MAGNETIC FLUX:

Magnetic flux through an enclosed area is the

number of magnetic field lines cutting through a
surface area A, defined by unit area vector.
The unit of magnetic flux is weber, where, 1 Wb =
1 T/m2.
Magnetic flux (фB) is related to number of field
lines passing through a given area.
If magnetic field is changing, the changing.
magnetic flux will be fB= NBA cos θ, where θ is
the
angle between magnetic field and normal to the
plane.
 The flux depends on both the strength of the
magnetic field (B) and the orientation of the
surface with respect to the field.
Mathematically, it is expressed as the
product of the magnetic field strength, the
surface area, and the cosine of the angle
between the magnetic field lines and the
normal to the surface.

MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

 FARADAY'S LAW OF EMI

Faraday’s First Law:

It states that whenever a conductor is placed in varying
magnetic field, an emf is induced which is known as induced
emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, current is also
induced which is called Alternating current.

Faraday’s Second Law:

It states that the induced emf is equal to the rate of change
of flux linkage where flux linkage is the product of number
of turns in the coil and flux associated with the coil.

fB is magnetic flux through the circuit and is represented as φB

=BdA
INDUCED CURRENT

Induced current, a fundamental concept in

electromagnetism, refers to the generation of an electric
current in a conductor due to a changing magnetic field.
This phenomenon is encapsulated by Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, named after the renowned
physicist Michael Faraday.

When a magnetic field around a conductor changes, it

induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the conductor,
resulting in the flow of an electric current if the circuit is
closed. This principle underlies the operation of generators,
transformers, and various electrical devices.

Faraday's law mathematically expresses the induced EMF

(�E) as the negative rate of change of magnetic flux (ΦΦ)
through a surface bounded by the conductor:
The direction of the induced current follows Lenz's law,
stating that the induced current opposes the change in
magnetic flux that produced it. This counteraction
ensures the conservation of energy.

Applications of induced current are widespread.

Generators utilize rotational motion to produce a
changing magnetic field, inducing a current in the wire
coils. Transformers use electromagnetic induction to
transfer electrical energy between different circuits.
Inductive charging systems for devices like electric
toothbrushes and smartphones also rely on induced
currents.

Understanding induced current is crucial in designing

efficient electrical systems and devices, making it a
cornerstone in the realm of electromagnetism and
electrical engineering.
 LENZ LAW

Lenz's Law, a key principle in electromagnetism,

articulates the direction of induced currents resulting
from electromagnetic induction. Formulated by
Heinrich Lenz in 1834, it states that the induced
electromotive force (EMF) and the induced current in a
conductor will always work in a direction that opposes
the change in magnetic flux that produced them.
In simpler terms, if there is a magnetic field changing
around a conductor, Lenz's Law dictates that the induced
current will create its own magnetic field, opposing the
original change. This opposition is a manifestation of the
law of conservation of energy – the energy required to
produce the change in magnetic flux is transformed into
electrical energy, impeding the initial chang

This law plays a pivotal role in numerous applications,

from generators and transformers to everyday devices. It
ensures that induced currents act in a way to counteract
the changing magnetic field, preventing perpetual motion
and maintaining the integrity of energy conservation in
electromagnetic processes.
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
Electromotive Force (EMF) is a concept in
electromagnetism that refers to the electric potential
difference, or voltage, induced in a conductor or a circuit
when exposed to a changing magnetic field or any other
process that can produce an electric current. Despite its
name, EMF doesn't actually force electrons to move; rather,
it represents the potential for electron movement within a
circuit.

The unit of EMF is the volt (V), and it's denoted by the
symbol E. When there's a change in magnetic flux (Φ)
through a conductor, Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction states that an EMF is induced.
The negative sign in the equation represents Lenz's Law,
stating that the induced EMF and resulting current will
oppose the change in magnetic flux that produced them.

EMF is a fundamental concept in the operation of

electrical devices. In a battery, for example, chemical
reactions generate an EMF that drives the flow of
electrons in a circuit. Similarly, generators convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy by inducing an
EMF in coils as they rotate within a magnetic field.
Transformers utilize EMF to transfer electrical energy
between different circuits.
 MOTIONAL EMF

Motional electromotive force (emf) is a phenomenon in

electromagnetism that arises when a conductor moves
through a magnetic field, inducing a voltage along the
conductor. This concept is a fundamental aspect of
electromagnetic induction and plays a crucial role in
various technological applications.

When a conductor, such as a wire, cuts through magnetic

field lines or moves perpendicular to the magnetic field, it
experiences a change in magnetic flux. According to
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, this change
in magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf) in
the conductor. The magnitude of this induced emf is
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
This formula illustrates that the emf is directly
proportional to the magnetic field strength, the velocity of
the conductor, and the length of the conductor within the
magnetic field.

Motional emf is a key principle behind the operation of

electric generators, where mechanical energy is converted
into electrical energy. It is also a fundamental concept in
understanding the behavior of charged particles in
magnetic fields, as seen in devices like particle
accelerators.
 SELF INDUCTION

Self-induction is a phenomenon in electromagnetism that

occurs when a changing current in a coil of wire induces
an electromotive force (emf) in the same coil. This
process is a manifestation of Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, and it has several important
implications in the design and functioning of electrical
devices.

Basic Principle: When the current flowing through a coil

changes, it produces a changing magnetic field around the
coil. According to Faraday's law, this change in magnetic
field induces an emf in the coil itself. The induced emf
opposes the change in current that produced it, following
Lenz's law. This opposition to the change in current is
known as self-induction.
Self-Inductance: Self-inductance, represented by the
symbol L, is a measure of how much a coil opposes the
change in current flowing through it. It depends on
factors such as the number of turns in the coil, the coil's
geometry, and the permeability of the material within the
coil.

Applications:

1. Transformers: Self-induction is a crucial aspect of

transformers, where two coils (primary and
secondary) are magnetically coupled. The changing
current in the primary coil induces a varying
magnetic field, which, in turn, induces a voltage in the
secondary coil.
2. Choke Coils: Choke coils are designed to introduce
self-inductance into a circuit to block high-frequency
alternating current while allowing direct current or
low-frequency signals to pass.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Help from teachers

NCERT textbook
Reference book (S.L. Arora)
Physics Lab Manual
[Link]
ChatGPT
 CONTENT

MAGNETIC FLUX
FARADAY'S LAW OF EMI
INDUCED CURRENT
LENZ LAW
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
MOTIONAL EMF
SELF INDUCTION