BS ISO 11031:2016

BSI Standards Publication

Cranes — Principles for

seismically resistant design
BS ISO 11031:2016 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 11031:2016.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee MHE/3/1, Crane design.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
© The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards
Limited 2016
ISBN 978 0 580 80362 8
ICS 53.020.20
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2016.
Amendments issued since publication
Date Text affected
 BS ISO 11031:2016

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11031

First edition
2016-08-01

Cranes — Principles for seismically

resistant design
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue — Principes pour une
conception résistante à la sismicité

Reference number
ISO 11031:2016(E)

© ISO 2016
BS ISO 11031:2016
ISO 11031:2016(E)


COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
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 BS ISO 11031:2016
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Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Symbols........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Seismic design methods................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
5 Seismic design by Modified Seismic Coefficient Method............................................................................................. 3
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
5.2 Calculation of horizontal seismic design coefficient, KH....................................................................................... 3
5.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.2.2 Determination of normalized basic acceleration, Abg........................................................................ 3
5.2.3 Determination of subsoil amplification factor, β2................................................................................. 4
5.2.4 Determination of acceleration response factor, β3............................................................................... 5
5.3 Calculation of vertical seismic design coefficient, KV.............................................................................................. 8
5.4 Calculation of seismic design loads........................................................................................................................................ 8
5.4.1 Calculation of seismic accelerations................................................................................................................ 8
5.4.2 Calculation of seismic forces.................................................................................................................................. 9
6 Seismic design based on Maximum Response Spectrum Method...................................................................... 9
6.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
6.2 Calculation procedure for total seismic response (TSR).................................................................................. 10
7 Combinations of seismic and non-seismic effects...........................................................................................................11
7.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
7.2 Proof of static strength: load combinations in accordance with ISO 8686-1.................................. 11
7.3 Proof of static strength: load combination according to SRSS Method................................................ 12
7.4 Proof of global stability.................................................................................................................................................................. 12
7.5 Proof of competence for crane structures..................................................................................................................... 13
Annex A (informative) Flow chart of seismic design..........................................................................................................................14
Annex B (informative) Design accelerations and seismic zones...........................................................................................15
Annex C (informative) Information about Maximum Response Method......................................................................32
Annex D (informative) Time History Response Method and a comparison of different
seismic methods available.......................................................................................................................................................................35
Annex E (informative) Relation between basic acceleration, Mercalli and Richter scales........................38
Annex F (informative) Vertical seismic intensity..................................................................................................................................39
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see [Link]/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see [Link]/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: [Link]/iso/[Link]
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 96, Cranes, Subcommittee SC 10, Design
principles and requirements.

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Introduction
An economically acceptable protection against the effects of earthquake is usually based on two design
limit states which specify the required crane response to a moderate and a severe earthquake and
which are expressed in terms of serviceability and ultimate limit states.
— Serviceability limit state (SLS) imposes that the crane should withstand moderate earthquake
ground motions which may occur at the site during its service life. The resulting stresses would
remain within the accepted limits.
— Ultimate limit state (ULS) imposes that the crane structure should not collapse nor experience
similar forms of structural failure due to severe earthquake ground motions, the suspended load,
or any part of the crane should not fall and the safety of the public, operators and workers should
be safe guarded. The crane is not expected to remain operational after the earthquake. However, in
the case of a failure in the main load path, it is still possible to lower the load to the ground after the
earthquake.

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BS ISO 11031:2016
 BS ISO 11031:2016
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11031:2016(E)

Cranes — Principles for seismically resistant design

1 Scope
This International Standard establishes general methods for calculating seismic loads to be used as
defined in the ISO 8686 series and for proof of competence as defined in ISO 20332, for the structure
and mechanical components of cranes as defined in ISO 4306.
This International Standard evaluates dynamic response behaviour of a crane subjected to seismic
excitation as a function of the dynamic characteristics of the crane and of its supporting structure.
The evaluation takes into account dynamic effects both of regional seismic conditions and of the local
conditions on the surface of the ground at the crane location.
The operational conditions of the crane and the risks resulting from seismic damage to the crane are
also taken into account.
This International Standard is restricted to the serviceability limit state (SLS), maintaining stresses
within the elastic range in accordance with ISO 20332.
The present edition does not extend to proofs of competence which include plastic deformations. When
these are permitted by agreement between crane supplier and customer, other standards or relevant
literature taking them into account can be used.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4306 (all parts), Lifting appliances — Vocabulary
ISO 8686 (all parts), Cranes — Design principles for loads and load combinations
ISO 20332, Cranes — Proof of competence of steel structures

3 Symbols
The main symbols used in this International Standard are given in Table 1.

Table 1 — Main symbols

Symbol Description
KH Horizontal seismic design coefficient
KV Vertical seismic design coefficient
Abg Normalized basic acceleration
Asg Normalized acceleration at ground surface
fcon Conversion factor
frec Recurrence factor
β2 Subsoil amplification factor
β3 Acceleration response factor

