#e of 2 [Link] 2NG “es A xs Notes Analysis of Interpersonal Relationship - Part 2 Transactional Analysis & Johari Window Transactional Analysis, Ego States Transactions Life Positions Stroke Utility of Transactional Analysis Limitations of Transactional Analysis Johari Window Transactional Analysis & Johari Window Transactional Analysis Transactional Analysis (TA) refers to a method EE EEE, cone person responds to another. The study of these interactions between people is called transactional analysis. TA was originally developed by urses in TA are given to managers to help them improve interpersonal communication and effectiveness. ; Ego States According to TA, everyone's personality is made up of three parts, called ego states.sf An ego state is ‘a pattern of behaviour that a person develops as he or she grows up, based on his or her There are three ego states: Parent Ego The parent ego state of a person comprises the judgemental, value-laden, rulemaking, Characteristics of a fia acting with the parent ego include being overprotective, Adult Ego An adult ego state is based upon reasoning, seeking and providing information. A person interacting with an adult ego views people as equal, worthy, and responsible human beings. It is based on rationality.This ego state can be identifi ful Though certain values which are formed in childhood are rarely erased, an individual at the later stage of life may block his child and parent ego states and use his adult ego only based on his experience. He/she updates the present data to determine what is valid and what is not. Similarly, he also updates the child data to determine which feelings should be expressed. Thus, he/she keeps and controls emotional expressions appropriately. Child Ego The child ego constitutes the emotional creative, spontaneous, and impulsive child ego ai + The child ego is characterized by non-logical and immediate actions which result in ‘pmediseeatisiection + The ego states are not tied to one’s chronological age. In the course of daily interactions, adults are likely to display all three ego states though one state may predominate. + Three things about ego states are worth noting. Fis, SST Seo oo Tee ees th aspeyseh arch Second, each ego state has both nein fears Thirdly, we can find isi observing not only the words used but alst Transactions When people interact, they involve in a transaction with others. Thus, when a stimulus (verbal or non-verbal) from a person is being responded by another person, a transaction is said to occur. + The transaction is routed from ego states, Depending on the ego states of persons involved in transactions, there may be four types of transactions-eyelet ea Non-complementary Transactions Time Ut Tadley) Cer TM Ue uksLetCola) They are complementary transactions when the ego states of the sender and receiver in the opening transaction are simply reversed in the response. Here, the message by a person gets the predicted response from other people. + Here the transaction is complementary because both are acting in the perceived and expected ego states, Usually, in such a case both persons are satisfied and communication is complete. Another characteristic of this type of communication is the continuous open communication between the parties to communicate. In all, there can be eight complementary transactions. These are adult-adult, child-child, parent-parent, parent-child Parent adult, child-parent, adult-parent and child-adult. Notes Analysis of Interpersonal Rlaonship «Part 2$= Iwant you to be more careful in S By what time, would you finish handling machines. / your job ? ; W = Sit,ifyousay so, would be more W_ : I think it would be finished by * careful. 3.30PM. Non-Complementary Transactions Non-complementary transactions or crossed transactions occur when the stimulus and response lines are not parallel. This happens when the person who initiates the — [ & For instance, Manager: | find that your workplace is very dirty Employee: I don't mind as long as my performance is up to mark In this case, but il is blocked. Conflict often follows soon afterwards. e because the line of communication is The crossed transa In such a case, the manager might ry again for adult communication. refuse to play Another alternative for the managers may be to move the parent-child state in order to resume communication with the employee.In general, Adult-to-adult transaction is likely to be most effective at work. This kind of transaction encourages problem-solving, treats people as reasonable equals, and reduces the probability of emotional conflicts between them. GS Bye OxX® OA© Oo © © F : Lav told you tine and agin F Why is your workstation #0 Satiwantonceeuaronting: Gy 70nd cane W + ei rez tating wassoW You cant tel me tht lng as ile OX twoddrewacrmy © Tam mecing ny peedeeicn proien ‘es Ulterior Transaction Utterior trax meaning. When an ulterior message is sent, it is often disguised in a socially acceptable way. On the surface level , whereas it carries, Ulterior transactions, like blocked transactions, are undesirable. Communication is an ulterior transaction that proceeds as follows: Employee: How is my work performance? Manager: It's wonderfull Gallows Transaction smile ir(esponse to a . Other examples oF gallows + Ateacher getting amused at the stupid behaviour of her favourite student, transactions can be: Notes Analysis of interpersonal Relaionship- Pat 2 6+ Amother laughing at the falling of her child * A father beaming over the risk his son has taken and thereby losing in business Life Positions In the process of growing up, people make Our life positions are shaped by our early experiences and these positions consist of whether we view ourselves and others as ‘OK’ or ‘not OK’. Being ‘OK’ refers to notions of being good or worthy. ‘A: LIFE POSITIONS + This concept was given by “Eric Berne” To define the classification of life positions, Berne introduced the concept of being “Ok”, which consisted of being fair with oneself and others, as well as seeing oneself and others as having equal