Revised MA Semester Course Structure

Year Semester Course Course Title Credit Lecture

Code Hour
I I MRD 551 Development: Theory and Discourse 3 48
I I MRD 552 Economic Dimensions of Development 3 48
I I MRD 553 Socio-cultural Dimensions of Development 3 48
I I MRD 554 Local Governance and Development 3 48
I I MRD 555 Measurements in Development 3 48

I II MRD 561 Community Development in Nepal 3 48

I II MRD 562 Policy, Strategy and Planning in Development 3 48
I II MRD 563 Rural Urban Linkage 3 48
I II MRD 564 Project Management 3 48
I II MRD 565 Agriculture and Development 3 48

II III MRD 571 Political Economy of Nepal 3 48

II III MRD 572 Tourism and Development 3 48
II III MRD 573 Sustainable Development 3 48
II III MRD 574 Gender and Development 3 48
II III MRD 575 Research Methodology 3 48

II IV MRD 581 Population, Migration and Remittance 3 48

II IV MRD 582 Human Resource Management 3 48
Elective (choose only one)
II IV MRD 583 Natural Resource Management 3 48
II IV MRD 584 Marketing and Entrepreneurship Development 3 48
To be developed
II IV MRD 585 Development Finance 3 48
II IV MRD 586 Development Practice in Nepal
II IV MRD 587 Disaster Management
II IV MRD 588 Thesis 6
MA First Semester
Course Title: Development: Theory and Discourse
Course No.: MRD 551
Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: First Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: First Total Period: 48

Course Objectives

The general objective of this course is to acquaint students with the theories and discourses of
development. The specific objectives are; to trace the root of the concept development and
rural development, to analyze shift in development thinking, to analyze the mainstream and
alternative development theories and discourses, to get equip with different timelines of the
ideas of rural development and to critically analyze the applicability of endogenous and
alternative theories of rural development in the context of Nepal. It is expected that after
completion of this course students will be able to relate theory of rural development in
different contexts.

Course Contents LH

Chapter I: Origin of Development Concept 6

1.1 Genesis of Development

1.2 Classical economics and development (Assumptions and critique)

1.3 Neo-classical economics and development (Assumptions and critique)

1.4 Paradigm shift in development thinking

1.4.1. Beginning of development era

Chapter II: Development Theories and Discourse 20

2.1 Mainstream development theories (Modernization, Dependency/World System Theory)

2.3 Alternative development theories (Sustainable development, Human development and

Inclusive development)

2.4 Post-development discourses

Chapter III: Rural Development: Concept and Theories 15

3.1 Origin of concept

2
3.2 Theories of rural development

3.2.1 Exogenous rural development (Concept of growth and mode of development)

3.2.2 Endogenous rural development (Growth pattern, resource utilization and actors)

3.2.3 Alternative rural development (Social justice, Equity, self-reliance and Third Worldism)

Chapter IV: Rural Development Timeline and Approaches 7

4.1 Rural development timeline after 1950s

4.2 Review of rural development approaches

4.2.1 Community development

4.2.2 Basic need approach

4.2.3 Integrated rural development approach

4.2.4 Right based approach

4.2.5 Rural livelihood approach

References:

Adhikari, S.P. (2000). Rural development in Nepal: Problems and prospects (2nd Ed).
Kathmandu: Sajha Prakashan
Ellis, F. and Biggs, S. (2001). Evolving themes in rural development 1950s-2000s, In
Development Policy Review, 19 (4), Pp.437-448. Available at
<onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-7679.00143/pdf>.
Gandhi, M.K. (1952). Rebuilding our villages. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House.
—————–(1962). Village swaraj. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House.
Galbraith, J.K. (1997). A History of Economics: The past as the present. London: Hamish
Hamilton
Ghimire, A., Upreti, B.R. & Pokhral, S. (2010). Livelihood strategies of internally displaced
people in Western Nepal: Some observations (Pp. 217-239). In Bishnu Raj Upreti and Ulrike
Muller-Boker (Eds.). Livelihood insecurity and social conflict in Nepal. Kathmandu: Swiss
National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South.
Keen, S. (2011). Debunking economics. London: Zed Books
Koirala, B.P. (1982). Democracy indispensable for development. Kathmandu: Shushil
Koirala
Kunwar, K. B. (2010). Rural development in developing countries (2nd ed.). Kathmandu:
Meena Prakashan
Landreth, H. and Colandar, D.C.(2002). History of economic thought. Boston &Toronto:
Houghton Miffin.
Margarian, A. (June-July, 2011). Endogenous Rural Development: Empowerment or
Abandonment? Available at < literatur.vti.bund.de/digbib_extern/dn048906.pdf>

3
Mathema, K.R.B. (2001). Strategies of rural development in Nepal: Some observations some
thoughts. Kathmandu: Sita Devi Mathema
Mikkelsen, B. (2005). Methods of development work and research: a new guide for
practitioner (2nd edition). India: Sage Publications.
Milonakis, D. and Fine, B. (2009). From political economy to economics: Method, the social
and the historical in the evolution of economic theory. London & New York: Routledge.
Nederveen Pieterse, J. (2010). Development theory. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Rai, A. (2017). Rural development:Theory and discourse. Kathmandu: Kasthmandap Pustak
Ghar.
Rai, A. (2017). A preliminary inquiry into theories of development. South Carolina:
CreatSpace.
Rist, G. (2008). History of development: From Western Origin to global faith (3rd Ed.).
London: Zed Books
Seligson, M.A. & Passe-Smith, J.T. (2010). Development anduUnderdevelopment: The
political economy of global inequality. New Delhi: Viva Books.
Sen, A. (2005). Commodities and capabilities (8th edition). North Holland: Amsterdam.
………. (2000). Development as freedom (Indian edition). New Delhi: Oxford University
Press.
Sengupta, A; Negi, A and Basu, M. (Eds) (2007). Reflections on the right to development.
New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Todaro, M.P & Smith, S.C. (2010). Economic development (10th edition). Singapore:
Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd.
UNDP (1990). Human development report, 1990. New York: UNDP.
Van Der Ploeg et.al (2000). Rural development: from practices and policies toward theory.
Sociologia Ruralis, (40), 4. Pp. 391-408. Available at <
<http://www.ufcg.edu.br/~cedrus/downloads/schneider/rural_evelopment.pdf>.
William, A.T. and Christopher, A.J. (2011). Rural development, concepts and recent
approaches. India: Rawat Publications.

4
Course Title: Economic Dimension of Development
Course No.: MRD 552
Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: First Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: First Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course objectives

The overall objective of this course is to impart the knowledge of various economic
dimensions of rural development. The concepts, theories and issues of economic aspects
have been introduced so as to provide to the students an ample opportunity to gain insight
knowledge on economic dimension of rural development. The core aspect of this course is to
enable students to know the theoretical concept of economic development so that the
knowledge could be applicable to solve the growing problems and issues of economic
development from rural perspective.

Course Contents LH

Unit I Introduction to Economic Development 10

1.1 Economic Growth, Economic Progress, and Economic Welfare

1.2 National Development, Regional Development and Local Development

1.3 Local Economic Development: Principle and Goals, Actors and Determinants

1.4 Different Sectors of Local Economy: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

1.5 Economic Status of Nepal: Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Sector

Unit II: Theories of Economic Growth 17

2.1 Adam Smith: a theory of competitive capitalism and growth

2.2 Ricardo’s theories of diminishing returns and comparative advantage

2.3 Marx’s Analysis of Capitalist Development

2.4 Neoclassical Growth Models

2.5 Lewis Theory of Unlimited Supply of Labour

2.6 Myrdal Theory of Backward Effect

2.7 Balanced vs Unbalanced Theory

5
Unit III: Major Problems of Rural Development 10

3.1 Poverty

3.2 Inequality

3.3 Unemployment

3.4 Comparative Study of the Major Problems in the Different Provinces of Nepal

Unit IV: Economic Indicators of Development 11

4.1 Gross National Product

4.2 National Account

4.3 Income Distribution

4.4 Poverty Index

4.5 Human Development Index

4.6 Quality of Life/Better Life Index

4.7 Basic Concept of Econometrics

References:

Agrawal, G.R. (2012). Entrepreneurship development in Nepal. Kathmandu: M.K. Publisher.

Blackely, E.J., & Ted, K.B. (2003). Planning local economic development: Theory &
practice. New Delhi: Vistaar publication.

Bourguignon, François (2006). From income to endowments: The difficult task of expanding
the income poverty paradigm. In David B. Grusky & Ravi Kanbur (Eds.), Poverty and
inequality (pp. 76-102). California: Stanford University Press.

CBS (2010/11). Nepal living standard survey III. Kathmandu: CBS.

CBS (2011). Nepal population report, 2011. Kathmandu: CBS

Chambers, R. (1989). Rural development: Putting the last first. London: Longman Publishers

Gujarati, Damodar (2012). Econometrics by example. UK: Palgrave Macmillan

Haughton, J. & Khandker, S.R. (2009). Poverty ± inequality. Jaipur: Rawat Publications.

Horn, Robert V (1993). Development applications of indicators. Statistical indicators for the
economic and social sciences (pp. 67-101). UK: The Cambridge.
6
King, Megan F., Vivian F. Renó & Evlyn M. L. M. Novo (2014). The concept, dimensions
and methods of assessment of human well-being within a socioecological context: A
literature review. Social Indicators Research, 116(3), 681-698

Lekhi, R. K. (2008). Economic development and planning. New Delhi: Kalyani Publisher.

Mathema, K. R. B. (2008). Economics of development. Kirtipur: New Hira Books

Enterprises.

Ministry of Finance (2017). Economic survey of Nepal, 2016/17. Kathmandu: MoF

National Planning Commission (NPC) (2016). Plan approach paper. Kathmandu: NPC

……………………………………… (2014). Nepal human development report 2014:

Beyond geography, unlocking human potential. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.

Nussbaum, Martha C. (2006). Poverty and human functioning: Capabilities as fundamental

entitlements. In David B. Grusky & Ravi Kanbur (Eds.), Poverty and inequality (pp. 47-75).
California: Stanford University Press.

Seddon, D. (1998). Nepal: A state of poverty. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Sen, Amartya K (2006). Conceptulizing and measuring poverty. In David B. Grusky & Ravi
Kanbur (Eds.), Poverty and inequality (pp. 30-46). California: Stanford University Press.

Shultz, T. (1962). Transforming traditional agriculture. New Haven: Yale University Press

Singh, K. (2009). Rural development: Principles, policies and management (3rd edition).
New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Todaro, M.P & Smith, S.C. (2010). Economic development (10th edition). Delhi: Pearson
Education Asia.

