Deflection:

Geometric Methods
JOHN REY M. PACTURANAN
Faculty Member, College of Engineering
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
[email protected]

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Topic Outline

01 Moment Diagram by
Parts
04 Moment-Area Method:
Simple Beams

02 Moment-Area 05 Conjugate-Beam
Theorems Method

03 Moment-Area Method:
Cantilever Beams

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Reference:
Kassimali, Aslam (2011).
Structural Analysis, SI Edition
(4th Ed.). Stamford, CT., USA.
Cengage Learning.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Other References:
Leet, K.M., et al (2011). Fundamentals of Hibbeler, R.C. (2015). Structural Analysis
Structural Analysis (5th Ed.). New York, NY., (9th Ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ., Pearson
USA. McGraw Hill Education. Prentice Hall.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Let’s Start!!!

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

 MOMENT
STRUCTURAL DIAGRAM
SYSTEM FOR BY
PARTS
TRANSMITTING LOADS

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Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
Moment Diagram by Parts
In the previous discussion (chapter 4), the moment
diagram of the beam can be sketched by using either the
moment function or the loads. However, the resulting
diagram has complicated shape for the purpose of
determining the deflection of the beam. Thus, an alternative
method of sketching the moment diagram is using the
moment diagram by parts. In this method, a point is chosen
and is assumed to be a cantilever, then the moment diagram
of each individual loads will be sketched with respect to that
chosen point. The following examples will help us to further
understand this concept.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 1:
Sketch the moment diagrams of the following cantilever
beams:

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Example 1:

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Example 1:

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Example 1:

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Example 2:
Consider the beam loaded as shown below.

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Example 2:
a. Sketch the moment diagram by parts of the beam if
the assumed fixed point is A.
b. Sketch the moment diagram by parts of the beam if
the assumed fixed point is B.
c. Sketch the moment diagram by parts of the beam if
the assumed fixed point is C.
d. Sketch the moment diagram by parts of the beam if
the assumed fixed point is D.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 3
Consider the beam as shown below. Sketch its moment
diagram by parts if the assumed fixed point is (a) point A; and
(b) point B.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR
MOMENT-AREA THEOREMS
TRANSMITTING LOADS

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Theorem 1:
The change in slope between two points is equal to the
area of the M/EI diagram (moment diagram divided by the
flexural rigidity of the beam) between these two points.

AAB
θB/A =
EI

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Theorem 2:
The deviation of point A with respect to the slope at B is
equal to the area of M/EI diagram multiplied with the
distance of its centroid from A.

The term deviation means that the vertical distance of any

point of the elastic curve from the tangent line of any other
chosen point in the same curve. It is positive if the point is
above the tangent line, while it is negative if the point is
below the tangent line.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Theorem 2

AAB AAB
tA/B = ( )തxA tB/A = ( )തxB
EI EI M. Pacturanan
Engr. John Rey
Cheat Sheet for the Area and Centroid of
Different Moment Diagrams

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Cheat Sheet for the Area and Centroid of
Different Moment Diagrams

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Cheat Sheet for the Area and Centroid of
Different Moment Diagrams

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Ratio and Proportion for Different Spandrels

1st Degree (Triangle) 2nd Degree (Spandrel of

𝑥1 𝑥2 Parabola)
=
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑥1 2 𝑥2 2
=
𝑦1 𝑦2
Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
Ratio and Proportion for Different Spandrel

3rd Degree nth Degree

𝑥1 3 𝑥2 3 𝑥1 𝑛 𝑥2 𝑛
= =
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦1 𝑦2

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 4:

Consider the prismatic beam shown below:

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Example 4
a. What is the change in slope between A and B?
b. What is the deviation of B with respect to the tangent
line at A?
c. What is the deviation of A with respect to the tangent
line at B?
d. What is the change in slope between B and D?
e. What is the deviation of B with respect to the tangent
line at D?
f. What is the deviation of D with respect to the tangent
line at B?
Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
STRUCTURAL
MOMENT-AREASYSTEM FOR
METHOD:
CANTILEVER BEAMS
TRANSMITTING LOADS

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Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
Moment-Area Method: Cantilever Beams
For cantilever beam, the slope and deflection of the
point of the location of fixed support is zero. Therefore, the
deviation of any point with respect to the tangent line
drawn from the location of fixed support is simply the
deflection of the beam at the said point. Moreover, the
area of M/EI between any chosen point and the location of
fixed support is equal to the slope of that chosen point. The
following examples will help us understand this concept.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 5:

Consider the beam loaded as shown below:

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Example 5:

a. Determine the slope at A?

b. Determine the deflection at A?
c. Determine the slope at B?
d. Determine the deflection at B?

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 6:

Consider the prismatic beam shown below:

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Example 6
a. What is the slope and deflection at B?
b. What is the slope and deflection at C?
c. What is the maximum deflection?
d. What is the slope at the location of maximum
deflection?

