ELE 4079 - Database Management
Systems [2 1 0 3] (PE VI)
SHAILESH K R
[email protected]
Course Outcomes
1. Understand and apply the concepts of database management
systems in creating real-world application.
• Construct an Entity-Relationship model for any real-world application.
2. Build relational models from Entity-Relationship models.
• Apply relational algebra to extract relevant information from relational
schemas.
3. Create ideal relational database design and structured query
language statements to extract relevant information from relational
schemas.
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Course Outcomes
4. Create SQL statements using relevant ‘Clauses’ and aggregate
functions.
• Understand the concept of database operations.
5. Apply the concepts of data acquisition and database managements
systems in creating real-world applications.
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References
• Avi Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, "Database System
Concepts",Seventh Edition,McGraw-Hill ISBN:
9789390727506,2021,[pdf,pptx] Available: https://www.db-book.com/
• Kannan Moudgalya. (2022). RDBMS PostgreSQL [Video
Lectures],SWAYAM. Available:
https://onlinecourses.swayam2.ac.in/aic20_sp36/preview
• GeeksForGeeks, "Database Management System (DBMS)",
geeksforgeeks.org. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dbms/ (accessed
Aug. 2, 2022).
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References
• JavaPoint, "DBMS Tutorial", javatpoint.com. https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-
tutorial/ (accessed Aug. 2, 2022).
• tutorialspoint, "Database Management System Tutorial", tutorialspoint.com.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/dbms/index.htm (accessed Aug. 2, 2022).
• Raghu Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke, "Database Management Systems",
3rd Edition, McGraw Hill Education India, ISBN: 9789339213114,
9339213114, 2014
• Michael Mannino,"Database Management Essentials", Coursera, University of
Colorado, Available : https://www.coursera.org/learn/database-management,
2022
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What is Data?
• Data is a collection of a distinct small unit of information.
• It can be used in a variety of forms like text, numbers, media, bytes, etc. it can be
stored in pieces of paper or electronic memory, etc.
• Word 'Data' is originated from the word 'datum' that means 'single
piece of information’. It is plural of the word datum.
• In computing, Data is information that can be translated into a form for
efficient movement and processing.
• Data is interchangeable.
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Database Systems
• DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
• Collection of interrelated data
• Set of programs to access the data
• An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
• A modern database system is a complex software system whose task is
to manage a large, complex collection of data.
• Databases touch all aspects of our lives
• Database systems are used to manage collections of data that are:
• Highly valuable
• Relatively large
• Accessed by multiple users and applications, often at the same time.
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Database Applications Examples
• Enterprise Information
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Accounting: payments, receipts, assets
• Human Resources: Information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes.
• Manufacturing: management of production, inventory, orders, supply chain.
• Banking and finance
• customer information, accounts, loans, and banking transactions.
• Credit card transactions
• Finance: sales and purchases of financial instruments (e.g., stocks and bonds; storing
real-time market data
• Universities: registration, grades
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Database Applications Examples
• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Telecommunication: records of calls, texts, and data usage, generating
monthly bills, maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards
• Web-based services
• Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
• Online advertisements
• Document databases
• Navigation systems: For maintaining the locations of varies places of
interest along with the exact routes of roads, train systems, buses, etc.
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Purpose of Database Systems
• In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file
systems, which lead to:
• Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Data is stored in multiple file formats resulting induplication of information in
different files
• Difficulty in accessing data
• Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
• Data isolation
• Multiple files and formats
• Integrity problems
• Integrity constraints (e.g., account balance > 0) become “buried” in program code
rather than being stated explicitly
• Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
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Purpose of Database Systems
• Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates
carried out
• Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or
not happen at all
• Concurrent access by multiple users
• Concurrent access needed for performance
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
• Ex: Two people reading a balance (say 100) and updating it by withdrawing money (say 50
each) at the same time
• Security problems
• Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
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University Database Example
• Data consists of information about:
• Students
• Instructors
• Classes
• Schedule
• Application program examples:
• Add new students, instructors, and courses
• Register students for courses, and generate class rosters
• Assign grades to students, compute grade point averages (GPA) and generate
transcripts
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View of Data
• A database system is a collection of interrelated data and a set of
programs that allow users to access and modify these data.
• A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an
abstract view of the data.
• Data models
• A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data
semantics, and consistency constraints.
• Data abstraction
• Hide the complexity of data structures to represent data in the database from
users through several levels of data abstraction.
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DBMS allows users the following tasks:
• Data Definition:
• It is used for creation, modification, and removal of definition that defines the
organization of data in the database.
• Data Updation:
• It is used for the insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual data in the
database.
• Data Retrieval:
• It is used to retrieve the data from the database which can be used by
applications for various purposes.
• User Administration:
• It is used for registering and monitoring users, maintain data integrity, enforcing
data security, dealing with concurrency control, monitoring performance and
recovering information corrupted by unexpected failure.
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Characteristics of DBMS
• It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and
manage the information.
• It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that
manipulates data.
• DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.
• It contains ACID properties which maintain data in a healthy state in
case of failure.
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Characteristics of DBMS
• It can reduce the complex relationship between data.
• It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
• It is used to provide security of data.
• It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the
requirements of the user.
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Advantages of DBMS
• Controls database redundancy:
• It can control data redundancy because it stores all the data in one single database file
and that recorded data is placed in the database.
• Data sharing:
• In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data among multiple
users.
• Easily Maintenance:
• It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the database system.
• Reduce time:
• It reduces development time and maintenance need.
• Backup:
• It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup of data from
hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
• Multiple user interface:
• It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical user interfaces, application
program interfaces
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Disadvantages of DBMS
• Cost of Hardware and Software:
• It requires a high speed of data processor and large memory size to run DBMS
software.
• Size:
• It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently.
• Complexity:
• Database system creates additional complexity and requirements.
• Higher impact of failure:
• Failure is highly impacted the database because in most of the organization, all
the data stored in a single database and if the database is damaged due to
electric failure or database corruption then the data may be lost forever.
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