World Development Reports (latest)

7
Course Title: Socio-Cultural Dimension of Development

Course No.: MRD 553

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3

Year: First Time per Period: 1 hour

Semester: First Total Period: 48

Level: MA

Course objectives

In general, this course aims to deal with socio-cultural factors that are significant in rural
development process. The specific aims are to dig up link between social factors and rural
development, to analyze various perspectives of sociology and anthropology relevant to rural
development and to highlight how socio-anthropological methods are applicable to address
socio-cultural issues in Nepal.

Course Contents LH

Unit I: Socio-Cultural Perspectives for Rural Development 20

1.1 Socio-Cultural Perspectives (e.g., Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max
Weber)

1.2 Rethinking the Perspectives (e.g., Talcott Parsons, Jürgen Habermas, Anthony Giddens)

1.3 Post-modernity (e.g., Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault)

1.4 Post-Structuralism (e.g., Jean Baudrillard)

1.5 Diffusion Approach

Unit II: Major Social Dimensions of Rural Development 10

2.1 Population Change

2.2 Culture

2.3 Social Inclusion

2.4 Conflict Resolution

2.5 Human Capital (e.g., Health and Education)

8
2.6 Social Innovation

Unit II: Measures of Social Development 9

3.1 Characteristics of Rural

3.2 Typologies of Regions

3.3 Social Development and Its Indicators

3.4 Requirements of Indicators and Their Assessment

3.5 Themes and Set of Indicators

Unit IV: Data on Social Indicators 9

4.1 Population Composition

4.2 Health

4.3 Education

4.4 Social Composition

4.5 Religion

References:
Arturo, E (1995). Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the Third World.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ben, Agger (1991). “Critical theory, poststructuralism, postmodernism: Their sociological
relevance”. Annual Review of Sociology, 17, 105-131.
Blaut, James M. (1977). Two views of diffusion. Annals of the Association of American
Geographers, 67 (3), 343-349.
Bulatao, Rodolfo, A (2001). Introduction. Population and Development Review (pp.1-14), 27
(supplement): Global Fertility Transition.
Bund Eva, Ulrike Gerhard, Michael Hoelscher & Georg Mildenberger (2015). A
methodological framework for measuring social innovation[Special issue]. Historical Social
Research / Historische Sozialforschung, 40 (3/153), 48-78.
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (2014). Population monograph of Nepal (Vols. I, II, III).
Kathmandu: CBS
Charbit, Yves (2009). The population controversies beyond. Economic, social and
demographic thought in the XIXth century (pp. 1-8). France: Springer.
Deutsh, Morton (1983). Conflict resolution: Theory and practice. Political Psychology, 4(3),
431-453.
Gurung, Harka (2003). Social demography of Nepal: Census 2001. Nepal: Himal Books
Hartog, Joop & Henriette Van Den Brink (2007). The effect of education on health. In Joop
Hartog and Henriette Van Den Brink (Eds.), Human Capital: Advances in Theory and
Evidences (pp. 21-37). New York: Cambridge University Press,

9
Höfer, A. (1979). The caste hierarchy and the state in Nepal: a study of Muluki Ain of 1854.
Innsbruck: Universitätsverlang Wagner
Horn, Robert V (1993). Social Application of Indicators. Statistical indicators for the
economic and social sciences (pp 146-205). UK: The Cambridge Press.
Hutchinson, John & Anthony D. Smith (1996). Introduction. In John Hutchinson and
Anthony D. Smith (Eds.), Ethnicity (pp.1-16). New York: Oxford Press
Lynne, Bennett (2005, December). Gender, caste and ethnic exclusion in Nepal: Following
the policy process from analysis to action. Paper presented at Arusha Conference on New
Frontier of Social Policy.
Malthus, Thomas (1798). An Essay on Principle of Population 1978. Retrieved from
www.gutenberg.net.
McIntosh, Wm. Alex, Gerald E. Klonglan & Leslie D. Wilcox (1977). Theoretical Issues and
Social Indicators: A Societal Process Approach. Policy Sciences, 8(3), 245-267
National Planning Commission (NPC) (2014). Nepal human development report 2014:
Beyond geography, unlocking human potential. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
Seidman, Steven (2016). Contested Knowledge: Social Theory Today. UK: Blackwell
Publishing
Silver, Hilary (1995). Reconceptualizing social disadvantage: Three paradigms of social
exclusion. In Gerry Rodgers, Charles Gore & Jose B. Fugueiredo (Eds.), Social exclusion:
Rhetoric, responses and reality (pp. 57-80). Geneva: International Labour Organization.
United Nations (2007). Conceptual Framework. Rural households livelihood and wellbeing:
Statistics on rural development and agriculture household income (pp.43-68). UN: New
York and Geneva.

10
Course Title: Local Governance and Development

Course No.: MRD 554

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3

Year: First Time per Period: 1 hour

Semester: First Total Period: 48

Level: MA

Course objective

The course aims to acquaint students with the knowledge of local governance system in
Nepal, decentralization system and practices; development administration and different
development paradigms and their application in the field of rural development.

Course Contents LH

Unit I: Theories of Local Governance 18

1.1 Governance and Development

1.2 Local Governance and Central-Local Relations

1.3 Alternative Models of Local Governance and Central-Local Relations

1.4 Multilevel Governance (MLG)

1.5 Good Governance

Unit II: Decentralization for Rural Development 12

2.1 Decentralization and Local Governance Approach

2.2 Forms and Types of Decentralization

2.3 Practices of Decentralization

2.4 Principles of Federalism and Unitary System

2.5 Determinants of Federalism and Unitary System

Unit III: Local Governance System in Nepal 10

3.1 Structure of State and Distribution of State Power in Nepal

11
3.2 Interrelations between Federal, Provinces and Local Levels

3.3 Local Government in Nepal: Rural Municipalities, Urban Municipalities, District

Coordination Committee (DCC) with special references of LSGA

3.4 Power/Jurisdictions of Local Level Government

3.4 Roles of Various Constitutional Commissions (e.g., Commission for the Investigation of
Abuse of Authority) in Good Governance

3.5 Role of Different Stakeholders (Development Partners, Market, Civil Society/ NGOs,
CBOs) in Good Governance

3.6 Measuring Social Accountability

Unit IV: Development Administration 10

4.1 Introduction to Development Administration

4.2 Approaches to Development Administration

4.3 Dimensions, Functions, Priorities and Characteristics of Development Administration

4.4 Development Administration in Nepal: Practice, Challenges and Prospects

Reference:
Awortwi, Nicholas (2016). “Decentralisation and local governance approach: A prospect for
implementing the post- 2015 sustainable development doals”. In Georgina M. Gómez and
Peter Knorringa Eds. Local governance, economic development and institutions. UK:
Palgrave Macmillan, pp39-63.
Bagchi, A. (1989). The political economy of underdevelopment. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
Basu, D.D. (2008). Comparative federalism. Nagpur: Wadhwa and Company.
Bhatta, B.D. (1990). Decentralization in Nepal. New Delhi: Reliance Publication.
Chhotray, Vasudha & Gerry Stoker (2009). Governance theory and practice: A cross-
disciplinary approach. UK: Palgrave Macmillan
Commeson, N.T. (2004). Civil society and social movement. New Delhi: Sage publication.
Dahal, D.R. (1994). Decentralization and development in Nepal. Kathmandu: NEFAS
Dahal, R.K. (2005). Rural development politics in Nepal. Kathmandu: Dikshanta Pustak
Bandar.
Dahal, R.K. & Kharel, S. (2008). Local governance and political economy of Nepal.
Kathmandu: Dikshanta Pustak Bhandar
Gyawali, C.K & Raj, P. (2010). Federalism in the world. Lalitpur: Chandra Kant Gyawali.
Herrera, Eduardo Wills (2016). Governance and development: The Importance of legitimacy
and institutional change. In Georgina M. Gómez and Peter Knorringa (Eds.), Local
governance, economic development and institutions. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, pp19-38.
Jacob, T. (2007). Federalism and government. Jaipur India: Aavishkar publisher
Kapoor, A.C. (1981). Principles of government. New Delhi: S. Chand Ltd.
Khanal, R. (2005). Donor’s policies against corruption in Nepal. Kathmandu: Transparency
International Nepal.
12
Khanal, R. (2005). Local governance in Nepal: Democracy at grassroots. Kathmandu: Smirti
Books.
Majeed, A. (2010). An introduction to federalism. New Delhi: Centre for Federal Studies.
MIREST Nepal, (2013). Local Government in Nepal Series 1 and 2. Lalitpur: MIREST.
Mitra, Shabana (2013). Towards a multidimensional measure of governance. Social
Indicators Research, 112(2),477-496.
Law Book Management Board (LBMB) (2015). Nepal constitution 2015. Kathmandu:
LBMB
Law Book Management Board (LBMB) (2017). Local government Regulation Act 2017.
Kathmandu: LBMB.
Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MOFALD). SWOSHAN (Journal of
Local Governance). Kathmandu: MOFALD.
Sapru, R. K. (1997). Development administration. India: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Shah, Anwar and Sana Shah (2006). The new vision of local governance and the evolving
roles of local governments. In Anwar Shah (Ed.), Local governance in developing countries
(pp. 1-43). Washington: The World Bank.
Sharma, P. (2003). Local development planning in Nepal: An empirical experience.
Kathmandu: Kshitiz Publication.
Shresth, T.N. (1996). Concept of local government and decentralization. Kathmandu: Joshi
Publications.
Upreti, H. (1996). Crisis of governance. Kathmandu: GDS.
Werlin, Herbert H. (2003). Poor nations, rich nations: A theory of governance. Public
Administration Review, 63(3), 329-342.
Publications of Associations of 2 level governments (DCC, Municipality & Rural
Municipality Associations)
Publications of Transparency International Nepal (2014). National integrity system
assessment Nepal 2014. Kathmandu: Transparency International Nepal
Publications of PROPUBLICO.

13
Course Title: Measurements in Development

Course No.: MRD 555

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3

Year: First Time per Period: 1 hour

Semester: First Total Period: 48

Level: MA

Course Objectives

The general objectives of this course are to impart knowledge and level of understanding of
social statistics with their application and to make students familiar with research techniques
and tools in social sciences. Specifically, this course is designed to enhance knowledge and
understanding of simple statistical analysis about central tendency and dispersion, correlation
and regression, probability distribution and sampling techniques.