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Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description
Basic acceleration response factor; β3 of the crane whose damping ratio is 0,025 and given by
β 3* Figure 2
γn Risk factor
η Damping correction factor
δ Response amplification factor
ζ Damping ratio
c Vertical influence factor
FH Horizontal seismic design force
FV Vertical seismic design force
F RH, F RV Seismic forces (horizontal and vertical) on suspended load

4 Seismic design methods

There are three main methods of seismic response analysis used in seismic design:
— Modified Seismic Coefficient Method;
— Maximum Response Spectrum Method;
— Time History Response Method.
In the Modified Seismic Coefficient Method, the applied quasi-static seismic forces are calculated as a
product of seismic coefficients and crane weights. The evaluation of seismic coefficients takes into
account crane location, its seismic characteristics, basic dynamic characteristics of the crane, i.e.
natural frequency or period and damping characteristics, in three principal orthogonal directions of
the crane (one vertical and two horizontal).
The method is the basis of this International Standard on account of its simplicity (see Clause 5) and its
procedure is executed as part of the design iterative process indicated in the flow chart in Annex A.
The Maximum Response Spectrum Method (see Clause 6) is an alternative method of seismic response
analysis used where:
— more accurate seismic response of the crane is required than that produced by the Modified Seismic
Coefficient Method;
— demand on significant computational resources is economically acceptable.
Its application is limited only to linear systems and to system where nonlinearities if present can be
neglected.
In the Maximum Response Spectrum Method, natural frequencies or periods and associated mode
shapes of the crane are calculated first. Seismic forces and the crane response are then calculated
for the selected vibration modes of the crane structure, using the maximum response accelerations
(selected from the maximum response spectra which again take into account seismic characteristics at
crane location and the damping characteristics of crane structure) together with the calculated mode
shapes, frequencies and mass distribution of the crane.
The Time History Response Method is the third method of seismic response analysis available. It is
employed when:
— only an accurate seismic response of crane is acceptable (see Annex D);
— nonlinearities (due to material behaviour, such as plastic deformations and stresses or dynamic
behaviour nonlinearities, such as gaps, friction, wheels lifting off the rails, or slack in ropes, etc.), if
present, need to be taken into account;

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— the associated cost of high computational requirements is acceptable.

In the Time History Method, the seismic response is evaluated by using numerical step-by-step
integration in time to solve the formula of motions for crane structure and ground excitation under
consideration, selected to represent seismic condition at crane site.

5 Seismic design by Modified Seismic Coefficient Method

5.1 General
In this method, seismic forces and accelerations acting on the crane are calculated using horizontal and
vertical seismic coefficients, KH and KV. For cranes with an enhanced risk, the risk coefficient, γn, with a
value greater than unity shall be applied, in accordance with Clause 7.

5.2 Calculation of horizontal seismic design coefficient, KH

5.2.1 General

The horizontal seismic design coefficient, KH, shall be calculated as follows:

K H = Abg × β 2 × β 3 × f con = Asg × β 3 × f con (1)

where

Abg is the normalized basic acceleration (see 5.2.2);

Asg is the normalized surface ground acceleration

β2 is the subsoil amplification factor (see 5.2.3);

β3 is the acceleration response factor (see 5.2.4);

fcon is the conversion factor fcon = 0,16 for a return period of 475 years (see 5.2.2) converted to
72 years appropriate for serviceability limit state (SLS) of a seismically resistant crane.
The direction of the normalized accelerations, Abg and Asg , are considered to be arbitrary unless
seismological considerations dictate otherwise. When the direction is arbitrary, it shall be applied to
produce the maximum effect.

5.2.2 Determination of normalized basic acceleration, Abg

Normalized basic acceleration, Abg , is calculated from the Formula (2):

Abg = a g / g × f rec (2)

where

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ag is the maximum horizontal basic acceleration, in m/s2 (see Annex B);

g is the gravity acceleration, in m/s2;

frec is a factor depending on the recurrence interval R; for crane design in general a design earth-
quake, which may recur once in intervals of 100 years to 475 years (R = 100 to R = 475) may
be selected:

frec = 1,0   for   R = 475; this is the default value,

frec = 0,5   for   R = 100; used only for cranes intended for temporary use at different sites.
See Annex B for suggested values of Abg and Asg , for different countries, taking into account regional
seismic damage experiences and regional seismicity.
In B.1, the accelerations, Abg and Asg , are based on the return period of 475 years ( frec = 1,0).
NOTE 475 years is the most accepted return period used within the seismic data available.

5.2.3 Determination of subsoil amplification factor, β2

The subsoil amplification factor expresses the influence of the soil surface on the intensity and the
frequencies of the seismic excitation. The principle of this influence is illustrated in Figure 1.

Key
1 seismic effects on the surface (recorded seismograms), represented by Asg in this International Standard
2 rock
3 soft to medium stiff ground
4 stiff ground
5 normalized basic accelerations Abg (related to seismic bedrock)

Figure 1 — Illustration of the subsoil amplification factor (β2)

In Table 2, subsoil categories are classified as a function of vs,30, the average shear-velocity through
the upper 30 m of soil. The values of β2 shall be selected from this table, for subsoil category at crane
location.

