“Creating Noble Minds”

Pravara Rural Education Society’s

Padmashri Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Institute of Technology and

Engineering (POLYTECHNIC), Pravaranagar (Loni)
“Awarded Excellent Grade by MSBTE, Mumbai”
“Best Campus Award by ISTE, New Delhi

Welcome
Estimating & Costing ( 22503)
Unit-1 Fundamentals of Estimating and Costing
by
Prof. G. P. Walhekar
 Estimating & Costing

Estimating: It is defined as the procedure of working out the probable

cost of work

Purposes of estimating:-
• To know the approximate cost of proposed work.
• To obtain administrative approval and technical sanction.
• To know the requirement of tools, plants and equipment.
• To fix up the completion period.
• To draw up a construction schedule and programme.
• To invite tender for execution of work.
• To keep control over expenditure during construction.

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 2
Costing : It is the process of determining actual cost of work
before the execution of work.

Purpose of Costing:-
• To arrange the finance for proposed work.
• To know the probable cost of project before the execution.
• For valuation of existing property
• To know the cost of various items, well in advance, to be
constructed

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 3
Types of Estimate
1. Approximate estimate.
a. Plinth area method.
b. Cubic content method.
c. Service unit method.
d. Approximate quantity method.
e. Typical bay method.

1. Plinth area method: -

• This is prepared on the basis of Plinth Area of building. The rates
are calculated from the cost of similar building having similar
specification, height & construction, in the locality.
• Plinth area estimate is calculated by finding the plinth area of the
proposed building & multiplying by the plinth area rate.
• The plinth area should be calculated for the covered area by taking
external dimension of the building at the floor level.
• Approximate cost = Plinth area x Plinth area rate
Prof. G. P. Walhekar 4
2. Cubical content method:-
• This method is generally used for multi-storied buildings. It is more accurate
that the other two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method.
• The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical contents
(Volume of buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate.
• The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The
length and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off set.
The cost of string course, cornice, corbelling etc., is neglected.
• The cost of building = volume of building x Rate per unit volume.
3) Service unit method:-
• In service unit method no. of service unit is decided for calculating
approximate estimate, such as per kilometre for a highway, per meter of a span
for a bridge, per classroom for school building, per bed for hospital, per litre
for water tanks, per seat for cinema hall etc.
• These units are considering first then approximate cost is calculated by
multiplying the cost per service unit by the no. of service unit in the structure.
• Approximate estimate = No. of service unit x Cost per service unit

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 5
4. Approximate quantity method:-
• In this method, various quantities are worked out with the help of many
short-cuts. For instance, the wall foundations are measured in linear
measurements i.e., in running meters.
• The approximate quantities of items such as excavation, foundation
concrete, brickwork up to plinth level and damp-proof course are computed
per running length and with the help of rates of these items, a fairly
accurate rate per running meter.
• This rate when multiplied by the total running measurement gives the
approximate cost of the building up to plinth level. Similarly, the
superstructure is measured in running measurements and a suitable rate per
running meter is built-up including brickwork, inside and outside finishing,
woodwork, etc.
5. Typical bay method:-
• This method is used for the buildings have similar column spans over a
larger area such as factory buildings, go-downs, railway platform.
• Cost of each bay is found out by using other method of estimation. Then
the cost of whole factory building is worked out by multiplying the total
number of bays by the cost of construction for each bay.
• Approximate cost = No. of bays x Cost of one bay
Prof. G. P. Walhekar 6
2. Detail estimate.
a. Original or new estimate.
b. Revised estimate.
c. Supplementary estimate.
d. Annual repairs and maintenance estimate.
Revised estimate:
Revised estimate is a detailed estimate and is required to be prepared under any
one of the following circumstances.
i) When the original sanctioned estimate is likely to exceed by more than 5%.
ii) When the expenditure on a work exceeds or likely to exceeds the amount of
administrative sanctioned by more than 10%.
iii) If there is change of rate or quantity of materials.
iv) Major additions or alterations are introduced in original work.
Supplementary estimate.
• It is detailed estimate of additional work and is prepared when additional works
or changes are required to supplement the original works, during the execution
of work.
• Then a fresh detailed estimate of additional works is prepared in addition to the
original works.
• The abstract should show the amount of the original estimate and the total
amount including the Supplementary amount, for which sanctioned is required.