Course Contents LH

Unit I: Descriptive Statistics 12

1.1 Review of Measure of Central Tendency and Dispersion

1.2 Coefficient of Correlation

1.3 Partial and Multiple Correlations

1.4 Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis

Unit II: Probability and Probability Distribution 10

2.1 Theory of Probability

2.2 Probability Distribution

2.3 Mathematical Expectation

2.4 Binomial and Normal Distribution

Unit: III Inferential Statistics 18

3.1 Sampling Techniques

3.2 Sampling Distribution

14
3.3 Point Estimation

3.4 Hypothesis

3.5 Sample Size Determination

3.6 Parametric Tests (z, t and F)

3.7 Analysis of Variance

3.8 Nonparametric Tests (Chi-square(χ²) Test, Sign Test, , Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, Rank
Sum Test, Mann-Whitney Test)

Unit IV: Measurements in Development with Introduction to SPSS and GIS 7

4.1 Human Development Index

4.2 Multidimensional Poverty Index

4.3 Gini Coefficient

References:
Anand, S. (2000). The Measurement of income inequality. New Delhi: Oxford University
Press.
Baskota, S. (2006). Statistical methods for rural development. Kathmandu: New Hira Books
Enterprises.
Burrough, P.A. (1986). Principles of geographical information systems for land resource
assessment. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Chou, Y. (1969). Statistical analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Cochran, W.J. (1977). Sampling techniques. New York: Wiley.
Croxton, F.E. Cowden D.J. & Klein, S. (1988). Applied general statistics. New Delhi:
Prentice – Hall of India Limited.
Dooley, D. (1997). Social research methods. New Delhi: Prentice – Hall of India Private
Limited.
Freund, J.E. (1984). Modern elementary statistics. New Jersey: Prentice – Hall Inc.
Goon, A.M., Gupta M.K. & Gupta B.D. (1965). Fundamentals of statistics. (Volumes One
and Two). Calcutta: The World Press Private Limited.
Gupta, S. (1993). Research Methodology and statistical techniques. New Delhi: Deep and
Deep Publications.
Gupta S.P. (1987). Statistical methods. New Delhi: S. Chand and sons.
Kanel, N.R. (1993). Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient: Conceptual considerations. The
Economic Journal of Nepal, 16 (4/64), 221-230.
Kanel, N.R. (1995). Gini coefficient and Kanel’s Reduction. The Economic Journal of Nepal,
Vol. 18 (4/72), 173-185.
Khatri, B. B.(2012). Statistics in education. Kathmandu: Kriti Publication.
Lipsehutz, S. (1981). Theory and problems in probability, SI (Metric Ed.). Singapore:
McGraw-Hill, Schaum’s Outline Series.
National Planning Commission (NPC), (2018). Nepal Multidimensional Poverty Index:
Analysis Towards Action. Nepal: Government of Nepal
15
………………………………… (NPC) (2014). Nepal human development report 2014:
Beyond geography, unlocking human potential. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
Spiegel, M.R. (2002). Statistics (Third Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill, Schaum’s outline
series.
Spiegel, M.R. Schiller, J. & Srinivasan, R. (2004). Probability and statistics (Second
Edition). New Delhi: McGraw Hill.
Subedi, P.K. (2012). Foundation of scientific research. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar
Subedi, P.K. (2010). Social research methods. Kathmandu: Kirti Publication
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis. New York: Harper and Row.

16
 Course Title: Community Development in Nepal

Course No.: MRD 561

Nature of the Course: Theory and Practical Period per Week: 3
Year: First Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Second Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objective
This course aims to enable students to understand concept, process and strategies associated
with community development in developing countries like Nepal. After completion of this
course students can apply community development techniques and tools in the real field.
Course Contents LH
Unit II: Foundation 16
2.1 Definitions and Imperatives of Community Development
2.2 Principles and Dimensions of Community Development
2.3 Major Theories of Community Development
2.4 Asset-Based Community Development
2.5 Social Capital and Community Building
2.6 Community Development Practice
Unit II: Cross-Cutting Issues in Community Development 10
2.1 Strategic Planning
2.2 Workforce Training
2.3 Financial Institutions
2.4 Community based Organizations
2.5 Community Leadership Development
Unit III: Measuring Community Development 10
3.1 Introduction to Community Wellbeing
3.2 Community Development Assessments
3.3 Community Builder’s Approach: Theory of Change
3.4 Methods for Community Development Progress (Overview)
Unit IV: Community Based Organizations in Nepal 12
4.1 History of Community Development
4.2 Pre-Unification, Unification and Rana Period
17
 4.3 Planned Development Period (2007-2018)
4.4 Panchyat Period
4.5 After 1991- BOVO, PDDP, LGP, DLGSP
4.2 Development of Community – based Organizations in Nepal (CBOs): Indigenous
and induced
References
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Publishing Company Ltd.
Blair, Robert (2004). Public participation & community development: The role of
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Chekki, Dan A. (1979). Community: Theory and method of planned change. New
Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Connell, J. P. and Kubisch, A. C. (1998). Applying a theory of change approach to the
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Dore, Ronald & Zoe Mars. (Eds.). (1981). Community development. London: Croom
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community development (Second edition). UK: The Policy Press
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Robert H. Pittman (Eds.), Introduction to community development (pp. 38-48). UK:
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Harmston, Flayd K. (1983). The Community as an Eco-System. The Iowa State
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Hustedde, Ronald J. (2009). Seven theories for seven community developers. In
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Ife, Jim (2009). Definitions and imperatives of community development. Human rights
from below: Achieving rights through community development (pp 9-28). UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Ife, Jim (2009). Principles and dimensions of community development. Human rights
from below: Achieving rights through community development (pp 29-68). UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Kirk, Philip and Anna Marie Shutte (2004). Community leadership development.
Community Development Journal, 39(3), 234-251.

18
Kolzow, David R. (2009). Developing community leadership skill. In Rhonda Phillips
and Robert H. Pittman (Eds.), Introduction to community development (pp. 119-
132). UK: Routledge.

Korten, David C. (1980). Community organization and rural development: A Learning

Process Approach.
Lee, Seung Jong, Yunji Kim & Rhonda Phillips (2015). In Seung Jong Lee, Yunji Kim
& Rhonda Phillips (Eds.), Community wellbeing and community development:
Conceptions and applications (pp. 9-24). Switzerland: Springer
Mattessich, Paul W (2009). Social capital and community building. In Rhonda Phillips
and Robert H. Pittman (Eds.), Introduction to community development (pp. 49-57).
UK: Routledge.
NPC – Various Plan Documents
Okubo, Derek (2009). Community visioning and strategic planning. In Rhonda Phillips
and Robert H. Pittman (Eds.), Introduction to community development (pp. 77-103).
UK: Routledge.
Pawar, Manohar (2014). Social and Community Development Practice (pp. 3-63).
India: SAGE publications
Phillips, Rhonda & Robert H. Pittman (2009). A framework for community and
economic development. In Rhonda Phillips and Robert H. Pittman (Eds.),
Introduction to community development (pp. 3-19). UK: Routledge.
Phillips, Rhonda & Robert H. Pittman (2009). Measuring progress: Community
indicators, best practices and benchmarking. In Rhonda Phillips and Robert H.
Pittman (Eds.), Introduction to community development (pp. 284-296). UK:
Routledge.
Purcell, Rod (2012). Community development and everyday life. Community
Development Journal, 47(2), 266-281.
Pyakuryal, Kailash. (1990). Community development and challenges and prospects,
Kathmandu: REDD BARNA.
Richard Peer & Elaine Harswick (2010). Theories of development contentions,
argument alternatives. India, Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
Shrestha, Mangala (2009). Community development. Kathmandu: Question Publication.
Simon, During (2008). The cultural studies reader. London and New York: Routledge,
Taylor and Francis Group.
Sue Kilpatrick, Sue, John Field & Ian Falk (2003). Social Capital: An Analytical Tool
for Exploring Lifelong Learning and Community Development. British Educational
Research Journal, 29(3), 417-433.
Vincent II, John W. (2009). Community development assessment. In Rhonda Phillips
and Robert H. Pittman (Eds.), Introduction to community development (pp. 133-
154). UK: Routledge.

19
Vincent II, John W. (2009). Community development practices. In Rhonda Phillips and
Robert H. Pittman (Eds.), Introduction to community development (pp. 58-74). UK:
Routledge.
West, Monieca (2009). Establishing community-based organizations. In Rhonda
Phillips and Robert H. Pittman (Eds.), Introduction to community development (pp.
104-118). UK: Routledge.
Johnson, Oliver, Hannah Wanjiru, Cassilde Muhoza, Fiona Lambe, Marie Jürisoo,
Wathanyu Amatayakul and Audrey Chenevoy(2015). From theory to practice of
change: Lessons from SNVʹs improved cookstoves and fuel projects in Cambodia,
Kenya, Nepal and Rwanda.Stockholm Environment Institute, Working Paper 2015-
09.
Taplin, Dana H., Heléne Clark, Eoin Collins, and David C. Colby (2013). A Series of
Papers to Support Development of Theories of Change Based on Practice in the
Field. New York(NY). Actknowledge (www.actknowledge.org)

20
 Course Title: Policy, Strategy, and Planning in Development

Course No.: MRD 562

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: First Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Second Total Period: 48

Course Objectives
This course basically aims to acquaint students to analyze planning process for rural
development. Students will also be able to examine development policies and strategies
implemented in developing countries like Nepal. After completion of this course, it is
expected that students can formulate plan and policies for local bodies in Nepal.
Course Contents LH
Unit I: Planning for Development 13
1.1 The structure and debates of planning theory.
1.2 Procedural Theory of Planning (Synoptic Rationality, Incremental Planning,
Advocacy Planning)
1.3 Pre-requisite of successful planning.
1.4 Approaches of plan formulation.
1.5 Comparative study on planning in capitalistic, socialistic and mixed economies.
1.6 Framework of strategic plan, Tactical plan and operational plan.
1.7 Critical analysis of current periodic development plan of Nepal.
Unit III: Policy Formulation for Development 11
2.1 The evolution of the policy sciences.
2.2 Rhetoric in Policy Making: Between Logos, Ethos, and Pathos.
2.3 Model of policy formulation.
2.4 Stages of policy cycle.
2.5 Imperativeness and goals of R.D. policy
2.6 Factors and tools of policy appraisal.
Unit III: Strategies and Instrument for Rural Development 12
3.1 The strategy paradigm
3.2 Strategy formulation process
3.3 Constraints on the choice of strategy
3.4 Issues and Choice of policy instrument
3.5 Process of Rural Transformation and its major intervention area for development.
3.6 Pros and cons of target setting in development process.
21
Unit IV: Policy and Program in Nepal 12
4.1 Poverty alleviation policies and approaches in Nepal
4.2 Land reform policies and program in Nepal.
4.3 Rural development policy and program in Nepal
4.4 Financial management policy and strategy of Rural Municipality (source, authority,
effectiveness)
4.5 Millennium and Sustainable Development Goals (MDGs, SDGs)
4.6 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
References
Bista, S. K. (2000). Rural development in Nepal: An alternative strategy. Kathmandu: Udaya
Books.
Blackely, E.J. & Ted, K.B.(2003). Planning Local Economic Development: Theory &
Practice. New Delhi:Vistaar publication.
Campbell, Scott and Susan S. Fainstein, eds. 1996. Readings in Planning Theory.
Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
CBS (2010/11). Nepal Living Standard Survey III. Kathmandu: CBS.
Chambers, R. (1989). Rural development: Putting the last first. London: Longman
Publishers
Devi, L. (1997). Strategic planning for rural development. New Delhi: Anmol Publications
Handbook of Public Policy Analysis Theory, Politics, and Methods Edited by Frank Fischer
Rutgers Gerald J. Miller Mara S. Sidney CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor &
Francis Group.
Jain, S.C. (1985). Rural Development: Institutions and strategies. Jaipur: Rawat
Publications.
Jhingan, M.L. (2007). The economics of development planning. Delhi: Vrinda Publications.
Khadka, G. (2066). Rural Development: Policy and strategy. Kritipur: Sunlight publication.
Lekhi, R.K. (2008). Economic Development and Planning. New Delhi: Kalyani Publisher.
Mathema, K. R. B. (2008). Economics of Development. Kirtipur: New Hira Books
Enterprises.
Mathema, K.B. (2001). Strategies for rural development in Nepal: Some observations, some
thoughts. Kathmandu.
Ministry of Finance (M0F) National Budget of Nepal(latest)
Ministry of Finance (MoF). Economic Survey (latest)
NPC (2011) Thirteenth Plan (2070/2071-2072/2073). Kathmandu: NPC
NPC/ADB (2007). Regional Development Strategy: main text and annexes. Kathmandu:
NPC.
Jack Rabin, F. Robert Munzenrider and Sherrie M. Bartell. Principles and Practices of Public
Administration
22
Reejal, P.R. (2002). Fundamental of Public Policy Analysis (2nd Ed.) Kathmandu: Prithvi
Prakashan
References

