular tube that transports
Uterus — a hollow, muscular structure where sperm from the testicles to the ejaculatory ducts
the fertilized egg implants and fetus grows during Seminal gland and prostate gland — glands that
pregnancy produce seminal fluid
Urethra — the tube that passes urine and semen
out of the body
Penis — the organ in which muscular  Sexual health has a communal aspect,
contractions force sperm-containing reflecting not only self-acceptance and respect,
semen out of the urethra but also respect and appreciation for individual
differences and diversity, and a feeling of
belonging to and involvement in one’s sexual
culture(s). (Robinson et al., 2002)

Sexual Hygiene

 Refers to health-focused behaviors that people

should do before, after, and during sex.
 Taking care of your sexual hygiene is vital to
your overall health because it reduces the
chances of getting infections on your genitals
and leading to more significant issues, such as
infertility and it diminishes the possibility of
contracting all sorts of sexually-transmitted
diseases

WOMEN’S SEXUAL HYGIENE

THE PENIS  Avoid washing your intimate parts with body gel
 Skin has a pH value of 5.5, while the pH of
Prepuce (foreskin) - skin that covers the penis the intimate parts is 3.3,which means it is
much more acidic. The use of
and slides distally over the head. inappropriate showering agents disturbs
Corpora cavernosa - the erectile tis-sue that is the pH and makes it more alkaline, causing
germs and bacteria to develop.
located on the anterior surface of the penis
Corpus spongiosum - surround the urethra  Change sanitary pads regularly
 Another way to take care of your sexual
hygiene is to be cautious during menstrual
SEXUAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE period. Menstrual blood that is absorbed
into the sanitary pad can cause the
Sexual Health development of harmful bacteria.
 Sexual health is a state of physical,
emotional, mental, and social well-being  Make sure to wash your intimate parts often
related to sexuality; it is not merely the  During menstruation, washing up is crucial
absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity. because it reduces the chance for harmful
(WHO, 2002) bacteria to develop. When you are not
menstruating, it is advisable to wash
 Sexual health requires a positive and regularly with clean water due to smegma
respectful approach to sexuality and sexual production. The buildup of old skin cells,
relationships, as well as the possibility of oils, and moisture can lead to an
having pleasurable and safe sexual unpleasant odor
experiences, free of coercion, discrimination
and violence. For sexual health to be  Wear the right underwear
attained and maintained, the sexual rights of  The thin string of the thong causes bacteria
all persons must be respected, protected to develop, and it can transfer bacteria
and fulfilled. (WHO, 2002) from your anus to your vagina. Sexy lace
underwear is often made of synthetic
 Sexual health involves the ability to be materials, which means that your intimate
intimate with a partner, to communicate area does not breathe and it can causes
explicitly about sexual needs and desires, to skin irritations and inflammation
be sexually functional (to have a desire,
become aroused, and obtain sexual  Do a checkup every now and then
fulfillment), to act intentionally and  A regular checkup can save you from a
responsibly, and to set appropriate sexual lengthy medical treatment. If you notice
boundaries. (Robinson et al., 2002) any changes in and around your vagina,
unusual discharge, a strange odor, itching,
 pelvic pain or pain during intercourse,  Social - about human relations, connections,
make sure to consult your gynecologist. and interactions
 Psychosocial dimensions: self-awareness
MEN’S SEXUAL HYGIENE and other awareness

 Penis washing REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE ROLE

 Wash the area between the foreskin and
the penis, there’s smegma as well. If  Reproductive role - refers to the social script
you don’t clean it, it can produce an individuals are obligated to follow for child-
unpleasant odor. Although it’s rearing and household maintenance.
completely harmless to your health, your  Productive role - refers to the social script
partners can get turned off by its scent individuals are tasked with in terms of
or taste. Just remember to wash it away economic production, public affairs, and work-
with clean water when you shower related tasks.
thoroughly.
HUMAN RELATIONSHIP
 Do regular checkups A bond formed between two or more people,
 Make sure to consult your doctor in case manifested through communication and interaction
you notice anything out of the ordinary,
such as changes in the smell or color of LOVE, INTIMACY AND RELATIONSHIP
sperm, pain during intercourse or
ejaculation, pelvic pain, itching, reddish  Love - a complex phenomenon characterized
blisters on the penis or presence blood by an affective and cognitive inclination to
in sperm. someone and a set of social behaviors geared
towards cohesion.
RISKY BEHAVIORS IN ADOLESCENCE  Intimacy - the psychosocial component of love;
knowing and being known by someone on a
Non-Sexual Risky Behaviors deeply personal level; emotional closeness and
 Cigarettes Smoking connection.
 Drinking alcoholic beverages  Passion - the emotive and physical component
 Illegal drugs/substances use of love; drive towards sexual and romantic
 Suicide or suicide attempt attraction
 Truancy  Commitment - decision to engage and
 Dangerous driving maintain a loving relationship
 Illegal activities  Relationship - social bond between and
among individuals manifested through
Sexual Risky Behaviors communication and other forms of interaction
 Early sexual debut
 Unprotected sexual activity LOVE
 Casual sex
 Non-romantic sexual relationship among Love as a universal culture
friends  A phenomenon experienced similarly by people
 Commercial sex experience across time and cultures
 Sexting  Love is an experience that transcends time and
culture.