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 7
Use of different types of Estimate
1) For Preliminary Discussion – Approximate Estimate
2) For Execution of Technical Sanction- Detailed Estimate
3) If in the project work there is change in design and planning
& actual cost of construction increases by 5 to 10% - Revised
Estimate
4) During the execution of main work if it is found necessary of
additional work- Supplementary Estimate
5) To maintain and repair any structure- Maintenance and
repair estimate

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 8
Role and Responsibilities of Estimator
1) To prepare list of items as per drawings
2) To Calculate quantities of items of works
3) To express all quantities in correct units of measurement
4) To prepare estimate as per detail drawings and specification
5) To study rate analysis of item of work
6) To prepare measurement sheet and abstract sheet
7) To make provision of contingencies and work charge
establishment in estimate
8) To make provision of funds for lifts, air conditioning plant,
electrification plumbing in the total estimate
9) To prepare checklist of items with their specification.

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 9
Administrative approval & Technical Sanction

i) Administrative approval:-
It is the permission given by the highest authority of the user
department for the execution of proposed project on the basis of
approximate estimate of the project.

ii) Technical Sanction:-

It is the sanction given by the highest authority of the executive
department to the detailed estimate of the proposed project prepared by
executive division.

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 10
Check list of items of work in load bearing
structure
• Site clearance.
• Excavation for foundations.
• P. C. C. in foundations.
• Brick / UCR masonry in foundations.
• U.C. R. masonry in plinth.
• Damp proof course at plinth level.
• Plinth filling with hard murum.
• Brick Work (or stone masonry) in Superstructure.
• Providing and fixing door and window frames.
• Lintels over openings.
• Flat R.C.C. or sloping roof.
• External and internal plastering and pointing.
• Providing and laying flooring.
• Door and Window shutters.
• Water supply and sanitary arrangement.
• Electrification.
Prof. G. P. Walhekar 11
 Check list of items of work in Frame
Structure
• Site clearance.
• Excavation for foundations.
• P. C. C. in foundations.
• RCC in Footing
• Plinth Beam
• Column
• Plinth Filling
• Floor Beam
• Slab
• Stair Case
• B.B. Masonry
• Flooring
• Internal Plastering
• External Plastering
• Internal Painting
• External Painting
• Door and Window shutters.
• Water supply and sanitary arrangement.
Prof. G. P. Walhekar 12
• Electrification
 Standard Unit of Measurement
Sl.
Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment
No.
1 Earthwork
1. Earthwork in excavation CUM Per CUM
2. Earthwork in filling in foundation
CUM Per CUM
trenches
3. Earth work in filling in plinth CUM Per CUM
2 Concrete
1. Lime concrete in foundation CUM Per CUM
2. Cement concrete in lintels CUM Per CUM
3. RCC in slab CUM Per CUM
4. Cement concrete or RCC in chujja,
CUM Per CUM
sunshade
5. Lean concrete in roof terracing
SQM Per SQM
(thickness specified)
6. Cement concrete bed CUM Per CUM
7. Reinforced concrete sunshade Prof. G. P. Walhekar CUM 13
Per CUM
(specified width and height)
Sl.
Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment
No.