rights, The following are the classification- 1. I'm OK ~ you're OK 2. I'm OK — you're not OK 3. I'm not OK — you're OK 4. I'm not OK — you're not OK Im not OK-you're not Here, people tend to feel bad about themselves and see the world as OK miserable. People with ths life position tend to give up. They don’ttrust others and have no confidence in themselves. Here, people often feel that others are generally more competent Im not OK-you'te OK than they are and generally have fewer problems. They tend to think that they always get ‘the short end of the stick’ Here, people tend to watch others closely because they think no one ImOK-yourenot OK can be trusted as they can, They are often dominate Tis poor Is considered cs HSPN an eat, People occupying this position will hold the belief that all people are innately worthy and valuable. I'm OK - you're OK People occupying this position are collaborative and accepting of themselves and others. Stroke ‘Strokes are exchanged whenever two persons interact with each other. The term ‘stroke’ refers to giving some kind of recognition to the other. It may or may not involve physical touching, As we grow trom infancy to childhood and aduthood, we do not entirely lose our need for stroking, a part of ori hysical stroking seems to be satisfied with symbolic stroki eded even by the adults. It implies es of recognition such A stroke is a unit of recognition, which may be positive or negative. People, generally, have a pervasive need for recognition and approval. Examples of positive strokers are “You did a great job.” “Would you like to join us for lunch 2" Positive strokers make one feel good and contribute to a person's sense of being OK. Negative strokers hurt physically or emotionally and make us feel less OK. Utility of Transactional Analysis The understanding of Transactional Analysis leads to the following benefits: 1. Training in TA can give people fresh insights into their own personalities, and it also can help times respond as they do. Its major benef Amanager can sense when crossed communication occurs and then can takesteps to restore complementary communication, preferably in the adult to the adult pattern. The result would be an improvement in interpersonal transactions. 2. Transactional analysis can be used as a technique for the resolution of 3. Itcan also be used as a measure of contol over their subordinates 4. TAis an impot it. It is used in business and industry as a way to increase ility of executives to cope with problems and deal more sensibly with people. Limitations of Transactional Analysis 1. iis difcut to understand ego states and transactions between people in practice, particularly for less educated people. 2. TAcan be used as a put-down in interpersonal relation: this tool to manipulate the behaviour of others as in the 3. Very few scientific studies are available to corroborate the effectiveness of transactional analysis in practice. Johari Window Johari Window is a popular framework for understanding the dynamics of interpersonal relations. This model was developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham and the term ‘Johari’ was coined by combining the first few letters of their names.| —-|—| Johari Window is made up of four different quadrants that together represent a total ‘Sometimes, awareness forms a shared thing and sometimes, it does not. There may be something which an individual knows about others and something he or she does not know. As awareness changes among patties to a relationship, the quadrant indicating the prevailing psychological condition will also change. The four quadrants in the Johari Window are discussed below: ‘+ Open (or public) Self: The open quadrant refers to states about an individual, such as behaviours, feelings, and motives that he knows and is willing to share with others, Sometimes, in a relationship, the individual is straightforward, open and sharing. itis clear to both what he is doing, how he is feeling, and what his motives are. + Blind Self: The blind quadrant refers to states about an individual known to others but not known to him. Other people know what is happening to him but he is not, aware of it. Often, such blind behaviour is copied by the individual from significant people unconsciously, right from childhood. Because such behaviour is copied unconsciously, people may not be aware of it. We may speak in a certain way — with a tone of voice, a look on our face, a gesture = that we are blind to, but other people are acutely aware of it. In fact, our manner can affect how they perceive us and they believe they can interact with us. Notes Analysis of interpersonal Relaionship- Pat 2 10+ Hidden Self: The hidden quadrant refers to states about the individual known to him but not known to others. This is private and only the person concerned knows what is happening. The hidden selt is within the vision of the individual but he does not want to share it with others. People learn to hide many feelings and ideas right from their childhood. + Unknown self: The unknown quadrant refers to states that neither the individual nor other people know about him. The unknown self is mysterious. Many times, motives and feelings go very deep and no one, including the person concerned, knows about these. People often experience these parts of life in dreams in deep- rooted fears or compulsions. These acts, feelings, and motives remain vague and unclear to people until they allow them to surface. The Johari Awareness Model gives an important insight and the interpersonal processes. The four quad id. made in these through the interpersonal processes of ‘hidden self can be reduced and the ‘open self’ increased through the disclosure process Likewise, the ‘feedback’ process can be used to decrease ‘the blind self’ and simultaneously increase the ‘open self’. In other words, others must give and the individual must use the ‘feedback’ in social encounters. It forms the means whereby the individual encourages, supports and presents himself or herself as open to the disclosure of others.