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Table 2 — Determination and values of β2

Shear-wave velocity
Category Subsoil vs,30 β2
m/s
Category 0 Rock vs,30 > 800 1,0
Category 1 Stiff ground composed of hard sandy soil strata where soil 360 < vs,30 ≤ 800 1,4
types overlying rock are stable deposits of sands, gravels,
or stiff clays.
Category 2 Medium ground excluding categories 1 and 3. 180 < vs,30 ≤ 360 1,6
Category 3 Soft-to-medium-stiff ground composed of alluvial soil vs,30 ≤ 180 2,0
strata or muddy soil strata characterized by about 30 m or
more soft-to-medium-stiff clay.

5.2.4 Determination of acceleration response factor, β3

[Link] General

The value of acceleration response factor, β3, shall be determined as a function of

— dynamic characteristics of crane support structure where applicable,
— frequency or period of the most significant mode of the crane in the direction under consideration,
— damping ratio of the same mode, and
— subsoil category at the location of the crane.
The most significant modes of the crane are selected from natural periods or frequencies determined
by measurement or by calculation, using recognized computational techniques.
β3 shall be defined as

β 3 = β 3* × η × δ (3)

where

β 3* is the basic acceleration response factor (see [Link]);

η is the damping correction factor (see [Link]);

δ is the response amplification factor (see [Link]).

[Link] Basic acceleration response factor, β 3*

β 3* is the basic acceleration response factor of a crane structure with damping ratio of 0,025.
Its values as a function of the natural period or frequency of the crane and of subsoil category at crane
location are shown in Figure 2.

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Key
1 subsoil categories 0 and 1
2 subsoil category 2
3 subsoil category 3
X1 axis for natural period Tc [s ] of crane structure
X2 axis for natural frequency fc [Hz] of crane structure

Y axis for the basic acceleration response factor, β 3*

Figure 2 — Factor β 3* (as a function of crane natural period or frequency and of subsoil
category at crane location)

[Link] Damping correction factor, η

Damping correction factor, η, in Formula (3) shall be defined according to the value of damping ratio, ζ,
of the crane structure as shown in Table 3.

Table 3 — Damping correction factor, η

Damping ratio, ζ 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,1
η 1,24 1,15 1,06 1,0 0,94 0,87 0,80 0,62

Typical values of damping ratios for structures, with the members generally stressed below 50 % of
the elastic limit, are ζ = 0,025 for welded construction, ζ = 0,04 for bolted construction and ζ = 0,03 for
welded and bolted construction combined. Higher values of damping ratios may be used for the same
types of construction stressed above 50 % of the elastic limit of the material.
Where a buckling failure mode controls the design higher levels of damping shall not be used.
Alternatively, damping ratios can be obtained by accepted methods, such as the following:
— measurement;

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— an evaluation of the hysteresis of a force-displacement diagram of nonlinear items such as structural

members with nonlinear behaviour or joints with dry friction.

[Link] Response amplification factor, δ

For cranes operating on rails laid directly on the ground δ shall be defined as unity, δ = 1.
For cranes operating on rails laid on a supporting structure (e.g. building, pier, jetty) the value of δ can
be determined from the Formula (4):

1 + λ2
δ = 0, 71 ⋅ ≥1 (4)
λ + 1−λ
2
( 2
)⋅κ 2

where

λ is a factor related to the degree of coupling between crane structure and supporting struc-
ture as given in Table 4;

κ is a factor related to the equivalent damping of the coupled structure between crane struc-
ture and supporting structure as given in Figure 3, where ζ is the damping ratio of the crane
structure (see [Link]).

Table 4 — Factor λ
Natural period ratio λ

2
 1, 8 ⋅ T ⋅ T 
TC/T P ≤ 0,9
( )
1 − 1 −θ ⋅
c p
 T + 0, 81 ⋅ T 2
2


 c P 
0,9 < TC/T P ≤ 1,1 θ
2
 2, 2 ⋅ T ⋅ T 
TC/T P > 1,1
( )
1 − 1 −θ ⋅
c p
 T + 1, 21 ⋅ T 2
2


 c P 
where

mc
θ = is the mass ratio of the crane structure and the supporting structure;
mc + ms
mC is the mass of the crane as a whole;
mS is the mass of the supporting structure as a whole;
is the largest natural period of the crane structure with the supporting
TC
structure assumed rigid;
is the largest natural period of the supporting structure with the crane
TP
structure assumed rigid.

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Figure 3 — Factor κ

5.3 Calculation of vertical seismic design coefficient, KV

The vertical seismic design coefficient, KV, shall be calculated by Formula (5):

Kv = c × KH (5)

where

c is the vertical influence factor which in this International Standard shall be set to 0,5 (see
Annex F for further information);

KH is the horizontal seismic design coefficient as calculated using Formula (1) in 5.2.1.

5.4 Calculation of seismic design loads

5.4.1 Calculation of seismic accelerations

Maximum horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations, aH and a v , shall be calculated from horizontal
and vertical seismic coefficients, K H and K V , using Formulae (6) and (7):

aH = K H × g (6)

av = K V × g (7)

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5.4.2 Calculation of seismic forces

Horizontal seismic design force, F H, and vertical design force, F V, applied to each component or member
of crane structure shall be calculated using Formulae (8) and (9):

FH = K H × Wc or FH = aH × mc (8)

F V = K V × Wc or FV = aH × mc (9)

where

Wc is the dead weight of a member or component of the crane under consideration;

mc is the mass of a member or component of the crane under consideration.