Damp proof course (DPC) – thickness

3 SQM Per SQM
mentioned

4 Brick work

1. Brickwork in foundation CUM Per CUM

2. Brickwork in plinth CUM Per CUM

3. Brickwork in super structure CUM Per CUM

4. Thin partition walls SQM Per SQM

5. Brickwork in arches CUM Per SQM

6. Reinforced brickwork CUM Per CUM

5 Stone work
1. Stone masonry Prof. G. P. Walhekar CUM Per CUM 14
6 Wood work

Sl. No. Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment

1. Doors and windows frames or

CUM Per CUM
chaukhats, rafters, beams

2. Shutters of doors and windows

SQM Per SQM
(thickness specified)

3. Doors and windows fittings (like

hinges, tower bolts, sliding bolts, Each Per Each
handles)

7 Steel work
1. Steel reinforcement bars etc. in RCC
Quintal Per Quintal
and reinforced brick work

2. Bending, binding of steel

Quintal Per quintal
reinforcement

3. Rivets, bolts and nuts, anchor bolts,

Quintal Per quintal
lewis bolts, holding down bolts

4. Iron hold fasts - -

5. Iron railing (height and types

- -
specified)

6. Iron grills Prof. G. P. Walhekar SQM Per SQM 15

8 Roofing

Sl. No. Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment

1. RCC and RB slab roof (excluding steel) CUM Per CUM

2. Lean concrete roof over and inclusive

of tiles or brick or stone slab etc. SQM Per SQM
(thickness specified)

3. Centering and shuttering formwork SQM Per SQM

4. AC sheet roofing SQM Per SQM

9 Plastering, points and finishing

1. Plastering – cement or lime

mortar (thickness and proportion SQM Per SQM
specified)

2. Pointing SQM Per SQM

3. White washing, color washing, cement

SQM Per SQM
washing, (number of coats specified)

4. Distempering (number of coats

SQM Per SQM
specified)

5. Painting, varnishing (number of coats

SQM Per SQM
specified) Prof. G. P. Walhekar 16
10 Flooring
Sl. No. Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment

1. 25mm cement concrete over

75mm lime concrete floor SQM Per SQM
(including lean concrete)

2. 25mm or 40mm cement

SQM Per SQM
concrete floor

3. Doors and window sills (CC or

SQM Per SQM
cement mortar plain)

11 Rain water pipe / plain pipe RM Per RM

12 Steel wooden truss Each Per each

13 Glass panels (supply) SQM Per SQM

14 Fixing of glass panels or cleaning Each Per Each

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 17
Sr. NO. Particular Unit of Measurement
1 Skirting SQM
2 Grill & Collapsible Shutter SQM
3 Centering & Shuttering or Formwork SQM
4 Dado SQM
5 Barbed Wire Fencing RMT
6 Railing RMT
7 Pipe RMT
8 WC Pan Numbers
9 Wash Basin Numbers
10 Manhole Cover Numbers
11 Site Clearance Lump sum
12 Electric Wiring Point
13 MS Reinforcement Kg
14 Timbering of trenches SQM
15 Grouting for Crack Joints SQM

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 18
Sr. NO. Particular Unit of Measurement
16 Surface Drying SQM
17 Surface Dressing SQM
18 Cutting of big trees with disposal Number
19 Sand Filling CUM
20 Paving Work SQM
21 Stone Sills SQM
22 White Glazed Tiles SQM
23 Laying of Water & Sewer Pipe RMT
24 Bib Cock , Stop Cock, Wheel Valve Number
25 False Ceiling SQM

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 19
Deduction Rules for Plastering
Rules for Deduction :
1. No deduction shall be made for openings less than 0.5 sq m in area, and no addition
shall be made jambs, soffits, sills, etc. of these openings.
2. No deduction shall be made for ends of joists, steps, etc. not exceeding 0.5 sq m in
area.
3. For openings exceeding 0.5 sq m but not exceeding 3 sq m and when both faces are
plastered with same type of plaster each deduction shall be made for one face only, and
the other face shall be allowed for jambs, soffits and sills which shall not be measured.
4. For openings exceeding 0.5 sq m but not exceeding 3 sq m and when two faces are
plastered with different type of plaster or with one side plaster and other side pointed,
deduction shall be made on one side of chaukhat (frame)of door an window on which
the width of jambs and reveals is less than the other side, and no deduction shall be
made for other side.
5. In case of openings of area above 3 sq m, each deduction shall be made for both faces
of openings, and the jambs and sills shall be measured and added. In taking
measurement of jamb, soffits and sills, chaukhat (if any) shall not be deducted.

