TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol)
–A protocol suite is a large number of related protocols that
work together to allow networked computers to communicate
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
Application Layer
Application layer protocols define the rules when
implementing specific network applications
Rely on the underlying layers to provide accurate and
efficient data delivery
Typical protocols:
FTP – File Transfer Protocol
For file transfer
Telnet – Remote terminal protocol
For remote login on any other computer on the network
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
For mail transfer
HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Web browsing
Encompasses same functions as these OSI Model layers
Application
Presentation Session
Transport Layer
TCP &UDP
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
Does not mean it has a physical connection between sender and
receiver
TCP provides the function to allow a connection virtually exists
– also called virtual circuit
UDP provides the functions:
1. Dividing a chunk of data into segments
2. Reassembly segments into the original chunk
3. Provide further the functions such as reordering and data
resend
4. Offering a reliable byte-stream delivery service
5. Functions the same as the Transport layer in OSI
6. Synchronize source and destination computers to set up
the session between the respective computers
Internet Layer
The network layer, also called the internet layer, deals with packets
and connects independent networks to transport the packets across
network boundaries.
◦ TCP/IP model defines 5 protocols to be used in network layer:
1) IP (Internetworking Protocol)
2) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
3) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
4) IGMP (Internet Group Message Protocol)
1) IP
◦ IP is the main protocol of the network layer.
◦ IP defines the format and the structure of addresses.
◦ IP is also responsible for routing a packet from its source to its
destination.
◦ It is a connection-less & unreliable protocol.
◦ Connection-less : there is no connection setup b/w the sender
and the receiver.
◦ Unreliable protocol : IP does not make any guarantee about
delivery of the data.
◦ Packets may get dropped during transmission.
◦ It provides a best-effort delivery service.
◦ Best effort means IP does its best to get the packet to its
destination, but with no guarantees.
◦ IP does not provide following services
→ flow control
→ error control
→ congestion control services.
◦ If an application requires above services, the application should
rely only on the transport- layer protocol.
◦ 2) ARP
◦ ARP is used to find the physical-address of the node when its
Internet-address is known.
◦ Physical address is the 48-bit address that is imprinted on the
NIC or LAN card.
Internet address (IP address) is used to uniquely & universally identify a device in the internet.
◦ 3) ICMP
◦ ICMP is used to inform the sender about datagram-problems
that occur during transit.
◦ 4) IGMP
◦ IGMP is used to send the same message to a group of recipients.
◦
Host-to-network layer
The Host-to-network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP
reference model. It combines the link layer and the physical layer of
the ISO/OSI model. At this layer, data is transferred between adjacent
network nodes in a WAN or between nodes on the same LAN.