Seismic forces on suspended load(s) are given by, F RV and F RH, for the vertical and horizontal direction
respectively. When the horizontal seismic force(s) can be shown to be negligible, only the vertical
seismic force needs to be considered.

FRH = K H × χ × WR or FRH = aH × χ × mR (10)

FRV = K V × χ × WR or FRV = a V × χ × mR (11)

where

χ is the coefficient of seismic effect on suspended load;

WR is the gross load of the crane;

mR is the mass of the gross load.

NOTE The selection of χ in the range of 0,0 to 1,0 could be chosen according to crane classes of ISO 4301-1, as
in Table 5.

Table 5 — Coefficient of seismic effect on suspended load, χ

Crane class
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
(ISO 4301-1)
χ 0,0 0,14 0,28 0,43 0,57 0,71 0,86 1,0

6 Seismic design based on Maximum Response Spectrum Method

6.1 General
This approach calculates the seismic response of a crane in frequency domain and with contributions
from multiple modes of vibration taken into account. Response calculation is usually carried out by
calculating separately the responses in three orthogonal directions, two horizontal and one vertical.
The response in each direction is obtained as a combination of the responses for the selected vibrational
modes. The response for each of these modes is calculated using the maximum response acceleration or
displacement obtained from the maximum response spectrum, for the frequency/period and damping
value of the mode under consideration and the effective mass of the mode.
In this International Standard, the vertical response spectrum is calculated as 50 % of the horizontal
spectrum. In the instance that the two horizontal spectra differ, the vertical response shall be calculated
using the larger of the two.

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An estimate of the total response in each of the three directions is calculated as a combination of the
contributions of the individual significant modes using one of the recognized methods, including the
following:
— sum of absolute values of all contributions;
— square root of the sum of the squares of all contributions (SRSS);
— complete quadratic combination of all contributions (CQC).
The total responses in the three directions are combined to yield the total seismic response of the
crane, the effect of which can then be considered in conjunction with conventional crane service loads.
Crane structure (with an infinite number of degrees of freedom in reality), shall be reduced to a finite
number multi-degree-of-freedom dynamic system using a lumped mass-spring modelling approach, by
employing e.g. finite element analysis (FEA) or any other recognized tools and while ensuring that all
salient vibrational characteristics of the crane have been retained.
The resulting model shall be used to calculate natural periods/frequencies, vibrational mode shapes
and modal participation factors.
Salient steps of seismic response analysis based on the maximum response spectrum method are
shown in Table C.1 (where the example shown refers only to seismic excitation in the x direction).
The method assumes elastic and linear behaviour of crane structure and its accuracy increases with
the increasing number of modes included in the analysis.

6.2 Calculation procedure for total seismic response (TSR)

From the different possibilities mentioned in 6.1, the present International Standard employs the
SRSS method as the default method for combining modal contributions and directional contributions.
Employing the various parameters from the modified seismic coefficient method, the procedure is as
follows.
Using a dynamic model of the crane, together with the finite element analysis (FEA), the maximum
response spectrum method has the following steps.
— Calculation of all natural modes and their frequencies below the rigid body limit, set at 30 Hz.

— Selection of the appropriate basic design acceleration response factor, β 3* , from the three options
shown in Figure 2, depending on the type of subsoil at the crane site, each curve representing the
relative spectrum acceleration values [g].
— Selection of the significant modes, so that the total sum of participating modal mass exceeds an
agreed limit. A value of 90 % of total mass is the accepted target. However, this value may not be
achievable in some instances, such as the following: an overhead crane with stiff end carriages, a
crane with base ballast, or a crane with a large suspended load included in the model,
— Inclusion of all non-participating mass responding at the zero period acceleration in the
analytical model.
— Calculation of the values of final design spectrum accelerations for the selected significant modes by
multiplying the values of the acceleration response factor β 3* (from the basic design spectrum) by the
— conversion factor value equal to 0,16 [see Formula (1)],
— normalized basic acceleration Abg of the crane location (see 5.2.2),
— subsoil amplification factor β2 (see 5.2.3), and

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— damping correction factor η (see [Link]).

