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MALUNGON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Poblacion, Malungon
Sarangani, Philippines

Chapter I
Background and It’s Setting
Introduction

Reading comprehension is one of the most important skills in the 21st

century. We have entered a new era that many refer to as the information Age.
Where books are available online and comprehension is a must. However, there
are three levels of reading comprehension Literal, Inferential, and Evaluative
comprehension.
The National reading panel (2000) explicitly revealed that comprehension
is highly complex cognitive process involving the interaction between the reader
and the text to meaning. On one hand, Van Den Broke (2012) supported the
claim that reading comprehension is the process of simultaneously extracting
and constructing meaning through interaction and involvement with written
language. Reading comprehension is a complex interaction automatic and
strategic cognitive process that enables the reader to create mental
representation of the texts.

Literal comprehension, the reading comprehension, requires that a

student be able to extract information that is explicitly stated in a passage
(Carnine et al.2009). Inferential comprehension can be viewed as a logical
extension of recognition step of literal comprehension proposed by Rupley and
Blair (1983) in that readers are required to go beyond recognizing that facts are
derived from a passage to actually interacting with a text to make inferences
about meanings not explicitly stated in the texts(Applegate, Quinn, and
Applegate, 2002) The third and most complex level of reading comprehension
proposed by all levels of comprehension theory is Evaluative comprehension.
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MALUNGON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, Malungon
Sarangani, Philippines

Evaluative comprehension can be seen as an extension of the knowledge, skills,

and strategies required of literal and inferential comprehension tasks.
The creation of these new meanings and relationships that extend beyond the
scope of text. The creation of these new meanings and relationships involves a
myriad of different skills including divergent thinking, critical analysis, synthesis,
and evaluation (Bacca et al...2009). Thus, the researchers aim to find out the
Reading Comprehension of SHS Students in Answering there LAS during the
academic year 2021-2021
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MALUNGON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, Malungon
Sarangani, Philippines

Statement of the Problem

This study aims for the demonstration of the Reading Comprehension of

SHS Students in Answering the LAS during the academic year 2021-2022.

Specifically, it seeks to answerer the following questions:

1. What was the Reading Comprehension of SHS Students in Answering

the LAS?

2. How did the SHS Students develop their comprehensive skills?

3. What is the effect of Low Reading comprehension to students?

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Sarangani, Philippines

Significance of the Study

This study aimed to demonstrate the Reading Comprehension of SHS

Students in Answering the LAS. Study aimed to provide important help to the

following:

SHS Students. It will help them to know and give knowledge of what

capacity of comprehension they know and they have to focus on. This study

helps specially for coming college student that they will know the reading

comprehension.

The School Administrators. The results of this study will give them the

chance to develop our learning equipment like modules and even their online

posts. It also provides them the chance to give attention to our reading facilities.

The Parents and Stakeholders. It provides them the chance to be aware

of how their students develop progress. As parent, guidance is always one the

secrets of student's success.

The teachers. This study helps the teachers in developing reading

comprehension of the students. The result will give them an insight on how to

develop reading comprehension in accordance to student’s needs.

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Sarangani, Philippines

The researchers. It gives them a wisdom as they encountered an

experience that would help to develop their critical thinking skills.

Future researchers. This serves as a reference and guide for them to

develop their study. It helps them to see a possible outcome of their topic.

Scope and Delimitations

This study focuses on the Senior High School Students of Malungon

National High School during the academic year 2021-2022

This involves a survey for those who are the students of Senior High School.

The selection of respondents are only limited since there are lots of students

study in Malungon National High School Senior High Student. We limit the

respondent also because of period we experienced and we gather this research

by following the guidelines of DOH for the Health protocols.

This research is designed to have a thorough knowledge of problems

and know the Reading Comprehension of SHS Students in Answering there

LAS. And how to them solve their problems by being aware of the programs of

Department of Education.
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Sarangani, Philippines

Definition of Terms

To make a better understanding of the study, the following terms were

defined.

Comprehension- The act or action of grasping with the intellect:

understanding children who have difficulty with comprehension of spoken

language what the artist actually needs is comprehension of his aims and ideals

by men he respects— H. L. Mencken

Demonstrate- To show something clearly by giving proof or evidence.

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS (LAS) - Relative to the implementation of

new normal for the incoming School Year 2020-2021, the development of the

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) shall be based on the Most Essential Learning

Competencies (MELC) issued by the Central Office. The LAS shall be utilized

by learners during the home learning sessions.

Reading Comprehension- Conceptually, it requires the reader to actually

know and understand what they are reading Prado and Plourde (2005).

Reading- is a multifaceted process involving word recognition,

comprehension, fluency, and motivation. Reading is making meaning from print.

It requires that we: Identify the words in print – a process called word

recognition. Construct an understanding from them – a process called

comprehension.
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Senior High School- a secondary school that students attend in the three

or four highest grades before college. A high school where someone is a

freshman, sophomore, junior and senior in 9 th, 10th, 11th and 12th grades is an

example of a senior high school. Noun.

Chapter II

Review of related literature and studies

This chapter presented the necessary and important readings that will

support the Reading Comprehension of SHS Students in Answering there LAS.

The researchers decided to use related readings to give and support the ideas

which will make the study stronger.

Reading comprehension is among the most complex human activities. To

understand this sentence, for example one must visually process the words;

identify their phonological, orthographic, and semantic representations, connect

the words using rules of syntax to understand the underlying meaning of the

sentence (Pernetti 2014).

Reading comprehension involves two levels of processing, shallow (low-level)

processing and deep (high-level) processing. Deep processing

involves semantic processing, which happens when we encode the meaning of

a word and relate it to similar words. Shallow processing involves structural and

phonemic recognition, the processing of sentence and word structure, i.e. first-
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Sarangani, Philippines

order logic, and their associated sounds. This theory was first identified

by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart.