Bista, S. K. (2000). Rural development in Nepal: An alternative strategy. Kathmandu:

Udaya Books.
Blackely, E.J. & Ted, K.B. (2003). Planning Local Economic Development: Theory &
Practice. New Delhi: Vistaar publication.
CBS (2010/11). Nepal Living Standard Survey III. Kathmandu: CBS.
Chambers, R. (1989). Rural development: Putting the last first. London: Longman
Publishers
Devi, L. (1997). Strategic planning for rural development. New Delhi: Anmol Publications
Jain, S.C. (1985). Rural Development: Institutions and strategies. Jaipur: Rawat
Publications.
Jhingan, M.L. (2007). The economics of development planning. Delhi: Vrinda Publications.
Lekhi, R.K. (2008). Economic Development and Planning. New Delhi: Kalyani Publisher.
Mathema, K. R. B. (2008). Economics of Development. Kirtipur: New Hira Books
Enterprises.
Mathema, K.B. (2001). Strategies for rural development in Nepal: Some observations, some
thoughts. Kathmandu.
Ministry of Finance (M0F) National Budget of Nepal(latest)
Ministry of Finance (MoF). Economic Survey (latest)
NPC (2011) Thirteenth Plan( 2070/2071-2072/2073). Kathmandu: NPC
NPC/ ADB(2007A). Regional Development Strategy: main text and annexes. Kathmandu:
The author.
Pradhan, P.K. (2012). Urban Rural Relations and Rural Development in Developing World.
Kathmandu: Quest Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Reejal, P.R. (2002). Fundamental of Public Policy Analysis (2nd ed.) Kathmandu: Prithvi
Prakashan
Sapru, R.K. (2004). Public Policy: Formulation, Implementation and Evaluation (2nd ed.).
New Delhi: Sterling Publication
Seddon, D.(1998). Nepal: A State of Poverty. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
Shakya, R. K. (2013). Planning Experiences in Nepal. Kathmandu. NA
Singh, K. (2009). Rural development; Principles, policies and management (3rd ed.). New
Delhi: Sage Publications.
Todaro, M.P & Smith, S.C. (2010). Economic development (10th edition). Delhi: Pearson
Education

23
 Course Title: Rural Urban Linkage

Course No.: MRD 563

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: First Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Second Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objectives
The general objectives of the course are to acquaint the students with advance knowledge of
rural urban linkage focusing on settlement system, to enable the students understanding and
applying basic theoretical framework in rural/regional development plan and policies, to
acquaint the students with knowledge of Technique and measure of rural urban relation and
use them for rural development planning, to make students able to review the policy and
programmes applied in Nepal to strengthen rural urban linkage.
Course Contents LH
Unit I: Conceptual Understanding of Rural Urban Linkage 12
1.1 Introduction to rural urban linkage
1.2 Conceptual Issues in rural urban linkage
1.3 Factors for evolution of early settlement
1.4 Historical development and change of settlement system in Nepal
1.5 Settlement pattern and ecological region of Nepal
1.6 Planning implication of dispersed and scattered settlement
1.7 Constraints of Rural Urban Linkage
Unit II: Theoretical Framework for Rural Urban Linkage 16
2.1 Central Place Theory (Christaller)
2.2 Gateway Model
2.3 Urban Land Use Model (Von Thunen)
2.4 Spatial diffusion of innovation model (T. Hagerstrand)
2.5 Core-Periphery linkage model
2.6 Spatial development models (Growth Pole/Center, Aggropolitan Model, Service
Center Approach, Market Center Approach)
Unit III: Measuring Rural Urban Linkage 12
3.1 Urban Center Measure – Identification or urban/growth centers; Density and
distribution measures; Centrality measures (Scalogram, infrastructure index, centrality
Index, composite weighted index)

24
 3.2 Hinterland Measure – Expected (natural, administrative and graphic- thiessen
polygon and breaking point theory); Actual – origin and destination survey and
mapping.
3.3 Urban Rural Linkage Measures – Spatial Interaction model; Flow model; Facility
location measures; Relative measures of service accessibility.
Unit IV: Rural Urban Linkage Planning, Policy and Program 8
4.1 Integrated rural urban linkage planning
4.2 Strategies to rural urban integrated development
4.3 Rural urban Linkage policy developments in Nepal
4.4 Program related to rural urban linkage: Past and Present such as RUPP, PPPUE,
MEDEP, PAF
References
Potter, R.B, and Unwin, T. (1990). The Geography of Urban Rural Interaction in Developing
Countries, Routledge.
Tacoli, C. (2002). Changing rural-urban interactions in sub-Saharan Africa and their impact
on livelihoods: a summary, Rural-urban working paper 7, IIED, London.
Lynch, K. (2004). Rural Urban Interaction in the Developing World. Taylor & Francis,
Science. Routledge Perspective on Development. London: Routledge.
Tacoli, C. (2006). The Earthscan Reader in Rural Urban Linkages, Earthscan, London:
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
Pradhan P.K and Routary, J. K. (1992). Market Center and Rural Development: A Study in
Chitwan District, Nepal. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology
ESCAP (1979). Guideline for Rural Central Planning. New York: Economic and Social
Commission on Asia and the Pacific.
Pradhan P.K. (2012). Urban Rural Relations and Rural Development in Developing World.
Kathmandu: Quest Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Todaro, M. P. (1969). A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less
Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, Vol. 59 (1) 138-148.

25
 Course Title: Project Management
Course No.: MRDS 564
Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: First Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Second Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objectives
The objective of this course is to acquaint the students with the basic idea of rural project
management. The course aims at developing the skills in students of project monitoring and
evaluation, linking project design and its results and monitoring and evaluation of
development projects in the Nepalese context.
Course Contents LH
Unit 1. Introduction to Project Management 8
1.1 Concept and characteristics of project and project management
1.2 Project classification
1.3 Inter-relation between plan, program, project and activities
1.4 Project cycle
1.5 Skill, role and responsibilities of a project manager
Unit 2. Project Identification, Formulation, Appraisal and Implementation 16
2.1 Project Identification- Preliminary study
2.1.1 Situation Analysis
2.2 Project Formulation-Comprehensive study, analysis and planning
2.2.1 Feasibility Study
2.2.2 Stakeholder Analysis, Problem Tree and Objective Analysis, Strategy Analysis,
SWOT Analysis
2.2.3 Logical Framework, Work Plan Scheduling, Budget Scheduling and project
proposal
2.3 Project Appraisal
Criteria, Cost benefit Analysis
2.4 Project Implementation
2.4.1 Ensuring effective operations
2.4.2 Capacity building of local stakeholders
2.4.3 Implementing a project

Unit III: Monitoring and Evaluation 16

3.1 Concept, difference, types and objectives, and basis of M&E
26
 3.2 Concept and basics of Result based M&E
3.3 Results based monitoring
Typologies, Bases, Provisions and methods
3.4 Results based evaluation
Evaluation in different phases, criteria, evaluation arrangement, methods
3.5 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
Objectives, Methods and Tools of Participatory M&E
3.6 Evaluation Report
3.7 Critical Reflection
Unit IV: Project Management with Reference to Nepal 8
4.1 Problems and challenges in project implementation in Nepal
4.2 Requirements for successful project management
4.3 Evolution of Monitoring and Evaluation system in Nepal
4.4 Existing method and system of monitoring and evaluation in Nepal
References:
EU (2002). Project Cycle Management Handbook. European Commission.
FAO (2001). Project Cycle Management Technical Guide. Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization.
Government of Nepal (2013). National Monitoring and Evaluation Guidelines. Kathmandu:
National Planning Commission.
IFAD (2002). A Guide for Project M&E: Managing for Impact in Rural Development. Rome:
International Fund for Agricultural Development.
Laurence, S. John, M. Susie, T. (2011). Project Planning and Management. London: Centre
for Development, Environment and Policy.
RPRLGSP (2009). MANUAL on PROJECT CYCLE MANAGEMENT: Guidelines on
Identification, Design and Implementation of Successful Local Authority Projects.
UNDP (2011). National Implementation by the Government of UNDP Supported Projects:
Guidelines and Procedures. UNDP

