list of common Linux commands at the L1/L2 level that can be helpful for management
and troubleshooting:
### System Information
- **`uname -a`**: Displays system information, including the kernel version.
- **`hostname`**: Shows the system’s hostname.
- **`uptime`**: Shows how long the system has been running, along with load
averages.
- **`df -h`**: Displays disk space usage in a human-readable format.
- **`free -h`**: Displays memory usage in a human-readable format.
- **`top`**: Displays real-time system processes and resource usage.
- **`htop`**: An enhanced version of `top` (may need to install).
- **`lscpu`**: Displays information about the CPU architecture.
- **`lsblk`**: Lists all block devices and their mount points.
### File and Directory Management
- **`ls`**: Lists files in a directory.
- **`cd`**: Changes the current directory.
- **`cp`**: Copies files or directories.
- **`mv`**: Moves or renames files or directories.
- **`rm`**: Removes files or directories.
- **`mkdir`**: Creates a new directory.
- **`rmdir`**: Removes an empty directory.
- **`find /path/to/search -name filename`**: Searches for files by name.
### User Management
- **`whoami`**: Displays the current user.
- **`id`**: Shows user and group information for the current user.
- **`useradd username`**: Adds a new user.
- **`usermod -aG groupname username`**: Adds a user to a group.
- **`passwd username`**: Changes a user’s password.
- **`groupadd groupname`**: Creates a new group.
### Process Management
- **`ps aux`**: Displays a snapshot of current processes.
- **`kill PID`**: Kills a process by its Process ID (PID).
- **`pkill process_name`**: Kills processes by name.
- **`bg`**: Resumes a suspended job in the background.
- **`fg`**: Brings a background job to the foreground.
### Network Management
- **`ifconfig`** or **`ip addr`**: Displays network interfaces and their
configuration.
- **`ping hostname`**: Tests connectivity to a host.
- **`traceroute hostname`**: Traces the route packets take to a network host.
- **`netstat -tuln`**: Lists listening ports and active connections.
- **`ss -tuln`**: Shows socket statistics (more modern than `netstat`).
- **`curl http://example.com`**: Fetches a URL to test connectivity.
- **`nslookup domain.com`**: Queries DNS to get domain information.
### Log Management
- **`tail -f /var/log/syslog`**: Monitors the system log in real time.
- **`cat /var/log/auth.log`**: Displays authentication-related logs.
- **`dmesg`**: Displays kernel ring buffer messages.
### Package Management (Debian/Ubuntu)
- **`apt update`**: Updates package lists.
- **`apt upgrade`**: Upgrades installed packages.
- **`apt install package_name`**: Installs a package.
- **`apt remove package_name`**: Removes a package.
### Package Management (Red Hat/CentOS)
- **`yum update`**: Updates packages.
- **`yum install package_name`**: Installs a package.
- **`yum remove package_name`**: Removes a package.
### Disk Usage
- **`du -sh /path/to/dir`**: Displays the disk usage of a directory.
- **`du -h --max-depth=1`**: Displays the size of directories at a specific depth.
### System Shutdown/Restart
- **`shutdown now`**: Immediately shuts down the system.
- **`reboot`**: Restarts the system.
- **`poweroff`**: Powers off the machine.
### Miscellaneous
- **`history`**: Displays the command history.
- **`man command`**: Displays the manual page for a command.
- **`chmod permissions filename`**: Changes the permissions of a file.
- **`chown user:group filename`**: Changes the owner and group of a file.
These commands cover a range of basic system management and troubleshooting tasks.
Make sure to use commands with caution, especially those that modify or delete
files and processes.