— Use of the final design spectrum accelerations and participation factors as inputs for calculating
the responses for the selected modes (the response being internal forces, stresses, components or
combined and/or displacements, at nodes of interest), for each of the three principal directions (X,
Y and Z axis directions). Combine the responses from all selected modes using the SRSS method to
calculate the total seismic response [respt (X), respt (Y) and respt (Z), for each of the three directions
of excitation.
— Calculation of the total seismic response (TSR) by combining the total responses for the three
principal directions, respt (X), respt (Y) and respt (Z), using SRSS method which can be written as
follows:

TSR SRSS = resp t ( X ) 2 + resp t (Y ) 2 + resp t ( Z )2 (12)

An alternative to the SRSS Method is a combination method based on a sum of factored total seismic
responses in the three principal directions, such as either of the following:
— The 100-40-40 Method (see Reference [5]) where the combinations can be written as follows:

TSR 100 − 40 − 40 = 1, 0⋅ | resp t ( X ) | +0, 4⋅ | resp t (Y ) | +0, 4⋅ | resp t ( Z ) | or

TSR 100 − 40 − 40 = 0, 4⋅ | resp t ( X ) | +1, 0⋅ | resp t (Y ) | +0, 4⋅ | resp t ( Z ) | or

(13)

TSR 100 − 40 − 40 = 0, 4⋅ | resp t ( X ) | +0, 4⋅ | resp t (Y ) | +1, 0⋅ | resp t ( Z ) |

— The sum of absolute values of all contributions where the combinations can be written as follows:

TSR abs = 1, 0⋅ | resp t ( X ) | +1, 0⋅ | resp t (Y ) | or

(14)
TSR abs = 1, 0⋅ | resp t ( Z ) | +1, 0⋅ | resp t (Y ) |

7 Combinations of seismic and non-seismic effects

7.1 General
Regarding the proof of static strength and the proof of elastic stability, two methods of combining the
effects of seismic loads and other non-seismic loads are shown in 7.2 and 7.3, with the method shown in
7.2 being the preferred method of this International Standard.
7.4 deals with the proof of global stability of the crane.

7.2 Proof of static strength: load combinations in accordance with ISO 8686-1
The seismic design load actions calculated in Clause 5 shall be combined with other load actions
according to the principles of ISO 8686-1 using the following Table 6.

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Table 6 — Seismic load combinations

Load combinations
Loads
C1 C2
Mass of the crane 1 1
Mass of the gross load 1 1
Excitation of the crane foundation in vertical direction: F V, F RV 1 0,4
Excitation of the crane foundation in horizontal directiona F H, F RH 0,4 1
a Horizontal forces F H and F RH can act in any horizontal direction and the direction for a specific crane component under
consideration shall be selected so that the most unfavourable effect for that component is obtained.

NOTE 1 ISO 8686-1 defines a risk factor, γn, for special cases, where the human or economic consequences of
failure are exceptionally severe, in order to obtain an increased reliability. The risk coefficient value is within
the range from 1,0 to 2,0. It may be specified individually for a structural member or a mechanism of the crane,
or with different values for the proof of global stability of the crane (see 7.4). If a risk factor γn greater than 1,0 is
selected, then only seismic design load actions in the Table 6 (F V, F RV, F H, F RH) are multiplied by γn.

NOTE 2 Other similar factors, such as importance factors could be found in national documents.

Different load magnitudes, as well as varying positions of suspended load and mobile parts (e.g. trolley,
jib, moving counterweights) shall be considered to determine the maximum effect.

7.3 Proof of static strength: load combination according to SRSS Method

The load case total response resulting from the calculations in 6.2, using the Square Root of the Sum of
the Squares Method (SRSS), shall be combined with other load actions using the following Table 7.

Table 7 — Seismic load combinations in SRSS Method

Load combinations
Loads
C3 C4 C5 C6
Mass of the crane 1 1 1 1
Mass of the gross load 1 0 1 0
Total seismic response (SRSS) — Loaded crane 1 0 −1 0
Total seismic response (SRSS) — Un laden crane 0 1 0 −1

Different load magnitudes, as well as varying positions of suspended load and mobile parts (e.g. trolley,
jib, moving counterweights) shall be considered to determine the maximum effect.

7.4 Proof of global stability

For each orthogonal horizontal direction, the seismic design load actions shall be combined with other
load actions according to the principles of ISO 8686-1 using the following Table 8.

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Table 8 — Load combinations for global stability including seismic loads

Loads Load combination C1
Mass of the crane, unfavourablea 1,05
Mass of the crane, favourablea 1,0
Mass of the gross load 1,0
Total seismic load 1,0
a When calculating the loads from gravitation for a given load combination and crane
configuration, the masses of the different parts of the crane either increase (“unfavourable”)
or decrease the resulting load effect (“favourable”) in the critical point under consideration.

The risk factor, γn, whose value is within the range 1,0 to 2,0 shall be specified only for the total seismic
load. It may be specified also for unfavourable masses of the crane.
Horizontal forces, F H and F RH, can act in any horizontal direction. Therefore, the direction shall be
selected in a manner that the most unfavourable effect for the crane stability is obtained.
All suspended load magnitudes and crane configurations shall be considered when checking crane
stability under seismic conditions unless governing load combination(s) for the stability case under
consideration can be clearly identified.

7.5 Proof of competence for crane structures

The proof of competence for crane structures shall be made according to ISO 20332, where the
value of the general resistance factor, γm, shall be set to 1,0, and with second order effects taken into
consideration when appropriate.

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Annex A
(informative)

Flow chart of seismic design

A typical flow chart of seismic design procedure of cranes based on the modified seismic coefficient
method is shown in Figure A.1.