27
 Course Title: Agriculture and Development

Course No.: MRD 565

Nature of the Course: Theory and Practical Period per Week: 3
Year: First Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Second Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objectives
This course intends to enable students to have sound knowledge of the theories of agricultural
development, agriculture and rural development, agriculture policy and programs, agriculture
modernization and entrepreneurship development, and agriculture finance. After completing
this course, the students will prepare a mini-research report on agriculture and rural
development based on the field survey data.
Course Contents LH
Unit I: Theories of Agricultural Development 16
1.1 Historical Context of Agricultural Development
1.2 Population Pressure and Agricultural Development in Developing Countries
1.3 Schultz's Theory of Traditional Agriculture Transformation
1.4 Jorgenson’s Dual Economy Model
1.5 Boserup’s Theory of Agrarian Change
1.6 Technology Transfer Theory on Agriculture
Unit II: Food Security and Rural Development 12
2.1 Status of Food Security
2.2 Poverty, Hunger and Malnutrition
2.3 Economic of Food Demand and Supply
2.4 Agendas for Food Security
Unit III: Agriculture Growth and Sustainability 10
3.1 Integrated Farming System
3.2 Farmer Managed Irrigation System
3.3 Agriculture Cooperative and Farming
3.4 Atmospheric and Agriculture Production Trends
3.5 Threats to Sustainable Farming System
Unit IV: Agricultural Financing, Policies, Programs and Projects 10
4.1 Financing in Agriculture Sector
4.2 Policies related to Food Security and Food Nutrition
4.3 Agriculture Perspective Plan (APP), Agriculture Development Strategy (ADS) & Land Use
Plan (LUP)
4.4 One Village One Product (OVOP) & Agriculture Super Zone (ASZ) Programs
28
 4.5 High Mountain Agribusiness and Livelihood Improvement (HIMALI) Project
4.6 Project for Agriculture Commercialization and Trade (PACT) Project
References
Among, L. B. (1986). Adaption of New Technology and its Social Impact on Rural
Courtiers in Asia: A country Study of Nepal , T. U. CEDA, Kathmandu, Nepal.
APPROSC/JMA (1995). Nepal agriculture perspective plan. Kathmandu: Agricultural
Projects Services Center.
Billsborrow, Richard, E. (1987). Population Pressure and Agricultural Development in
Developing Countries: A Conceptual Framework and Recent Evidence. World
Development, 15(2), 183-203.
Boserup, E. (1965). Conditions of agricultural growth. New York: Aldin.
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (2012). National census of agriculture 2011.
Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics.
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (2012). Poverty in Nepal 2010/11. Kathmandu:
Government of Nepal.
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (2008). Nepal Labor Force Survey 2007-2008.
Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission,
Cummings, R. W. (1990). Agricultural technology management. In R. G. Echeverria
(Ed.), Methods for Diagnosing Research System Constraints and Assessing the
Impact of Agricultural Research (15-30). The Hague, Netherlands; International
Service for National Agricultural Research.
Department for International Development (DFID) (2012). Sustainable Livelihoods
Guidance Sheets. London: DFID.
Economic Survey (2016). Unofficial Translation Economic Survey (Fiscal Year
2015/16). Government of Nepal, Ministry of Finance. Retrieved from
http://www.mof.gov.np
Ghatak S. and Ingersent, K. (1984). Agriculture and economic development. New York:
Select Book.
Hada, G. B. (2007). Sustainable rural development. Kathmandu: Dikshant Pustak
Bhandar.
Hayami, Y. and Vernon W. R. (1985). Agricultural Ddvelopment: An international
perspective. Baltimore: John Hopkins Universtiy Press.
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2015).Building a poverty-
free world; Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty in Nepal.
Keulan, H. Van (2007). Historical Context of Agricultural Development. Science for
Agriculture and Rural Development in Low Income Countries (pp. 7-26). The
Netherlands: Springer.
Lekhi, R. K. (2008). The economics of development and planning (11th ed.). New
Delhi: Kalyani Publication.
Mahbub Ul Haq Human Development Center. (2003). Human development in South
Asia, agriculture and rural development. New York: Oxford University Press.
29
McLeod Rivera, William and M. Kalim Qamar (2003). Agriculture Extension, Rural
Development and The Food Security Challenge. Italy: Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO)
Mellor, J. W. (1966). The economics of agricultural development. Ithaca: Cornell
University.
Ministry of Agriculture (2014). Twenty Years Agriculture Development Strategy (2014-
34). Kathmandu: Government of Nepal
MOA (current). Statistical information on Nepalese agriculture. Kathmandu: Ministry
of Agriculture.
National Agriculture Census (NAC) (2011/12). A national census report. Kathmandu:
Central Bureau of Statistics
National Planning Commission (NPC) (2016). Fourteenth three-year plan (2016/17-
2018/19). Kathmandu: Government of Nepal
National Planning Commission (NPC) (2017). Nepal’s sustainable development goals,
Baseline Report June 2017. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
OECD-FAO (2013). Agricultural outlook 2013-2022. Corrigenda OECD Publication.
Pradhan, P. K. & Pradhan, B. (2006). Environment and natural resources: Concepts,
methods, planning and management. Kathmandu: Qest Publication.
Regmi, Hem Raj, and Kamal Raj, Gautam (2014). “Population and Status of
Agriculture”. Population Monograph of Nepal Vol III. Kathmandu: Central Bureau
of Statistics, pp183-222.
Schultz, T.W. (1997). Transforming Traditional Agriculture (Doctoral Dissertation).
Silwal, U. K. (2003). Relationships between population growth and agricultural change
in Nepal: A regional analysis. Kathmandu: Thopal Prakashan.
W. Norton, George, Jeffrey Alwang and William A. Master (2010). Economics of
Agricultural Development: World Food System and Resource Use. New York:
Routledge
World Bank (2005). Agriculture Growth for the Poor: The Agenda for Development.
Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The
World Bank
World Bank (2008). World development report. (2008). Agricultural for development.
Washington DC: World Bank.

30
 Course Title: Political Economy of Nepal

Course No.: MRD 571

Nature of the Course: Theory and Practical Period per Week: 3
Year: Second Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Third Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objective
This course aims to apply political economic perspectives to development programs
experienced over various periods in Nepal. The specific objectives are to a) delineate phases
of development b) draw on the development perspectives, Institutions, and policies, and c)
evaluate the strength and weakness of the political economic perspectives with respect to the
real development outcome.
Contents LH
Unit I: Prelude 8
1.1 Overview of Pre-Rana Period
1.2 Rana Period (1846-1950)
1.2.1 Institutions and Policies of Isolationism
1.2.2 Community struggles and Government's responses
1.3 Democratic Innovation (1950-1960)
1.3.1 First wave of modernization
1.3.2 Policies of future direction
Unit II: Experimentation with Panchayat (1960-1990) 13
2.1 Land Reform
2.2 Industrialization
2.3 Regional development
2.4 Decentralization: Rhetoric and reality
2.5 National integration, Ethnicity, and Women
2.6 Education
2.7 Foreign aid
Unit III: Turning Points: Open Market Economy (1990-2000) 15
3.1 Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization
3.2 Foreign trade
3.3 Poverty reduction
3.4 Local development
31
 3.5 Information and Communication technology
Unit IV: Inclusive Development (2000- ) 7
4.1 Growth dilemma: What went wrong?
4.2 Unemployment, Inequality and Inclusive Development
4.3 Sharing resources among provinces and people
References
Aditya, A. (1999). Political economy of small states. Kathmandu: FES.
Bista, D. B. (2001). Fatalism and development, Nepal’s struggle for modernization.
Patna: Orient Longman.
Blaikie, P. M., Cameron, J. and Seddon, J. D. (2007). Nepal in Crisis: Growth and
stagnation at the periphery. New Delhi: Adroit Publishers.
Bongartz, H. and Dahal, D. (1996). Development studies: Self-help organizations,
NGOs and civil society. Kathmandu: FES
Caddel, M. (2002). Education and change: A Historical Perspective on Schooling,
Development and the Nepali Nation-State.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d828/e7e6d8be17623ccfff54aa8a19e95c
e1cbd0.pdf
Dibbya-Upadesh (Celestial advice).
http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/documents/2015/08/dibbaya-upadesh-of-
prithivi-narayan-shah.pdf.
Gurung, H. (1984). Nepal dimensions of development. Kathmandu: Sahayogi Press.
Gyanwaly, R.P. (Ed.) ( 2017). Political Economy of Nepal. Kathmandu: Central
Department of Economics, TU and FES.
Hagen, T. (2012). Decentralization and development; The role of democratic principles.
Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar
Joshi, B. L. & Rose, L. E. (2007). Democratic innovations in Nepal; A case study of
political acculturation. Kathmandu: Mandala Publications.
Khadka, N. (1994). Politics and development in Nepal: Some issues. New Delhi: Nirala
Publications.
Koirala, B.P. ( 2014). Democracy indispensable for development (2nd edition).
Kathmandu: BP Museum.
Mahat, R.S. (2005). In defense of democracy: dynamics and faults lines of Nepal's
political economy. India: Adroit Publisher.
Mersserschmidt, D. A. (1995). Development studies: Bibliotheca Himalaya series IV,
Vol 1. Kathmandu: EMR Publishing House.
Bhattachan, K. B. and Mishra, M. (Eds.) (2000). Developmental Practices in Nepal.
Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology.
Mishra, C. (2013). Punjibad ra Nepal (In Nepali). Fine Print: Kathmandu.
MoF (2017). Economic survey 2017/18. Kathmandu: MoF.
32
Nepal Human Development Reports 1998, 2004, 2014
Nepal Living Standard Survey Reports
Nepal, K. R. (2013). Samaj, sanskar ra shasan. Kathmandu: InLogas.
NPC (2014). An approach to the graduation from the least developed country by 2022.
Kathmandu: National Planning Commission, Nepal.
NPC. (2013). Nepal millennium development goals progress report, 2013. Kathmandu:
National Planning Commission, Nepal.
Pande, B. B. (2009). Tyas bakhatko Nepal (Part two, three & four). Kathmandu:
Author.
Pandey, D. R. (2009). Nepal’s failed development: Reflections on the mission and the
maladies (revised ed.). Kathmandu: Nepal South Asia Centre.
Pradhan, R.P (2005). The Ain of 1854 and after: Legal pluralism, models of society
and ethnicity in Nepal , November 2015 (Paper presented at the conference
"Negotiating Ethnicity in Nepal’s Past and Present", Kathmandu, September 12 –
14, 2005.) DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2039.7529.
Pyakuryal, B. (2015). Nepal's development tragedy: Threats and possibilities.
Kathmandu: Fine Print.
Regmi, M. C. (1999). An economic history of Nepal, 1768-1846. New Delhi: Adroit
Publishers.
Sharma, G. N. (2000). Nepal: Missing elements in the development thinking. New
Delhi: Nirala Publications.
Sharma, J. (2006). Nepal : Struggle for existence. Kathmandu: CommInc.
Shrestha, N.R. (1997). In the name of development: A reflection of Nepal. Kathmandu:
Educational Publishing House.
Thapa, K. B. (1995). Social, economic and administrative history of modern Nepal (2nd
Edition). Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.
Thapa, K.B., Timilsina, P. & Dahal, M.K. (1994). Adhunik Nepalko arthik itihas (In
Nepali). Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and South Asian Studies.
The constitution of Nepal 2015. www.nepallawcommission.com. (accessed 2/2/2016).
Treaty between the United Kingdom and Nepal: Together with not respecting the
importation of arms and ammunition in to Nepal (1925). London: His Majesty
Stationary Office. http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/pdf/1925/TS0031.pdf . (accessed
19/9/2015).
Varioius Periodic Plans (I to XIV)
Various Economic Survey Reports

