28 ConFORMAL TRANSFORMATION 28.1 GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION To draw a curve of complex variable (x, y) on 2-plane we take two axes ie., one real axis and the other imaginary axis. A number of points (x, y) re plotted on z-plane, by taking different value Of ¢ (different values of x and ). The curve C is drawn by joining the plotted points, The diagram. obtained is called Argand diagram in z-plane. ‘But a complex function w = f (2) ie. (w+ iv) =/(+ iy) involves four variables x, y and u, v A figure of only three dimensions (x, y, 2) is possible in a plane. A figure of four dimensional region for x, y, u, vis not possible. So, we choose two complex planes z-plane and w-plane. In the w-plane we plot the corresponding points w = u + iv. By joining these points we have a corresponding curve C’ in weplane. 28.2 TRANSFORMATION For every point (x, ») in the z-plane, the relation w = f (z) defines a comesponding point (u,v) in the w-plane. We call this “transformation or mapping of z-plane into w-plane”. If a point ‘% Maps into the point wp, wo is also known as the image of 29 If the point P (x, y) moves along a curve C in z-plane, the point P’(w.») will move along a corresponding curve C in w-plane, then we say that a curve C in the z-plane is mapped into the corresponding curve C’in the w-plane by the relation w = f (2). ‘xample 1. Transform the rectangular region ABCD in z-plane bounded by x = 1, y =O and y = 3. Under the transformation w = 2+ (2 + i. Solution. Here, weztQtp = utivextytQ+o =@+D+W+) ‘By equating real and imaginary quantities, we have u=x+2and v= y+. zplane | w-plane zplane | w-plane ¥ y voytl 1 0 0+1 3 =341=4 Here the lines x= 1, x= 3; y=0 and y= in the z-plane are transformed onto the line u=3,u=5;v=1 and v=4 {in the w-plane. The region ABCD in z-plane is transformed into the region EPGH in w-plane. 710 Engineering BooksPConformal Transformation ™ 4 af pS 3. ° © 21 [ls a 9 i wf a 1 E F Example 2. Transform the curve x? y* = 4 under the mapping = 22. Solution, Pa (xtiy)?, whive sty? + 2iny This gives -y* and v= 2ay ‘Table of (x,y) and (x, ») © 2 25 3 35 4 45 3 o | ais +29 J aas] sat [aso 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ay fo | 475 | 2132] +203 | +28 | +369 | + 46 y v 5 9 (4.48) 4 40 (6.269) 3 20 (4,28) > (4,203) | (4.182) 1 y 75) ° ° Tb 5-19) 7" = ree -20 -3 @5~29) 90 6-35) = 5-44) ~40) -5 48) ay 2 Plane Image of the curve x? — y? = 4 is a straight line, w= 4 parallel to the v-axis in w-plane. Ans. 28.3 CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATION (UP. Ill Semester Dec., 2006, 2008) Let two curves C, C, in the z-plane intersect at the point P and the corresponding curve CG in the w-plane intersect at_p* . If the angle of interseetion of the curves at P in z-plane www. EngineeringEBooksPdf.comne Higher Engineering Mathematics Is the same as the angle of intersection of the curves of w-plane at p* in magnitude and sense, then the transformation is called conformal ‘conditions: (i) f (2) analytic. Gi) f(@) #0 Or If the sense of the rotation as well as the magnitude of the angle is preserved, the transformation is said to be conformal If only the magnitude of the angle is preserved, transformation is Isogonal 28.4 THEOREM. If fiz) is analytic, mapping is conformal (U.P: I! Semester Dec. 2005) Proof. Let C, and C, be the two curves in the z-plane intersecting at the point z, and let the tangents at this point make angles ot, and a., with the real axis. Let z, and z, be the points on the curves C, and C, near to z, atthe same distance r from zy, so that we have arty srel gy nmare™ As 10,0, >a, and Oy ay Lette image of the curves Cy, Cy be C{ and Cy in w-plane and images of Zp, % and zp be Wom; and wp. Weplane (since f'(zp)=Re”) Re Hence wa [4 $°Cz)| and lim (,-0,) = = lim $,—lim®, =2 or By -0, =A ie., By =a +2 ‘Similarly it can be proved B, =a, +4 curve C} has a definite tangent at w,, making angles ay +2 anda, +2 so curve Ch Angle between two curves Cj and Cy = By ~By = (@y +2)~(@p +2) = (et, ~19) so the transformation is conformal at each point where f'(z)= 0 Note 1. The point at which f"(z) = 0 is called 2 eritieal point of the transformation. Also dw the points where ” 0 are called ordinary points. Engineering Book:Conformal Transformation 713 2. Let o= an Zo 1 ty OF a, =a +4 shiows thatthe Langent at P to the curve is rotated through amp (f’(2)} under the given transformation. Angle of rotation = tan-"~ in formal transformation, element of are pasing through P is magnified by the factor | (2 uv) ‘The area element is also magnified by the factor | f"(2)| or J= in a conformal transformation. low ul Jou _ av] aur) lor 2|_lar ~ ay (2) (2) aay bullae) “Lae lex ae Feat =sferwf [Go is called the coefficient of magnification. 