Figure A.1 — Seismic design flow chart of cranes based on modified seismic coefficient method

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Annex B
(informative)

Design accelerations and seismic zones

B.1 General
The normalized basic acceleration, Abg , depends on the earthquake hazard assessment at the zone and
the country where the crane is located. The normalized surface ground acceleration, Asg , takes into
account the characteristics of the subsoil.
The normalized basic accelerations, Abg , given in tables for different countries are based on a return
period of 475 years. They correspond to a 10 % probability of exceedance in 50 years (0,2 % probability
of exceedance in one year).
Data specific for the country and zone under consideration should be used. In the absence of such
specific data, examples of national data included in this Annex may be used.
As the latest data becomes available, seismic zones for other regions or countries not included in the
present Annex may be included in future editions of this International Standard.

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B.2 Seismic zones in the USA

Figure B.1 illustrates the seismic zone map for areas in United States of America (USA) by Uniform
Building Code (UBC). USA land is divided into five zones, namely, 1, 2A, 2B, 3 and 4.

Key

Zone 0 Zone 2B

Zone 1 Zone 3

Zone 2A Zone 4

Figure B.1 — Seismic zones in USA

Table B.1 — Normalized basic accelerations in the USA

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
0 0
1 0,075
2A 0,15
2B 0,20
3 0,30
4 0,40

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B.3 Seismic zones in Asia

B.3.1 Japan

Key

Zone C Zone A

Zone B Zone SA

Figure B.2 — Seismic zones in Japan

Table B.2 — Normalized basic accelerations in Japan

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
SA 0,45
A 0,36
B 0,27
C 0,18

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B.3.2 China

Key

Zone 1 Zone 4

Zone 2 Zone 5

Zone 3

Figure B.3 — Seismic zones in China

Table B.3 — Normalized basic accelerations in China

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
1 0,05
2 0,1
3 0,25
4 0,35
5 0,45

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B.3.3 India

Key

Zone II Zone IV

Zone III Zone V

Figure B.4 — Seismic zones in India

Table B.4 — Normalized basic accelerations in India

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
II 0,05
III 0,1
IV 0,25
V 0,35

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B.3.4 Turkey

Key

Zone I Zone IV

Zone II Zone V

Zone III

Figure B.5 — Seismic zones in Turkey

Table B.5 — Normalized basic accelerations in Turkey

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
I >0,40
II 0,40
III 0,30
IV 0,20
V 0,10

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B.3.5 Korea

Key

Zone I

Zone II

Figure B.6 — Seismic zones in Korea

Table B.6 — Normalized basic accelerations in Korea

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
I 0,11
II 0,07

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B.4 Seismic zones in Europe

B.4.1 France

Key

Zone1 Zone 4

Zone 2 Zone 5

Zone 3

Figure B.7 — Seismic zones in France

Table B.7 — Normalized basic accelerations in France

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
1 0,04
2 0,07
3 0,11
4 0,16
5 0,30

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B.4.2 Germany

Key

Zone 0 Zone 2

Zone 1 Zone 3

Figure B.8 — Seismic zones in Germany

Table B.8 — Normalized basic accelerations in Germany

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
0 0,02
1 0,04
2 0,06
3 0,08

NOTE The proof of competence for seismic loads is not necessary for cranes located in zone 0.

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B.4.3 United Kingdom

Key

Zone 0 Zone 2

Zone 1 Zone 3

Figure B.9 — Seismic zones in United Kingdom

Table B.9 — Normalized basic accelerations in United Kingdom

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
0 0,04
1 0,06
2 0,10
3 0,12

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B.4.4 Italy

Key

Zone1 Zone 3

Zone 2 Zone 4

Figure B.10 — Seismic zones in Italy

Table B.10 — Normalized basic accelerations in Italy

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
1 0,05
2 0,15
3 0,25
4 0,35

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B.4.5 Spain

Key
Zone 1 Zone 4

Zone 2 Zone 5

Zone 3

Figure B.11 — Seismic zones in Spain

Table B.11 — Normalized basic accelerations in Spain

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
1 0,04
2 0,08
3 0,12
4 0,16
5 ≥0,16

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B.4.6 Greece

Key
Zone I

Zone II

Zone III

Figure B.12 — Seismic zones in Greece

Table B.12 — Normalized basic accelerations in Greece

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
I 0,16
II 0,24
III 0,36

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B.5 Seismic zones in Africa

B.5.1 Morocco

Key

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Figure B.13 — Seismic zones in Morocco

Table B.13 — Normalized basic accelerations in Morocco

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
1 0,10
2 0,25
3 0,35

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B.5.2 Algeria

Key

Zone 0

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Figure B.14 — Seismic zones in Algeria

Table B.14 — Normalized basic accelerations in Algeria

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
0 0,05
1 0,10
2 0,25
3 0,35

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B.6 Seismic zones in Russia

Key

Zone 5 Zone 8

Zone 6 Zone 9

Zone 7

Figure B.15 — Seismic zones in Russia

Table B.15 — Normalized basic accelerations in Russia

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
5 0,025
6 0,05
7 0,1
8 0,2
9 0,4

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B.7 Seismic zones in New Zealand

Key

Zone A Zone D Zone G

Zone B Zone E

Zone C Zone F

Figure B.16 — Seismic zones in New Zealand

Table B.16 — Normalized basic accelerations in New Zealand

Normalized basic accelerations, Abg
Zone
g
A 0,18
B 0,23
C 0,28
D 0,33
E 0,38
F 0,42
G >0,45

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Annex C
(informative)

Information about Maximum Response Method

The steps of the Response Spectrum Analysis Method are described in Table C.1.