33
 Course Title: Tourism and Development

Course No.: MRD 572

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: Second Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Third Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objectives
The general objective of this course is to provide understanding of the concept, issues,
policies and practices of tourism with special references of Nepal. It will be helpful to know,
analyze and impart the tourism related knowledge in practical basis. Most specifically it will
provide the knowledge about rural tourism relating with rural development of Nepal.
Course Contents LH
Unit I: Introduction 15
1.1 Concept and Components of Tourism
1.2 Basic Approaches to Study the Tourism
Institutional, Product, Historical, Managerial, Economic, Sociological, Geographical,
Interdisciplinary, The system
1.3 Types of tourism
1.3.1 Mass and alternative tourism
1.3.2 Special interest tourism
1.3.3 Microscale approach
1.3.4 Meso-level accounts of tourism
1.4. Sustainability of tourism
1.5 Impact of tourism with reference to Nepal
Unit II: Tourism Policy and Planning 15
2.1 Tourism policy: A definition
2.2 The focus of tourism policy
2.3 Process of tourism policy formulation
2.4 Role of public sector and tourism policy
2.4.1 From governance to governance
2.4.2 Multilevel governance
2.5 Tourism policy of Nepal (more specifically rural tourism policy)
2.6 Introduction of tourism planning
2.7 Changing approaches to destination planning
2.8 Five Approaches of Tourism Planning
2.8.1 Boosterism
2.8.2 An economic, industry oriented approach
34
 2.8.3 A physical/ spatial approach
2.8.4 A community- oriented approach
2.8.5 A sustainable tourism approach
2.9. Tourism planning process
2.10. Need of tourism planning
Unit III: Tourism Marketing 9
3.1 Tourism marketing concept
3.2 Tourism market segmentation and tourism marketing mix
3.3 Contemporary tourism marketing approach
3.3.1 Research – driven tourism market information approach
3.3.2 Relationship marketing approach
3.3.3 The use of technology approach
3.3.4 New tourism product development approach
3.3.5 Corporate social responsibility and marketing ethics approach
3.4 Joint Marketing Efforts
Unit IV: Forms of Tourism 9
4.1. Rural tourism
4.1.1 Concept of rural tourism
4.1.2 Rural tourism and community power
4.1.3 Importance of rural tourism
4.1.4 False assumption of rural tourism
4.1.5 Rural Tourism in Nepal
4.2. Agro tourism
4.2.1 Critical success factors of agro tourism
4.2.2 Prospects and challenges of agro tourism
4.2.3 Revitalization of rural economy through agro tourism
4.2.4 Agro-tourism in Nepal
4.3. Eco tourism: Principles, issues and practices
4.3.1 Eco-tourism in Nepal
4.4 Alternative Forms of Tourism
References:
Bhatiya, A. K. (2010). Tourism development principles and practices. New Delhi:
Sterling publishers.
Cooper, Chris and C. Michael Half (2013). Contemporary Tourism: An international
approach. Oxford: Goodfellow Publisher Ltd.
George, E.W., Mair, H. & Reid, D. G.(2009). Rural tourism development localism and
cultural Change. Toronto: Channel View Publication.
Goeldner, C.R & Ritchie, J. R. (2007). Tourism principles, practices, philosophies. New
Delhi: Wiely India.

35
Hall, D., Kirkpatrick, I. & Mitchell, M. (Ed.) (2005). Rural tourism and sustainable
business. Canada: Channel view Publications.
Kharel, S. (2014). Rural tourism in Nepal. Kathmandu: Quest Publication.
Kunwar, R. R. (2010).Tourists and tourism science and industry interface. Kathmandu:
Modern Printing Press.
Pradhanang, S. B. (2009). Village the new tourist destination of Nepal. Kathmandu:
Adroid Publisher.
Upadhyay, R. P. (2008). Readings in rural tourism. Kathmandu: Sunlight Publication

36
 Course Title: Sustainable Development

Course No.: MRD 573

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: Second Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Third Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objectives
This course aims to enable students to conceptualize the basic ideas, approaches and
strategies of sustainable development. More basically, the course intends to analyze the effect
of sustainable development in rural livelihood through the deep understanding of its impact
on various resources, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. After the
completion of the course, students are expected to use their knowledge in the field of climate
change and sustainable issues of rural development.
Course Contents LH
Unit I: Introduction 10
1.1 Sustainable Development: Concepts and Principles
1.2 Evolution of Sustainable Development Agenda
1.3 Livelihood approach to sustainable development
1.4 Relationship between sustainable development and climate change
Unit II: Measuring Sustainable Development 10
2.1 Principles and approaches to sustainable development measurement
2.2 Key indicators of sustainable development
2.3 Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) and its indicators
Unit III: Climate Change Adaptation 12
3.1 Climate change: Concept, scenario, risk and vulnerability
3.2 Cultural theory: Cultural Risk Theory (CRT) on climate change adaptation
3.3 Behavioural theory: Prospect Theory, mitigation and adaptation to climate change
3.4 Global and national efforts on climate change adaptation
Unit IV: Climate Change and Livelihood Strategies in Nepal 16
4.1 Concept of livelihood strategies for adaptation
4.2 Interrelationship between climate change and rural livelihood
4.3 Impact of climate change in agriculture, water resources, human health, bio-diversity and
natural disaster s

37
4.4 Rural livelihood adaptation strategies in Nepal (Case studies of various livelihood
strategies adopted by different ethnic groups living in different ecological regions)

References
Desonie, Dana (2008). Climate change. Climate: Causes and effects of climate change
(p 1-72). New York (NY): Chelsea House
Lafferty, William M. and Oluf Lannghlelle (1999). Sustainable development as concept
and norm. In William M. Lafferty and Oluf Lannghlelle (eds.), Towards sustainable
development: On the goals of development – and conditions of sustainability (pp 1-
29). London: Macmillan Press
Maharjan Keshav Lall and Niraj Prakash Joshi (2013). Climate change, agriculture and
livelihood in developing countries. Japan, Springer
National Planning Commission (NPC) (2017): Nepal's Sustainable Development Goals,
Baseline Report, 2017. Kathmandu, Nepal: Government of Nepal, NPC.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2004). Measuring
sustainable development: Integrated economic, environmental and social
frameworks. OECD.
Robinson, John, Mike Bradley, Peter Busby, Denis Connor, Anne Murray, Bruce
Sampson and Wayne Soper (2006). Climate Change and Sustainable Development:
Realizing the Opportunity. Ambio, 35 (1), 2-8.
Sharma, Keshav Prasad (2015). Climatic extremities in Nepal. Compendium of
Environment Statistics Nepal 2015 (pp 41-46). Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau
of Statistics.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP (2007). Human development report
2007/2008. New York (NY): UNDP
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld/publication
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad682e/ad682e00.htm#Contents

38
 Course Title: Gender and Development

Course No.: MRD 574

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: Second Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Third Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objectives
The course begins with theoretical approaches to gender and development, development
theory, and feminist critiques. Then it turns to specific substantive areas of discussion. Such
areas of discussion include examining gender and social development from both an analytical
and a practical perspective. It explores the historical roots of academic and policy interest in
these matters and considers why development and gender matters in the study of rural
development. It examines different ways of analysing population and gender relations and the
relationship between academic and policy work in this field. It then investigates current
thinking and concerns relating to the practice of population and social development and to the
promotion of gender equality and women's empowerment, and describes tools and
frameworks to inform policy making and practice in the field.

Course Contents LH

Unit I: Concepts and Theoretical Perspectives on Gender and Development 12

1.1 From women to gender: The development of the field
1.1.1 Sex and gender, gender as social construct, gender study as women study
1.1.2 Gender schema and terminologies in women and gender studies
1.2 Essence of Gender in Development (Why Gender? Why Development?)
1.3 Theorising the Gender into Development thoughts:
1.3.1 Three waves of feminism
1.3.2 Liberalism/modernism versus liberal feminism
1.3.3 Radical left and radical feminism
1.3.4 Marxism, neo-Marxism and Marxist/social feminism
1.3.5 Sustainable development and Eco-feminism
1.3.6 Postmodernism and Multicultural, Global, Postcolonial, postmodern and third-
wave Feminism
1.3.7 Care-Focused Feminism
Unit II: Gender Analysis and Its Trends in Gender and Development 14
2.1 Concepts, Tools and Exercises
2.1.1 Theoretical perspectives for gender analysis concepts and principles
2.1.2 Choosing a gender analysis framework and guideline
2.1.3 Harvard framework for gender analysis
2.1.4 Moser’s triple role and gender needs framework
2.1.5 Kabeer’s social relation framework
39
 2.2 Trends in Gender and Development from WID to GAD and Beyond
2.2.1 Theoretical roots and trajectories of WID, WAD and GAD
2.2.2 Fitting gender into development institutions and practices: Global and Nepalese
perspectives
2.2.3 Gender, Institutions and Development
2.2.4 Context of Women's underrepresentation
Unit III Gender Poverty and Inequality and Its Measurements 16
3.1 Gender Poverty
3.1.1 Understanding poverty from a gender perspective
3.1.2 Researching Poverty from Gender lenses
3.1.3 Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth
3.1.4 Poverty as gender experience
3.1.5 Gender, labour market and poverty
3.2 Concepts and Measurements of Gender Inequality
3.2.1 Roles, relations and responsibilities (Private vs Public),
3.2.2 Labour markets and product markets
3.2.3 Gender based violence- root to gender inequality
3.2.4 Concepts in measurement of gender equality/inequality: GDI, GII, GEM,
3.2.5 Gender inequality and demographic outcomes
3.2.6 Women agency and social change
Unit IV Strategies for Gender and Development with Reference to Nepal 8
4.1 Gender equity, equality and women's empowerment- Nepalese practices
4.2 Gender mainstreaming: Nepalese practices
4.3 Gender aware policies and planning
4.4 Gender Auditing, budgeting/financing: Rationale, definitions, elements and tools
References:
Unit I: Readings

Beasley, Chris (2005). Introduction: Gender & Sexuality: Critical Theories, Critical
Thinkers, SAGE Publications.
M. Patricia Connelly, Tania Murray Li, Martha MacDonald, and Jane L. Parpart (2000).
Feminism and Development: Theoretical Perspectives (Chapter 3), in Jane L. Parpart,
M. Patricia Connelly, and V. Eudine Barriteau (eds.) Theoretical Perspective on Gender
and Development. International Development Research Centre (IDRC) PO Box 8500,
Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Martin, C.L and L.M. Dinella (2001). Gender Development: Gender Schema Theory, in
Worell, Judith (ed.), Encyclopedia of Women and Gender. Academic Press.
Reddock, Rhoda. (2000). Why Gender? Why Development? (Chapter 2) in Jane L. Parpart,
M. Patricia Connelly, and V. Eudine Barriteau (eds.) Theoretical Perspective on
Gender and Development. International Development Research Centre (IDRC) PO Box
8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (2011). Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender
(First published Mon May 12, 2008; substantive revision Mon Nov 21, 2011)