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 20
Jambs , Reveals, Sill & Soffits

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 21
Rules for deductions of Brickwork
Rules for deductions to be made for openings in brick wall are as
follows:
1. No deductions are to be made for openings up to 0.1 square
metre areas, ends of beams, rafter, purlins, etc., up to 0.05
square metre in areas and wall plate, bed plates, etc., up to
100 mm depth.
2. Full deductions are to be made for the rectangular openings
by multiplying the length of the opening by its width and the
thickness of the wall.
3. The brick work in arches is to be measured separately.
4. For lintels over openings, the length of the lintel is found out
by adding twice the thickness for bearing to the clear span

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 22
GENERAL SPECIFICATION OF A FIRST CLASS BUILDING
i) FOUNDATION & PLINTH
Foundation & plinth shall be of I-class brickwork in 1:6 cement mortar over [Link]
cement concrete.
ii) DAMP PROOF COURSE
DPC shall be 25 mm thick cement concrete (1:1.5:3), mixed with one kg of Impermo
(or any other specified water proofing material) per bag of cement with two coats of bitumen.
ii) SUPERSTRUCTURE
Superstructure shall be of I class brickwork with 1:6 cement mortar. Lintels over
doors & windows shall be of R.C.C.
iv) ROOFING
Roof shall of 100mm thick R.C.C. slab (1:1.5:3) with 100mm lime terracing above
over R.C.C. slab as required. Height of room shall not be less than 3.5m.
v) FLOORING
Drawing room, dining room, bathroom & W.C floors shall be of mosaic (terrazzo).
Floors of bathroom shall be coloured and polished 25mm LP.S. over 75mm lime concreting.
Floors of others shall be 25mm IPS or 75mm lime concreting.
vi) FINISHING
Inside & outside shall be 12mm cement mortar plaster (1:4). Inside shall be
distempered over 2 coats of white wash. Outside shall be washed two coats over one coat of
whitewash.
vii)DOORS AND WINDOWS
Frame shall be seasoned teak wood and shutters shall be 40mm panelled glazed. All
fittings shall be of brass. Window shall be provided with iron grill. All wooden & grills shall be
painted with enamel paint over one coat of priming.
viii) MISCELLANEOUS
Rain water pipe shall be of cast iron. Building shall be provided with Ist class
sanitary and water fittings & electrical installation.
Prof. G. P. Walhekar 23
 Grades of Concrete
M5 1 : 5 : 10 5 MPa
M7.5 [Link] 7.5 MPa
M10 [Link] 10 MPa
M15 [Link] 15 MPa
M20 1 : 1.5 : 3 20 MPa
Standard Grade of Concrete
M25 [Link] 25 MPa
M30 Design Mix 30 MPa
M35 Design Mix 35 MPa
M40 Design Mix 40 MPa
M45 Design Mix 45 MPa
High Strength Concrete Grades
M50 Design Mix 50 MPa
M55 Design Mix 55 MPa
M60 Design Mix 60 MPa
M65 Design Mix 65 MPa
M70 Design Mix 70 MPa

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 24
 Measurement Sheet
Item Description of Nos. Length Breadth Depth Quantity Total
No item of work L (m) B (m) H (m) Quantity
1 Exc 10 1 1 1 10 12.5 cum

Exc 5 1 1 0.5 2.5

Abstract Sheet
Item Description of Quantity Rate Unit Total
No item of work Amount
1 Exc 12.5 1000 Cum 12500

Prof. G. P. Walhekar 25
 Face Sheet

• Name of the Proposal

• Name of Organization
• Statements of Total Cost of the project
• Name of the project
• Project Evaluation which includes agency and authority
• Time required for completion of project or work
• Funds required for project and funding agency
Prof. G. P. Walhekar 26