Table C.1 — Steps for calculating seismic response in one direction of excitation [designated as
“resp (dir)”] using Response Spectrum Analysis Method
Step 1 — Calculation of mode shapes and natural periods/frequencies

Lumped-mass idealization
Mode shape 1 Mode shape 2 Mode shape 3
of a cantilever beam
Step 2 — Determination of seismic accelerations from response spectra, for the direction under consid-
eration and for the selected modes

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Table C.1 — (continued)

Step 3 — Calculation of seismic forces, Fji, at all nodes and for all selected modes

Fj1 seismic force at node j for Fj2 seismic force at node j for Fj3 seismic force at node j for
mode 1 mode 2 mode 3
NOTE For the selected modes, seismic loads at all nodes are calculated using participation factors and seis-
mic response spectrum accelerations for the modes.
Step 4 — Calculation of modal components of internal forces Nji (axial forces), Vji (shear forces) and Mji
(bending moments) at all nodes j and for all selected modes i
EXAMPLE   Modal components MzL,j,x of bending moment at node j, for modes 1, 2 and 3 that are selected as
significant, all due to seismic excitation in the direction x.

MzL,j,x,1 bending moment at the MzL,j,x,2 bending moment at the sec- MzL,j,x,3 bending moment at the section
section at node j, at tower base, tion at node j, at tower base, about at node j, at tower base, about local axis
about local axis zL and for mode 1 local axis zL and for mode 2 (seismic zL and for mode 3 (seismic excitation in
(seismic excitation in direction x) excitation in direction x) direction x)

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Table C.1 — (continued)

Step 5 — Calculation of modal components of seismic response, resp (dir) (viz. stresses and/or displace-
ments of interest) due to the internal forces N, V and M, calculated at Step 4, for all selected modes, at all
nodes of interest
EXAMPLE   Response required, the modal components of normal bending stress σb,zL,j1,x,i, i.e. normal stress
due to a bending moment about the local axis zL , at point 1of section at node j, at the base of tower, for modes 1,
2 and 3, selected as significant (all due to seismic excitation in the direction x)

resp1 (x) = σb,zL,j1,x,1 normal resp2 (x) = σb,zL,j1,x,2 normal stress resp3 (x) = σb,zL,j1,x,3 normal stress at
stress at point 1 of section at at point 1 of section at node j, due point 1 of section at node j, due to bend-
node j, due to bending about the to bending about the local axis zL , ing about the local axis zL , from mode 3
local axis zL , from mode 1 (seis- from mode 2 (seismic excitation in (seismic excitation in direction x)
mic excitation in direction x) direction x)
Step 6 — Calculation of the total seismic response, TSR, for the direction of seismic excitation under
consideration, made up of the contributions from all selected modes, using the SRSS method (total
stresses or displacements of interest, at all nodes of interest):

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
            resp t dir = resp 1 dir + resp 2 dir + resp 3 dir +
EXAMPLE   Total normal bending stress σb,zL,j1,x due to seismic excitation in the direction x, at point 1 of sec-
tion at node j (at the base of tower), is made up from the normal stress components, due to bending moments
about the local axis zL , calculated in Step 5 for modes, 1, 2 and 3 (selected as significant). It is given by

            σ b,z ,j1,x = σ b,z 2

+ σ b,z 2
+ σ b,z 2
L L ,j1,x,1 L ,j1,x, 2 L ,j1,x,3

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Annex D
(informative)

Time History Response Method and a comparison of different

seismic methods available

D.1 General
The Time History Analysis Method is an alternative to the modified seismic coefficient method and
maximum response spectrum method for the calculation of seismic loads, particularly when a very
precise assessment of seismic design loads is required and/or nonlinear behaviour is to be allowed for.
The time history method is a very precise method, but only for the particular time history used as
input. Since a number of time histories can be generated to represent a single response spectrum with
a greater or lesser effect on the crane under consideration, it is important that at least two, preferably
three statistically independent time histories that generate the same response spectrum curve are
used, otherwise results may be misleading.
The features of each method are compared in Table D.1.