*Compare your answers to the answers in Example 5

for Chapter 8: Deflection: Double Integration Method.
Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
Example 7:

A non-prismatic beam is loaded as shown below:

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Example 7:

a. Determine the slope and deflection at B.

b. Determine the slope and deflection at C.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 8:

The cantilever beam with non-prismatic, non-

homogenous properties is loaded as shown below.

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Example 8:

a. What is the slope and deflection at A?

b. What is the slope and deflection at B?

*Compare your answers to the answers in Example 8

for Chapter 8: Deflection: Double Integration Method.
Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
MOMENT-AREA FOR
METHOD:
SIMPLE BEAMSLOADS
TRANSMITTING

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Moment-Area Method: Simple Beams
Determining the slope and deflection at any point of
simple beam using moment-area method is challenging
compared to the process for cantilever beam because most of
the time, the slope of the elastic curve at the location of
support is not equal to zero. For simple beam, the procedure
for solving the deflection at any point of the beam is listed
below.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Moment-Area Method: Simple Beams
Assume there is a simple beam whose supports are located at A
and B and the problem requires to solve the deflection at any
point C in the beam:
1. Determine the value of deviation of B with respect to the
tangent line at A.
2. Determine the value of the deviation of C with respect to the
tangent line at A.
3. Sketch the qualitative elastic curve of the beam and the
tangent at support A. Then place the deviations in the figure.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Moment-Area Method: Simple Beams

4. Using ratio and proportion, solve for the deflection

at C.

𝐲𝐜 + 𝐭 𝐂/𝐀 𝐭 𝐁/𝐀
=
𝐱𝟏 𝐱𝟐

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Moment-Area Method: Simple Beams

NOTE: The rules are still applicable for simple beams

with overhang.

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Example 9:
The steel beam is loaded as shown below. The cross
section of the beam is 200 mm x 300 mm. Take note that the
modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200 GPa.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 9:

a. Determine the deflection at B.

b. Determine the deflection at the midspan of the
beam.

*Compare your answers to the answers in Example 1

for Chapter 8: Deflection: Double Integration Method.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 10:
Consider the beam loaded as shown below. EI = 50 000 kN m2.

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Example 10:

a. What is the deflection at A?

b. What is the deflection at B?
c. What is the deflection at C?

*Compare your answers to the answers in Example 4

for Chapter 8: Deflection: Double Integration Method.
Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
Example 11:
Consider the non-prismatic beam loaded as shown below. The
flexural rigidity of the beam from A to C is 2EI while that of
beam from C to E is EI.

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Example 11:

a. What is the deflection at B?

b. What is the deflection at C?
c. What is the deflection at D?

*Compare your answers to the answers in Example7 for

Chapter 8: Deflection: Double Integration Method.
Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
Example 12:
Determine the deflection at the left and right overhang of the
beam loaded as shown below.

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STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR
CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
TRANSMITTING LOADS

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CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
Another powerful tool in determining the slope and
deflection of the beam is using the conjugate beam
method. In this method, the conjugate beam will be drawn
and the M/EI diagram of the original beam will be its load.
The shear at any point of the conjugate beam corresponds
to the slope at that point in the real beam while the
moment at any point of the conjugate beam corresponds to
the deflection at that point in the real beam.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 13:
Sketch the corresponding conjugate beam of the following
real beams:

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Procedure for Analysis
1. Establish the moment diagram (recommended: moment
diagram by parts) of the real beam. If the beam is non-
prismatic, adjust the shape to make it as prismatic beam.
2. Sketch the conjugate beam and place the moment diagram
as its load.
3. Compute the support and internal pin reactions of the
conjugate beam if necessary.
4. To determine the slope at any point of the real beam, solve
for the shear of that point in the conjugate beam. To solve
for the deflection at any point of the real beam, solve for
the moment of that point. The sign convention for internal
shear and moment of the beam must be followed.
Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
Procedure for Analysis

5. To solve for the maximum deflection of the beam, solve

for the maximum moment in the conjugate beam (RECALL:
The point of maximum moment is equal to the point of zero
shear).
Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan
Example 14:
The steel beam is loaded as shown below. The cross
section of the beam is 200 mm x 300 mm. Take note that the
modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200 GPa. Using conjugate
beam method of analysis:

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Example 14:

a. Determine the slope and deflection at B.

b. Determine the slope at left support.
c. Determine the slope at right support.
d. Determine the maximum deflection of the beam.
e. Determine the distance of the maximum deflection
of the beam from the left support.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Example 15:
The cantilever beam with non-prismatic, non-homogenous
properties is loaded as shown below.

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Example 15:

a. What is the slope and deflection at A?

b. What is the slope and deflection at B?

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Example 16

Consider a prismatic compound beam as shown below:

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Example 16

a. Determine the deflection at internal pin B.

b. Determine the slopes at internal point B.
c. Determine the slope and deflection under the 25-kN
concentrated load.

*Compare your answers to the answers in Example 9

for Chapter 8: Deflection: Double Integration Method.

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Any Questions?

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan

Thank You !

Engr. John Rey M. Pacturanan