CHAPTER 4 Love as a social phenomenon

 Loving entails communication - the process
Psychosocial Dimension on Gender and of giving and receiving information between
Sexuality and among people.
 It also entails the use of a language -
PSYCHOSOCIAL symbols that are culturally agreed upon as
 Interaction between psychological and social possessing certain meanings and that are used
factors by people to express certain realities
 Psychological - about behavior and mental andworldviews
processes.
Three domains; Love as an emotion
 Affect  Complex emotions, which are a combination of
 Behavior basic emotions in varying magnitudes and are
 Cognition
 made intricate by circumstances surrounding
the experience

Love as a neurobiological event

 Nervous system - organs responsible for
our ability to process and transmit essential
information among many organs in our body
 Neurotransmitters - a variety of chemicals
found in our nervous system

Theoretical Perspective on Love

FORMS OF LOVE BY ROLLO MAY

Sternberg's Triangular Model of Love  Sex - biological function that can be satisfied
through sexual intercourse or some other
 Intimacy – feelings of closeness, release of sexual tension.
connectedness, and warmth in a relationship  Eros - psychological desire that seeks
 Passion – drives that lead to physical procreation or creation through an enduring
attraction, sexual consummation, and related union with a loved one.
phenomena  Philia - an intimate nonsexual friendship
 Commitment – agency component of between two people.
choosing to engage in and maintain the  Agape - Does not depend on any behaviors or
relationship characteristics of the other person. In this
 Non-love - Absence of any of the three sense, it is undeserved and unconditional.
dimensions
 Infatuation - Feelings of desire and physical LOVE LANGUAGE BY GARY CHAPMAN
passion for another without necessarily
being emotionally and cognitively connected  Words of Affirmation - Using words/language
to another to support a loved one
 Liking/Friendship - refers to the emotional  Physical Touch - Being physically close and
and cognitive bond formed between two connected to a loved one
people without physical desire or  Quality time - Spending time with a loved one
commitment to be in a relationship.  Gifting - Giving gifts to show a loved one they
 Empty Love - refers to committing to a are remembered and thought of
relationship without feeling an emotional  Acts of Service - Doing helpful things for a
connection or attraction to the partner. loved one
 Romantic Love - involves strong physical
desire and deep, meaningful conversations GEORGE LEVINGER’S RELATIONSHIP
with a partner, fostering a sense of safety STAGE THEORY
and acceptance.
 Companionate Love - Committing to a  Acquaintance – Attraction begins at this stage
long-term relationship with a person one based on factors such as proximity, exposure,
trusts and can have meaningful similarity, physical attractiveness as well as first
conversations with impressions.
 Fatuous Love - refers to a long-term,  Buildup – sharing activities and interests,
strongly attracted relationship, also known introducing acquaintances, and widening their
as a whirlwind relationship. social networks as they explore more about
 Consummate Love - the ideal form of love each other and their relationship.
and relationship  Consolidation / Continuation – During this
stage, the people involved decide to commit to
trying to make the relationship last.
 Decline / Deterioration – misunderstandings
or irreconcilable differences can lead to decline
 or deterioration in relationships, affecting is referred to as the love hormone because it is
priorities, attitudes, and values of both believed to influence tribal behaviors and
partners. maternal bonding
 Ending / Termination – If a couple cannot
address the problems that caused the Auditory Experience
relationship deterioration, the stages go on  Social interactions are not only visual but are
to terminate also auditory processes. Our human language
often has a verbal counterpart to the written
language.
 Sexual activities are also a verbal
CHAPTER 5 communication process. Sounds give
additional context to sexual situations
SEX AND SENSES
SEXUAL BEHAVIORS
Primary Senses
 Smell SEXUAL BEHAVIORS
 Sight  Actions that humans agree to interpret as an
 Hearing expression of their sexual motivations or
 Taste intentions.
 Touch or feeling  Sexual behavior are generally erotic behaviors
such as that they involve any of the primary
These five senses comprise our orsecondary erotic zones
sensorium - the totality of our sensory
experiences and perception EROTIC MOTIVATIONS
 Auto-erotic - self-directed, stimulation of one’s
SENSES AND SEXUALITY owngenitals can be considered
 Homoerotic behaviors - are sexual behaviors
Visual Experience oriented to the same sex.
 Humans are predominantly visual and our  Heteroerotic behavior - are used to refer to
societies highly rely on visual culture to co- behaviors oriented to the other sex
create meaning and convey information
 It is assumed that, on average, when COPULATION
realities are presented visually, we tend to  The insertion of the penis to the vagina
remember them and easily retrieve them isnecessary.
from our memory.  Ventral-ventral position (ventris: abdomen)
the male and female species are facing each
Olfactory Experience other
 Olfaction in non-human animals, which are  Ventral-dorsal position (dorsum: back)
believed to be microsmatic organism,or insertion of the penis to the vagina is from
organisms having lesser sense of smell. behind
 Odor sensitivity correlated positively with  Non-copulatory - hugging, kissing, caressing
sexual experience: People with high  Fellatio - oral stimulation of the penis
olfactory sensitivity reported higher  Cunnilingus - oral stimulation of the vagina
pleasantness of sexual activities. (Bendas,  Anal sex - stimulation or penetration of the
[Link], 2018) anal orifice