40
Unit II: Readings

Asian Development Bank. (2010). Overview of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in
Nepal. Asian Development Bank.
Candida March, Ines Smyth, and Maitrayee Mukhopadhyay (1999). A Guide to Gender-
Analysis Frameworks. Oxfam GB.
Drechsler, Denis, Johannes Jütting and Carina Lindberg. (2008). Gender, Institutions and
Development: Better data, better policies, in Dag Ehrenpreis (ed.), Poverty in Focus:
Gender Equality. International Poverty Centre, Number 13, January 2008.
Lewis, Stephen (2005). Women, Half the World, Barely Represented (Chapter 4), in Race
against Time. www.aidsfreeworld.org › Our Issues › Women's Rights.
Moser, Caroline O.N. (1998). Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and
Strategic Gender Needs. World Development, Vol. 17, No. 11. pp. 1799-1855.
Pradhan, Bina (2006). Gender and Human Development in Nepal, in Sriram Raj pande, S.
Tropp, B. Sharma and Y.R. Khatiwada (eds.) Nepal: Readings in Human Development.
Kathmandu: UNDP.
Razavi, S. (1997). Fitting Gender into Development Institutions. World Development, Vol.
25, No. 7, pp. 1111-1125.
Razavi, S. and C. Miller (1995). From WID to GAD: Conceptual Shifts in the Women and
Development Discourse.
Unit III: Readings

Asian Development Bank (2010). Overview of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in
Nepal. Asian Development Bank.
Bardhan, Kalpana and Stephan, Klasen (1999). UNDP's Gender-Related Indices: A Critical
Review, World Development, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 985-1010.
Bhattacharya, Prabir C. (2006). Economic Development, Gender Inequality, and
Demographic Outcomes: Evidence from India. Population and Development Review,
Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 263–291.
Chant, Sylvia (2003). New contributions to the analysis of poverty: methodological and
conceptual challenges to understanding poverty from a gender perspective.
Kabeer, Naila (2008). Gender, Labour Markets and Poverty: An overview, in Dag Ehrenpreis
(ed.), Poverty in Focus: Gender Equality. International Poverty Centre, Number 13,
January 2008.
Morison, A., D. Raju and N. Sinha (2007). Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth.
The World Bank: Gender and Development Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic
Management Network.
Sen, Amartya (2000). Women's Agency and Social Change (Chapter 8), in Development as
Freedom: Oxford University Press.
Sen, Gita (2008). Poverty as a Gendered Experience: The policy implications, in Dag
Ehrenpreis (ed.), Poverty in Focus: Gender Equality. International Poverty Centre,
Number 13, January 2008.

41
Summary of Current Theories Explaining Domestic Violence
(institutefornativejustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/.../dvtheories.doc)
Theories used to explain male violence against women partners and ex-partners
(www.scotland.gov.uk/resource/doc/925/0063072.pdf).
Unit III: Readings

Asian Development Bank (2010). Overview of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion in
Nepal. Asian Development Bank.
dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno (2061). n}lËs ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f /fli6«o
sfo{of]hgf @)^! .

Holvoet, Nathalie (2006). Gender Budgeting: its Usefulness in Programme-based Approaches

to Aid. Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Antwerp.
Kabeer, N (1994). Gender-aware policy and planning: A social-relations perspective. Oxfam:
Oxford.
Pradhan, Bina (2006). Gender and Human Development in Nepal, in Sriram Raj pande, S.
Tropp, B. Sharma and Y.R. Khatiwada (eds.) Nepal: Readings in Human Development.
Kathmandu: UNDP.
Seguino, Stephanie (2013). Financing for Gender Equality: Reframing and Prioritizing Public
Expenditures to Promote Gender Equality, UN Women.
Sharp, Rhonda, Diane Elson, Monica Costa and Sanjugta Vas Dev (2009). Gender
Responsive Budgeting in the Asia Pacific Region: the Case of Federal Democratic
Republic of Nepal.

42
 Course Title: Research Methodology
Course No.: MRD 575
Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: Second Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Third Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objectives
Rural development is a multidisciplinary discipline that requires knowledge about different
social phenomenon and relationships. The rural development practitioners have to dig out
those social relationships with the help of social science research. In this regard, the course is
aimed to acquaint the students with the knowledge, technique and process of social science
research, preparation of research as well as development project proposals. It aims to help
students to be an independent researcher in rural development issues by making them capable
of following the process of scientific inquiry in rural development issues.
Course Contents LH
Unit I: Conceptual Understanding of Research Methodology 14
1.1 Difference between Method and Methodology
1.2 Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Research and its Triangulation
1.3 Research Process in Quantitative Research Method
1.4 Research Process in Qualitative Research Method
1.5 Ethical Issues and Plagiarism in Research
Unit II: Research Design 10
2.1 Philosophy of Research
2.2 Measurement Theory
2.3 Major Quantitative Research Designs
2.4 Major Qualitative Research Designs
2.5 Reliability and Validity
Unit III: Data Collection and Analysis 16
3.1 Primary and Secondary Sources of Data
3.2 Probability and Non-Probability Sampling Techniques
3.3 Quantitative Techniques and Tools
3.4 Qualitative Techniques and Tools
Unit IV: Scientific Research Writing 8
4.1. Types of Writings
4.2. Exploring Research Issues in Rural Development
4.3. Writing a Proposal

43
 4.4. Organization of the Research Writing
4.5 Presentation of Research Writing
References
Babbie, E.R. (2010). The practice of social research (12th ed.). New York: Wadsworth.
Bailey, K.D. (1994). Methods of social research (Fourth ed.). New York: The Free
Press.
Baker, T.L. (1999). Doing social research (Third Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Higher
Education.
Baskota, S. (2004). Research methodology. Kathmandu: New Hira Books.
Black, T.R. (2002). Understanding social science research. London: Sage Publication.
Blacok, H.M. (1980). Sociological theory and research: A critical appraisal. New
York: Collier Macmillan Publishing.
Creswell, J.H. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among the
five approaches. New Delhi: Sage Publication.
Denzin, N. K. and Y. Lincoln (eds.) (2005). The sage handbook of qualitative research
(Third edition). USA: Thousand Oak, Sage Publication.
Kerlinger, F.N. (2000). Foundation of behavioural research. New Delhi: Surjeet
Publication
Khatri, B.B. (2012). Research and statistics in education. Kathmandu: Kriti Publication
Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Delhi:
New Age International Publishers.
Nachmais, C. F. and D, Nachmais (1996). Research methods in the social sciences.
New York: St. Martin’s Press
Neuman, W. Lawrence (2006). Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative
approaches (sixth edition). India: Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd.
Panta. P.R. (2012). Social science research and thesis writing. Kathmandu: Buddha
Publication.
Punch, K.F. (2005). Introduction to social research: quantitative and qualitative
approaches. London: Sage Publications.
Sharma, P. (2003). A handbook of social science research methodology. Kathmandu:
Kshitiz Prakashan.
Sharma, P. and Wicken, J. (2003). Social science research methods in practical use.
Kathmandu: Kshitiz Prakashan.
Subedi, P.K. (2012). Foundation of scientific research. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak
Bhandar
Subedi, P.K. (2010). Social research methods. Kathmandu: Kirti Publication
Walliman. N, (2006). Social research methods. London: Sage Publication.
Wikinson, T.S. and Bhandarkar, P.L. (1979). Methodology and techniques of social
research. Mumbai: Himalayan Publishing House.
Young, P.V. (2009). Scientific social survey and research(Fourth Ed.). New Delhi:
Prentice Hall.

44
 Course Title: Population, Migration and Remittance

Course No.: MRD 581

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: Second Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Third Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objectives
The objective of this course is to enhance knowledge of students on population and its
interrelationship with migration and remittance. The topics are as follows:
Course Contents LH
Unit I: Fertility, Mortality and Development 15
1.1 Population as a development issue
1.2 Fertility, culture and development
1.3 Mortality, disease and development
Unit II: Migration and Development 10
2.1 Conceptualizing migration
2.2 Relevant theories of migration
2.3 Migration and development linkage
2.4 World migration report 2018
Unit III: Migration and Remittances 15
4.1 Remittances and conceptual Issues
4.2 Determinants of migrant remittances
4.3 Role of remittances in rural development
4.4 Trends in migration and remittances
Unit IV: Migration and Remittances Interrelationship in Nepalese Context 8
3.1 Migration trends and patterns in Nepal
3.2 Labour migration and remittances in Nepal
3.3 Remittances trends in Nepal
References
Gould, W.T.S. (2009). Population and development. UK: Routledge
Ellis, Frank (2003). A livelihoods approach to migration and poverty reduction, Paper
Commissioned by the Department for International Development (DFID), Contract
No.: CNTR 03 4890. The United Kingdom: University of East Anglia.

45
International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2018). World migration report 2018:
Switzerland: IOM
Kathiwada, P.P (2014). International Migration and Citizenship in Nepal. Population
Monograph of Nepal, (VOL. I, p 211-283). Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of
Statistics.
Suwal, B. (2014). Internal Migration in Nepal. Population Monograph of Nepal, (VOL.
I, p 241-239). Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of Statistics.
Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino
and J. Edward Taylor (1994). An evaluation of international migration theory.
Population and Development Review, 20 (4), 699-751.
Ravenstein, E.G. (1889). The Laws of Migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical
Society, 52, 241-305.
Todaro, Michael P. (1997). Internal migration in developing countries: A review of
theory, evidence, methodology and research priorities. Geneva: International
Labour Organization.
United Nations (1990). Convention on the protection of the rights of all migrant
workers and members of their families (CMW). New York: United Nations.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
(2017). International Migration Report 2017: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/404).

