Vector Space –LECTURE 2
G. SIVANESAN
AP/ MATHEMATICS
VECTOR SPACE
EXAMPLES
Example:1
𝑅 × 𝑅 is a vector space over R under addition and scalar multiplication defined by
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝛼 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 = (𝛼𝑥1 , 𝛼𝑥2 )
Solution:
Given: 𝑉 = 𝑅2 ; 𝐹 = 𝑅
To prove: V is a vector space over F
Vector addition
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑣 = 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 and 𝑤 = (𝑧1 , 𝑧2 )
(i) 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ∈ 𝑉 (Closure law)
(ii) 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 + 𝑧1 , 𝑧2
= 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 , 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
= (𝑥1 + 𝑦1 + 𝑧1 ,𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 )
= (𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )+ 𝑧1 , 𝑧2
= 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 ∈ 𝑉 (Associative law)
(iii) 𝑢 + 0 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 + 0,0 = 𝑥1 + 0, 𝑥2 + 0 = 0 + 𝑥1 , 0 + 𝑥2 = 0,0 + 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 = 0 + 𝑢 (Identity Law)
(iv) 𝑢 + −𝑢 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 + −𝑥1 , −𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 − 𝑥2 = 0,0 = 0.
−𝑢 + 𝑢 = −𝑥1 + 𝑥1 , −𝑥2 + 𝑥2 = 0,0 = 0. (Inverse law)
(𝑣) 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 = 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑦1 + 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 = 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 + 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 = v + u (Commutative
Law)
Scalar Multiplication
(i) 𝛼 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝛼 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝛼𝑥1 + 𝛼𝑦1 , 𝛼𝑥2 + 𝛼𝑦2 = 𝛼𝑥1 , 𝛼𝑦1 + 𝛼𝑥2 , 𝛼𝑦2 = 𝛼𝑢 + 𝛼𝑣
(ii) 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑢 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 x1 , 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑦1 = 𝛼𝑥1 , 𝛼𝑦1 + 𝛽𝑥1 , 𝛽𝑦1 = 𝛼𝑢 + 𝛽𝑢
(iii) 𝛼 𝛽𝑢 = 𝛼 𝛽𝑥1 , 𝛽𝑦1 = 𝛼𝛽 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝛼𝛽𝑢
(iv)1. 𝑢 = 1. 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝑢
Example:2
Prove that the set 𝑀2 (𝑹) of all 2 × 2 Matrices is a vector space over 𝑹 under matrix addition and scalar Multiplication
Solution:
Given: 𝑉 = 𝑀2 (𝑹); 𝐹 = 𝑅
To prove: V is a vector space over F
I. Vector addition
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and B= 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ∈ 𝑀2 (𝑹)
2×2 2×2
(i) 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ∈ 𝑀2 (𝑹) (Closure law)
2×2
(ii) Clearly Matrix addition is Associative
(iii) 𝐴 + 0 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 0 2×2 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗
2×2 2×2
Similarly, 0 + 𝐴 = 0 2×2 + 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴 (Identity Law)
2×2 2×2
(iv) 𝐴 + −𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + −𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 2×2
2×2 2×2
Similarly, (−𝐴) + 𝐴 = −𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 2×2
2×2 2×2
(V) Clearly Matrix addition is commutative
⇒ 𝑉, + 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
II. Scalar Multiplication
(i)𝛼 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝛼 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝛼𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝛼𝑏𝑖𝑗 = 𝛼𝐴 + 𝛼𝐵
2×2 2×2
(ii) (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝐴 = (𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 2×2
= (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑎𝑖𝑗 2×2
= 𝛼𝐴 + 𝛽𝐴
(iii) 𝛼 𝛽𝐴 = 𝛼 𝛽𝑎𝑖𝑗 2×2
= 𝛼𝛽𝑎𝑖𝑗 2×2
= 𝛼𝛽(𝐴)
(iv)1. 𝐴 = 1. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴
⇒ 𝑀2 (𝑹) of all 2 × 2 Matrices is a vector space over 𝑹 under matrix addition and scalar Multiplication
Example:3
Prove that the set V of all polynomial of degree≤ 𝑛 is a vector space over 𝐹 under addition and scalar multiplication.
Solution
I. Vector addition
Let 𝑓, 𝑔 ∈ 𝑉. Then f and g are polynomial of degree ≤ 𝑛.
(i) 𝑓 + 𝑔 is a polynomial of degree ≤ 𝑛. (Closure law)
(ii) Clearly polynomial addition is associative. (Associative law)
(iii) Let 0 ∈ 𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑓 + 0 = 𝑓 is a polynomial of degree ≤ 𝑛.
Similarly 0 + 𝑓 = 𝑓 is a polynomial of degree ≤ 𝑛. (Identity law)
(iv) Let −𝑓 ∈ 𝑉
𝑓 + −𝑓 = −𝑓 + 𝑓 = 0 is a zero polynomial (Inverse law)
(v) Let 𝑓, 𝑔𝜖𝑉
𝑓 + 𝑔 = 𝑔 + 𝑓 is a polynomial of degree ≤ 𝑛. (Commutative law)
⇒ 𝑉, + 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
II. Scalar Multiplication
(i) 𝛼 𝑓 + 𝑔 = 𝛼𝑓 + 𝛼𝑔 is a polynomial of degree ≤ 𝑛.
(ii) 𝛼 + 𝛽 𝑓 = 𝛼𝑓 + 𝛽𝑓 is a polynomial of degree ≤ 𝑛.
(iii)𝛼 𝛽𝑓 = 𝛼𝛽 𝑓 is a polynomial of degree ≤ 𝑛.
(iv) 1. 𝑓 = 𝑓 is a polynomial of degree ≤ 𝑛.
The set V of all polynomial of degree≤ 𝑛 is a vector space over 𝐹 under addition and scalar multiplication.
VECTOR SUPSPACES
Definition:1
Let V be a vector space over F. A non-empty subset W of V is a subspace of V if and only if
(i) 𝑜 ∈ 𝑊 (Zero element belongs to W)
(ii) Let 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 ∈ 𝑊 ⇒ 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 ∈ 𝑊 (Vector addition)
(iii) Let 𝛼 ∈ 𝐹 and 𝑤 ∈ 𝑊 ⇒ 𝛼𝑤 ∈ 𝑊 (Scalar Multiplication)