Tactile Experience SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

 Touch is observed to be an element of
intimacy Master and Johnson’s Model
 Touch holds meaning in social interactions
that is why there are only people whom we EXCITEMENT
allow to touch us and there are only parts of  For male, the goal of this phase is erection or
our bodies we allow people to touch. tumescence--the elongation and stiffening of
the penis--so that it can be efficiently inserted
 Primary Erogenous Zone - the mouth, into the vagina.
anus, genitals, and nipples  The testes and scrotum start to elevate and
 Secondary Erogenous Zone - the back, some parts of the skin reddens--a phenomenon
cheek, neck, and buttocks referred to as a sex flush
 Human touch is essential in social bonds our
body produces a hormone called oxytocin--it
 For females, the goal of this phase is  Erectile Disorder - difficulty getting and
lubrication - the wetness of the vaginal keeping an erection
orifice to facilitate insertion of the penis  Female orgasmic disorder - characterized by
 There is swelling of the glans clitoris and the a persistent or recurrent delay in or absence of
labia minora, and there are sex flushes in orgasm following sexual arousal and adequate
breasts and chest sexual stimulation.
 Heart rate increases during the excitement  Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder -
phase have little or no interest in sex and do not
respond subjectively or physically to sexual
PLATEAU stimulation.
 This phase is characterized by a sustained  Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder -
peak in the stimulation of the organs. In the involuntary contraction of pelvic floor muscles,
human male, the corona and glans penis pain that occurs during vaginal entry and/or
becomes enlarged and reddish. deep penetration, anxiety about penetration,
 Internally, the Cowper’s glands release a and difficulty having sexual intercourse.
lubricating fluid and the testes and scrotum  Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder -
are totally elevated. persistent or recurrently deficient sexual or
 In the human female, the outer vagina erotic thoughts, fantasies, and desire for sexual
swells while the inner vagina expands and activity
becomes elongated creating the orgasmic  Premature (Early) Ejaculation - occurs in men
platform (tenting). when semen leave the body ejaculate) sooner
than wanted during sex
ORGASM
 This phase is the climax of the sexual
response cycle. It is the stage of release
wherein the human male achieves
ejaculation and the human female is ready to
GUMAWA NG REVIEWER
receive the sperm for possible fertilization. PARA MANGOPYA BUKAS
RESOLUTION HAHAHHA GL! GAIZ
 In this phase, the male penis returns to its
normal unerected phase, whereas the testes
MWUUAH!
and the scrotum descend.
 In the human female, the outer and the
inner reproductive organs also relax -bibimu
KAPLAN’S MODEL

 Desire - is the psychological component of

the sexual response. It involves sexual
thoughts and feelings, which are necessary
for a satisfying sexual experience. However,
it does not necessarily translate into action
 Arousal - the phase where the Excitement
and Plateau (as defined by Master and
Johnson) take place. It is the physiological
component of the sexual response, wherein
bodily changes occur as an outcome of
sexual stimulation. Just like Desire, arousal
may not necessarily translate into orgasm
 Orgasm - this phase also includes the
resolution phase

SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

 Delayed Ejaculation - is a condition where

men take longer than usual to reach sexual
climax and release semen from the penis,
with some experiencing complete ejaculation.