46
 Course Title: Human Resources Management (HRM)

Course No.: MRD 582

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: Second Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Fourth Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objective

The objective of the course is to teach the basic concept of human resource management, its
practices, development and management. The course will introduce the students to practices
and techniques for evaluating performance, structuring teams, coaching and mentoring staffs,
and performing the wide range of other people related duties of a manager in today’s
increasingly complex workplace.
Course Contents LH
Unit I: Conceptual Understanding of HRM 10
1.1 The philosophy of HRM (with international perspective)
1.2 Propose of HRM
1.3 HRM as system/model
1.4 Context of HRM
1.5 Characteristics of HRM
1.6 Function of HRM
1.7 Difference between HRM and personal management
1.8 Impact of HR practice on performance
1.9 Roles and responsibilities of HR practitioners
1.10 Critical evaluation of the concept of HRM
Unit II: Human Resources Planning and Development 15
2.1 Human Resources Planning: Importance, Approaches and Process.
2.2 Job Design: Steps, benefits and methods.
2.3 Job Analysis: Components, purposes, techniques
2.4 Job Analysis: Information and data collection methods
2.5 Recruitment: Sources, policies, steps and methods
2.6 Selection: Steps and methods
2.7 Differences between Recruitment and Selection
2.8 Socialization: Purpose and process
2.9 Training and career development: Purpose, need assessment, and method.

47
 2.10 Factors affecting human resource development

Unit III: Human Resource Management 15

3.1 Motivation: Objectives and types
3.2 Performance appraisal: Importance and process
3.3 Compensation Management: Types of compensation, incentive and its purpose
3.4 Employee Discipline: Disciplinary problems and actions
3.5 Employee Relations: Purpose and process, Employee Disputes: types, causes,
prevention and settlement
3.6 Employee Welfare: Objectives and types
Unit IV: Human Resource Management Practices in Nepal 8
4.1 Training and development practices in Nepal
4.2 Existing problems related to training in Civil Service in Nepal
4.3 Career planning and development practices in Nepalese Civil Service
4.4 Bases/Criteria of career development in Nepal as per Public Service Act 1992,
1998, 2005
4.5 Performance appraisal system in the Nepalese Civil Service
References

Armstrong, Michael (2010). Armstrong’s essential human resource management

practice: a guide to people management. India: Replika Press Pvt. Ltd.
Armstrong, M. (2009). Armstrong’s handbook of human resource management
practice. London: Kogan Page.
Aswathappa, K. (2012). Human resource management (6th ed.). New Delhi: Tata
McGraw Hill Education Private Ltd.
Dessler, G. and B. Varkkey (2011). Human resource management (12th ed.). New
Delhi: Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd.
Gupta, C.B. (2008). Human resource management (19th ed.). New Delhi: Sultan Chand
and Sons.
Martin, J. (2010). Key concepts in human resource management. New Delhi: Sage.
Mukherjee, J. (2012). Designing human resource management systems. New Delhi:
Sage Response.

48
 Course Title: Natural Resource Management (NRM)-Optional

Course No.: MRD 583

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: Second Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Fourth Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objectives

This course is prepared to impart students with the knowhow of environmental and natural
resources. Specifically, this course acquaints students with theoretical and practical
knowledge of natural resource management techniques and tools while working in the field
of development.
Course Contents LH
Unit I: Concept of Natural Resources Management 8
1.1 Concept Types and Status of Natural Resources
1.2 Environmental problem/crisis
1.3 Natural resource management and rural development
1.4 Different thought of Human-nature interrelationship (Determinism, Possibilism and
Interactionalism)
Unit II: Issues of Natural Resource Management 12
2.1 Water Induced Disaster and its Management
2.2 Land degradation: Causes and Consequences
2.3 Land Resource Use System: Shifting Cultivation, Transhumance and Integrated Farming
System
2.4 Payment of Environmental Services
2.5 Reducing of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)
Unit III: Approaches, Policy and Practices of Natural Resource Management 13
3.1 Water Related Policies in Nepal
3.2 Natural Resource Conflict Management
3.3 Wetland and watershed Management
3.4 Community based Natural Resource Management
3.5 Common Pool Resource Management (G. Hardin and Then after)
Unit IV: Techniques and Tools for Natural Resources Management 15
4.1 Identification of key environmental issues and determination of priority order
4.2 DPSIR (Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) Analytical Framework
4.3 Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and Social Impact Analysis (SIA)
4.4 Vulnerability Capacity Assessment
49
References

Barrow, C J. (2000). Environmental management: Principle and practices. London:

Routledge
Bhusal, M.P. (2012). Natural resource management (in Nepali). Kathmandu: Pairavi
Prakashan.
Bishop, B C (1991). Karnali under stress: Livelihood strategies and seasonal rhythms in a
changing Nepal Himalaya. Chicago: The University Press.
Brower, B. (1990). Sherap of Khumbu: People, livestock and landscape. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press.
Chhetri R. B. & Gurung O. (Eds.) (1999). Anthropology and sociology in Nepal. Kathmandu:
SASON.
Disaster Review (current). Water induced disaster prevention technical centre (DPTC),
Lalitpur, Nepal.
Environmental Protection Council (1993). Nepal environmental policy and action plan:
Integrated environment and development. Kathmandu: National Planning
Commission.
FAO (1976). A framework for land evaluation 1976. FAO
George, H, Stankey, Roger N, Clark, B & Bormann, T (2005). Adaptive Management of
Natural Resources: Theory, Concepts, and Management Institutions. USDA.
ICIMOD/UNEP/MOEST. (2007). Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook 2007.
Kathmandu: ICIMOD.
Ives, J D & Messerli, B (1989). Himalayan dilemma: Reconciling development and
conservation. London: Routledge.
Karkee, K., (2004). Land degradation in Nepal: A menace to economy and ecosystems
international Master’s Programme in environmental science, University of Lund,
Sweden.
Kenddeigh, S C (1980). Ecology: With special reference to animal and man. New Delhi:
Prentice Hall of India.
Kunwar, K.J. (2008). Payment of Environmental Services: A case study of Shivapuri
National Park, Kathmandu, Nepal. The Initiative 2008. Accessed from
http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/INIT/article/viewFile/2525/2252
MoI (2006). Water induced disaster management policy. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal,
Ministry of Irrigation.
MoWR. (2007). Development of database for irrigation development in Nepal. Lalitpur:
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Water Resources, Department of Irrigation,
Planning, Design, and Monitoring & Evaluation Division.
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The Evolution of institutions for collective
action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pradhan, P.K & Pradhan, B. (2012). Environment and natural resources: Concepts, methods,
planning and management. Kathmandu: Quest Publication.
Shukla et al. (1997). Participatory irrigation management in Nepal, Department of Irrigation,
Kathmandu.
Stevens, S. F. (1993). Claiming the high grounds: Sherpas, submsistences and environmental
change in the highest Himalaya. Berkeley: University of California Press.
UNEP (1997). Global environmental outlook. United Nations Environmental Programme
(UNEP).
UNEP (2001). Nepal: State of the environment 2001. Bangkok: UNEP.

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 Course Title: Marketing and Entrepreneurship Development (Optional)

Course No.: MRDS 584

Nature of the Course: Theory Period per Week: 3
Year: Second Time per Period: 1 hour
Semester: Fourth Total Period: 48
Level: MA

Course Objectives

This course aims to impart student the concept of marketing and entrepreneurship
development. It will enhance their skill to analyze the nature, process and strategies
associated with marketing and its relationship with entrepreneur.
Course Contents LH
Unit I: Foundations of Entrepreneurship 15
1.1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship
1.1.1 Entrepreneurship in economic theory
1.1.2 Conception of entrepreneurship
1.1.3 Entrepreneurship, economic development and Institutions
1.1.4 Entrepreneurship as rural economic development policy
1.2 Theories of Entrepreneurship
1.2.1 Early theories of entrepreneurship (Cantillon to Marshall)
1.2.2 Antecedents to the entrepreneurial-discovery approach
1.2.3 Kirzner’s theory of entrepreneurial discovery
1.2.4 Characteristics of entrepreneurial alertness
1.2.5 Kirzner’s conception of the market process
Unit II: Institutions, Culture and Entrepreneurship 10
2.1 Psychological determinants
2.2 Institutions I: Rule of law, property and contract
2.3 Institutions II: Money, political and legal decentralisation and economic freedom
2.4 Culture and alertness
Unit III: Measuring Entrepreneurship and GEDI 15
2.1 Measuring Basic Entrepreneurship
2.1.1 Self-employment rate
2.1.2 Business ownership rate
2.1.3 Entry and exit rates
2.1.4 GEM and TEAI
2.1.5 Other measures
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 2.2 Designing Composite Entrepreneurship Indicators
2.2.1 Selecting dimensions and indicators
2.2.2 Estimating composite indicators (Methods I-IV)
2.3 Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI)
2.3.1 Global entrepreneurship and development index
2.3.2 Performance by country and country group
2.3.3 Enhancing entrepreneurship ecosystems
2.3.4 Methodology and data description
Unit IV: Entrepreneurship and Business Environment in Nepal 8
4.1 Micro-Enterprise Policies 2008
4.2 Industrial Policies, 2011
4.3 Development of Manufacturing Industries in Nepal
References

Acs, Zoltan, László Szerb & Erkko Autio (2016). Global Entrepreneurship and Development
Index 2015. Switzerland: Springer
Agrawal, G. R. (2006). Entrepreneurship development in Nepal. Kathmandu: MK Publishers
Badi, R.V and NV Badi (2008). Rural Marketing. India: Meena Pandey
Basyal, R. (2008). Rural development, Practices in SAARC countries, some innovative cases.
Kathmandu: Richa Basyal
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (2014). Development of manufacturing industries in
Nepal: Current states and future challenges. Kathmandu: CBS
Dabson, Brian (2007). Entrepreneurship as Rural Economic Development Policy. In Norman
Walzer (Ed.), Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development (pp 21-38).
UK: Lexington Books
Harper, David A. (2003). Foundations of Entrepreneurship and Economic Development.
London: Routledge
Koirala, K. D. (2010). Principles of marketing. Kathmandu: MK Publishers
Kotler, Philip, Gary Armstrong, John Sounders, Veronica Wong (8th Ed.) (1999). Principle of
Marketing. USA: Prentice Hall Inc.
International Labour Organization (ILO) (2005). A Report on micro and small enterprise
policy review in Nepal. Kathmandu: ILO
Montanye, James A. (2006). Entrepreneurship. The Independent Review, 10 (4), 547-569.
Nuadé, Wim (Ed.) (2011). Entrepreneurship and economic development. UK: Palgrave
Macmillan in Association with United Nations University
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2003). Entrepreneurship
support for target groups. In Entrepreneurship and local economic development:
Programme and policy recommendation (pp. 107-118). France: OECD
Parker, Simon C (2009). The Economics of Entrepreneurship. UK: Cambridge University
Press

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Poudel, K. L. (2008). Agribusiness management. Nepal: HICAST
Stam, Erik (2008). Entrepreneurship and innovation. In B. Nooteboom & E. Stam (Eds.),
Micro-foundations for innovation policy (pp. 135-172). Amsterdam University
Press.
Walzer, Norman (Ed.) (2007). Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development. UK:
Lexington Books
Yadav, R. (2002). A new perspective on rural marketing. India: Jico Publishing House.

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