Grasser (2015) shared that understanding the meaning of each sentence,

however, is not sufficient. One must integrate that meaning across sentences,

make use of relevant background knowledge, generate inferences, identify the

text structure, and take into consideration the authors goals and motives.

Skilled readers unconsciously and effortlessly move from one strategy to the

next, as they move into through, and then out of the text.

They engage in ''envisionmett building'' a partnership with the author, in which

reader and text join to create a world that readers are willingly enter into,

navigate through, wonder about, and then move out of with thoughtful reflection

(Graesser,2015)

It is unsurprising that effective comprehension requires a reader to draw

on a wide range of knowledge and skills including fluent word and text reading,

vocabulary, and background knowledge, awareness of text structures, and a

variety of text-focused thinking strategies (Elleman and Oslund, 2019)

Reading comprehension requires instruction that builds this array of

knowledge, skills, and strategy (Elleman and Oslund,2019).

Oakhill et al, (2019) stated that decades of research have demonstrated

that reading comprehension is a complex process and, consequently, that

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Poblacion, Malungon
Sarangani, Philippines

instruction of any single skill or strategy is unlikely to have a strong impact on

students’ comprehension.

Reading requires in addition to the ability to decode a written text and the

comprehension of reading-identifying the meaning of the word and message to

be transmitted (Doing and Ulga 2021) Reading comprehension is important for

academic success and is a skill required for many activities in school and

beyond. (Haman and Casey 2016)

Rouchman (2018) shared that current methods for teaching reading

comprehension tend to emphasize the products of comprehension and neglect

the process of comprehension.

Across many languages, research has shown that reading comprehension can

be explained by individual differences in these two components, though the

relative relationship of the components changes over time (Catts, 2018)

According to national and international tests of literacy, such as the Program for

International Student Assessment (PISA) and National Assessment of

Educational Progress (National Assessment of Education Progress [NAEP]),

students in the United States are unable to do relatively easy literacy tasks such

as locate relevant information to determine the main idea of a text or make

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Poblacion, Malungon
Sarangani, Philippines

simple inferences (Kastberg, Chan, & Murray, 2016; National Center for

Education Statistics, 2017).

These models indicate that vocabulary, both directly and indirectly, is consistently

the strongest predictor of reading comprehension for younger adolescents.

Furthermore, these models also demonstrated that, although not as strong as

vocabulary, inference-making and background knowledge also had strong direct

and indirect effects on comprehension. As students get older, inference-making

plays a stronger direct role in comprehension than vocabulary (Cromley et al.,

2010, replicated by Ahmed et al., 2016).

Not only does inference ability predict reading comprehension, it is also

malleable through instruction. In a meta-analysis of inference intervention

studies, teaching inferences improved general comprehension as well as

inferential and literal comprehension skills (Elleman, 2017).

Most interventions included fewer than 10 hr of instruction, implying that teaching

inference strategies is useful, and extended practice as a context-independent

skill may not be necessary (Willingham, 2017).

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Sarangani, Philippines

CHAPTER III

Methodology

This chapter presents the method and procedures used by the

researchers in conducting the study. This includes the research design,

research locale, respondents of the study, the instruments used in gathering

data procedures and analyzing it.

Research design

A descriptive survey was the design used in this study. This method

helped the researchers to plan and carry out the design to provide descriptive

details about the people, places, and phenomena. It was used in demonstrating

the Reading Comprehension of SHS Students in Answering in their LAS.

According to Clamorin (2014) a survey is useful in providing the value of facts

focusing attention on the most important things to be reported.

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Sarangani, Philippines

Research Locale

The research locale of this study was at the Malungon National High

School. Located in Poblacion Malungon Sarangani Province, Municipality of

Malungon is a 1st class municipality in the province of Sarangani, Philippines.

Malungon is a landlocked town at the north-eastern part of Sarangani. Malungon

is Sarangani gateway to the Davao region. Bordering General Santos City and

the Province of Davao Del Sur, the town offers a lot of potential for business

ventures. Investors have already poured in capital for banana, mango,

sugarcane, and palm oil plantations.

The respondents will be interviewed in their houses/virtual meeting/ school or

any comfortable place that the respondent will choose to. The researchers also

gathered respondents residing in what they want to. These respondents will be

interviewed via video chat. The researchers chose the place of implementation

because it will give the researchers the needed information for students. The

study will be conducted in the first semester of the academic year 2021-2021

Research respondents

The respondents of this study were 10 students of Malungon National

High School Senior High Student during the academic year 2020-2021.

Data Gathering Procedures

A descriptive survey following the adopted method from Clamorin (2014)

was utilized in data analysis of this study. A prepared questionnaire made by

researchers used in gathering data from the respondents. Data were analyzed
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Sarangani, Philippines

and interpreted applying the mean and the percentage in drawing the findings,

conclusions, and recommendations.

Research Instruments

The study utilized the entry guide question. According to Calmorin and

Calmorin (2014) this approach to the problem solving seeks to answer the

questions to real facts relating to existing conditions. The researchers used a

questionnaire in order to demonstrate the Reading Comprehension of SHS

Students in Answering there LAS. The questionnaire was validated by the

authorized persons who have enough knowledge about the research.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter present the summary of findings and reflections of the research
study.
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Sarangani, Philippines

Guide Question
Direction: Read and answer the question. You can explain your answer in
TAGLISH.

1. What is your understanding about reading comprehension?

2. How many times you read your LAS before you answer? Why?
3. For you, is it important to have a reading comprehension? Why?
4. What is the role of reading comprehension in you being a student?
5. How important to have a reading comprehension
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CHAPTER IV
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Sarangani, Philippines