Table D.1 — Features of three methods of seismic response analysis

Type of
Accuracy of
structural and Accuracy of
Complexity and calculated Response
dynamic seismic load
difficulty level seismic characteristics
behaviour estimation
accelerations
covered
Depend on the re-
Simple and easy, sponse spectrum
Modified Approximation,
computer re- used and esti-
Seismic Coeffi- Elastic and linear Approximation aimed to be con-
sources advisable mate of natural
cient Method servative
but not essential period/frequency
of the crane
Higher precision,
Higher precision,
Response but within the
but yielding only
Spectrum Anal- More complex limitation of the Depend on the
upper limit esti-
ysis Method and computer re- Elastic and linear method using response spec-
mates of seismic
(see Clause 6 and sources required only the maxima trum used
forces and crane
Annex C) of seismic accel-
response
erations
Precise simu-
Precise simu-
Time History Complex and lation of crane
Elastic, plastic, lation of actual Depend on the
Response with high response to seis-
linear and non- seismic accel- design seismic
Analysis Meth- demands on com- mic excitation
linear erations for the wave
od (see D.2) puter resources and of resulting
input used
seismic forces

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D.2 Method seismic response by Time History Analysis Method

D.2.1 General
Seismic accelerograms are used for inputs of seismic excitation and these can be recorded or synthetic
(artificial or simulated).
Recorded accelerograms are records of actual earthquakes from the past.
Artificial accelerograms are computer generated. They are designed to match response spectrum
required using the relationship between the design value of the peak ground acceleration and the
duration of the stationary part of the accelerogram.
Accelerograms are generated using a physical simulation of the source of the seismic disturbance.
A different accelerogram may have to be employed for each direction of seismic excitation.
Two options of time history analysis are available.
— The full direct integration method applies numerical step-by-step integration to the full set of system
formulae. It is the more powerful of the two methods and can deal with all types of nonlinearities
but at a cost of being significantly more complex and demanding (both on computer and engineering
resources).
— The mode superposition method calculates the time history of seismic response from a sum of
factored selected mode shapes, obtained previously from a modal analysis. It is less demanding
than the full direct integration method but its ability of handling nonlinearities is limited.
Salient steps of seismic response analysis in one direction and based on the Time History Method are
shown in Figure D.1.

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Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Key
Step 1: Modelling of crane structure using spring-lumped mass technique, e.g. as performed by finite elements
analysis packages.
Step 2: Selection of earthquake excitation to be used as input, i.e. seismic accelerogram (artificial, recorded or
simulated.
Step 3: Calculation of crane response, in terms of time variable nodal accelerations, calculated using step-wise
integration of system equations in time domain, with the earthquake excitation and other non-seismic loads,
e.g. self-weights, as applied as input loads.
Step 4: Calculation of time-variable displacements and internal forces at nodes and in structural members and
determination of maximum values
1 maximal acceleration
2 maximum shear force
3 maximum bending moment
X time
Y acceleration

Figure D.1 — Steps of time history seismic response analysis (in one direction)

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Annex E
(informative)

Relation between basic acceleration, Mercalli and Richter scales

Table E.1 — Relation between basic acceleration, Mercalli and Richter scales
Approximate basic acceleration
Approximate Mercalli
Richter scale ag
equivalent
m/s2
<3,5 <0,01 I
3,5 0,025 II
4,2 0,025 III
4,5 0,10 IV
4,8 0,25 V
5,4 0,50 VI
6,1 1 VII
6,5 2,5 VIII
6,9 2,5 IX
7,3 5 X
8,1 7,50 XI
>8,1 9,80 XII

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Annex F
(informative)

Vertical seismic intensity

Vertical influence factor, c, relates vertical and horizontal seismic design coefficients, KV and KH.
The ratio of the vertical and horizontal acceleration of response spectra obtained from the empirical
attenuation formula range from approximately 0,4 to 0,7 in the period range of 0,1 to 5 s (see Figure F.1
and References [1], [2] and [3]).
It is recommended to set the vertical influence factor, c to 0,5.

Key
Ohno et al. (2001) X period(s)
Campbell and Bozorgnia (2003) Y V/H
Abrahamson and Silva (1997) c vertical seismic coefficient

Figure F.1 — Vertical to horizontal ratio (V/H) of response spectra from empirical attenuation
formula versus periodic component of earthquake

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ISO 11031:2016(E)


Bibliography

[1] Ohno S., Takahashi K., Motosaka M. Empirical estimation of horizontal and vertical motion
based on California earthquake records and its application to Japan island earthquakes, Journal
of Structural and Construction Engineering. Transactions of AIJ, 2001 No. 544, 39–46
[2] Abrahamson N.A., & Silva W.J. Empirical response spectral attenuation relations for shallow
crustal earthquakes. Seismol. Res. Lett. 1997, 68 (1) pp. 94–127
[3] Campbell K.W., & Bozorgnia Y. Updated near-source ground-motion (attenuation) relations for
the horizontal and vertical components of peak ground acceleration and acceleration response
spectra. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 2003, 93 (1) pp. 314–331
[4] Watanabe T., Ikeda M., Kobayashi N. Acceleration Response Estimation of a Structure on a
Supportive Structure for Seismic Design. Journal of System Design and Dynamics, JSME. 2010, 4,
(3), pp. 484–494
[5] Nie J., & Richard J. Morante, Manuel Miranda, Joseph Braverman, On the correct application
of the 100-40-40 Rule for combining responses due to three directions of earthquake loading.
Brookhaven National Library, 2010
[6] Soderberg E. Michael Jordan, Dockside ship-to-shore cranes, Seismic risk and recommended
design criteria. Liftech, 2007
[7] [Link] GLOBAL SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT
PROGRAM; ETH Zurich

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