Name : Sinta Muchlis
NPM : 22178026
SUMMARY
THE CONCEPTS OF CONSTANT, VARIABLES, POPULATION, AND
SAMPLE
Constant is the item of data that the value cannon change during the programs’
execution, the value is constant.
Variable is the item of data that use in the research. Here the types of variable:
1. Numeric variables have values that describe a measurable quantity as a
number, like 'how many' or 'how much'. Therefore numeric variables are
quantitative variables
Numeric variables may be further described as either continuous or discrete:
A continuous variable is a numeric variable. Observations can take any
value between a certain set of real numbers. The value given to an observation
for a continuous variable can include values as small as the instrument of
measurement allows. Examples of continuous variables include height, time, age,
and temperature.
A discrete variable is a numeric variable. Observations can take a value
based on a count from a set of distinct whole values. A discrete variable
cannot take the value of a fraction between one value and the next closest value.
Examples of discrete variables include the number of registered cars, number of
business locations, and number of children in a family, all of of which measured
as whole units (i.e. 1, 2, 3 cars).
2. Categorical variables have values that describe a 'quality' or 'characteristic' of
a data unit, like 'what type' or 'which category'. Categorical variables fall into
mutually exclusive (in one category or in another) and exhaustive (include all possible
options) categories. Therefore, categorical variables are qualitative variables and tend
to be represented by a non-numeric value.
Categorical variables may be further described as ordinal or nominal:
An ordinal variable is a categorical variable. Observations can take a value
that can be logically ordered or ranked. The categories associated with ordinal
variables can be ranked higher or lower than another, but do not necessarily
establish a numeric difference between each category. Examples of ordinal
categorical variables include academic grades (i.e. A, B, C), clothing size (i.e.
small, medium, large, extra large) and attitudes (i.e. strongly agree, agree,
disagree, strongly disagree).
A nominal variable is a categorical variable. Observations can take a value
that is not able to be organised in a logical sequence. Examples of nominal
categorical variables include sex, business type, eye colour, religion and brand.
Population is the larger group which will apply for the result of the research.
Sample is a number of individual that use for the study, the purpose of sample is
to gain the information about a population. In general there are two technique to
choose the sample:
1. Random sampling : every member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected.
In random sampling, there are three most common ways of obtaining this
type :
A. Simple Random Sampling is the process of selecting a sample in such a way that
each and every member of the defined population has an equal and independent
chance of being selected for the sample.
B. Stratified random sampling is the process of selecting a sample in which certain
subgroups, or strata, are selected for the sample in the same proportion as they exist in
the population.
C. Cluster random sampling is the selection group, or cluster, of subjects rather than
individuals.
2. Nonrandom sampling, this type of sampling divided into three ways:
A. Systematic sampling : every n individual in the population list is selected for
inclusion in the sample, example in the population list of 5000 names, to select a
sample 500 a researcher would selected every tenth name on the list until reaching a
total of 500 names.
B. Convenience sampling : is a group of individuals who (conveniently) are
available for study, example: a high school counselor interviews all the students who
come to him for counseling about their career plans.
C. Purposive sampling : is using the personal judgement to select a sample.
Reference:
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
+what+are+variables
3. Refnita, L. (2018). Educational Research: A Guide for [Link]: LPMM
Universitas Bung Hatta.