4. Conjugate functions remain conjugate functions after conformal transformation. A function ‘which isthe solution of Laplace's equation, its transformed function again remains the solution of Laplace's equation after conformal transformation. 28.5 THEOREM Prove that an analytic function f (z) ceases to be conformal at the points where f(a=0. (U.P. III Semester, Dec. 2006) Proof. Let /(2)=0 and f(z) =O at = 5 Suppose that f(z) has a zero of order (n= 1 atthe point z, then first (n= 1) derivatives of £2) vanish at z, but f” (c,) # 0, hence at any point z in the neighbourhood of z,, we have by “Taylor's Theorem. S)=F Go) +, (2-29)" + "(z) where a= FED, oo na 0440. Hence, f(2,) ~ f @) =ay (2 -29)" + ie Wy My = ay (2, —Z)" o pret =ay). ee 4, where 4 = amp a, Hence, Lim) = Lim (10, +2) = noy +2 Similay, Lim $y = nag +2. ‘Thus the curves ; and + still have definite tangents at w, But the angle between the tangents = Lim, ~Limp, = n(@,-0). So magnitude of the angle is not preserved, Also the linear magnification = Lim(p, /r) = 0. Hence, the conformal property does not hold good at a point where f“2) = 0 www. EngineeringEBookm4 Higher Engineering Mathematics Example 3. fu = 22 +2 and y ‘cut orthogonally at all intersections but that the transformation w = u + iv is not conformal. (Q. Bank U.P. II Semester 2002) 2, show that the curves u = constant and v= constant Solution, For the curve, 2? +y?= a 2x + y* = constant =k, (sy) a Differentiating 1), we get ae+2y% = ay __2e “ vy Ra0 = Fa @ Zev For the curve, 2 =constant =k, (Say), = yoke @ Differentiating (3), we get wv dy L we = # + rc) From (2) and (4), we see that Hence, two curves cut orthogonally. However, since = 4, a2 a2 ‘The Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied by w and v. Hence, the function u + iv is not analytic. So, the transformation is not conformal. Proved Example 4. (i) For the conformal transformation w = 2, show that (a) The coefficient of magnification at 2 = 2 + tis 5. (b) The angle of rotation at z = 2 + i is tan"! 0.5. (Q. Bank U.P. Ill Semester 2002) (i) For the conformal transformation w = 2, show that (a) The co-efficient of magnification at 2 = 1 +i is 22. (0) Te angle of rain 2 = 1-66 Solution. ( Let (@ Coefficient of magnification at z= 2 +1 is= |/°Q-+0) = [4 +2i|= Ylo+4 = 25. (©) Angle of rotation at 2= 2 + is= amp. 2+ i)= (4+ 21) = tan”! (3)-ta *@3) (i) Here Sa) =we? P@)=% and SA +i) = 204) = 2424 www. EngineeringEBookConformal Transformation m5 (a) The co-efficient of magnification at z= 1 +1 is |/'U+i)|=|2+2i]= 444 =2V2 (6) The angle of rotation at z= 1+ / is amp. |/"0+)|=2 (1+) =2+2/= tan" Ans. Standard transformations 28.6 TRANSLATION wezte, Where +ib tiytatib uti u=xta and vay+b xeu-a and y=v—b (On substituting the values of x and y in the equation of the curve to be transformed, we get the equation of the image in the w-plane. ‘The point P (x, y) in the z-plane is mapped onto the point P'Gx-+a, y+) in the w-plane. Similarly other points of z-plane are mapped onto w-plane. Thus if w-plane is superimposed on the z-plane, the figure of w-plane is shifted through a vector C. In other words the transformation is mere translation of the axes. 28.7 ROTATION w= ze ‘The figure in z-plane rotates through an angle 0 in anticlockwise in w-plane. Example . Consider the transformation w = ze'™* and determine the region R’ in w-plane corresponding tothe triangular region R bounded by the lines x= 0, y = Oand x+y = 1 in plane Solution. w= ae w= (er(en svn) > vows coon Gt) FL ie-ysiee yl V2) V2 Equating real and imaginay parts, we get = Put x=0, (i Puty=0, (iii Putting x + y= www. EngineeringEBook6 Higher Engineering Mathematics x y 3| ° A * Zplane Wlane Hence the triangular region OAB in 2-plane is mapped on a triangular region O'CD of 1 ane bounded by the lins v= ¥= in Bl y $ Lo= 5 +) 1 a= Liae-yriety) f@ ae y+ie+y)] tan") =F .e* performs a rotation of R through an angle 1/4 Ans. 28.8 MAGNIFICATION wee where c is a real quantity (The figure in w-plane is magnified c-times the size of the figure in z-plane. Gi, Both figures in z-plane and w-plane are similar Example 6. Determine the region in w-plane on the transformation of rectangular region enclosed by x I, x= 2and y = 2 in the z-plane. The transformation is w = 32. Solution, We have, | w = 3z u+ v= 30r+ 9) ‘Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get u=3e and v= 3y =plane w-plane‘Conformal Transformation nT 28.9 MAGNIFICATION AND ROTATION waez oN) where cz, w all are complex numbers. e=ae", 2 Putting these values in (1), we have ie. Thus we see that the transform w = ¢ corresponding to a rotation, together with magnification. Algebraically wee zor utiv=(ariby(x+iy) = usiv= aby +i(ay+bx) = ax—by and v= ay +bx (On solving these equations, we can get the values of x and y. autby _ ~bu+av ee E ay ° g ° u On putting values of x and y in the equation of the curve to be transformed we get the equation ofthe image. Example 7. Find the image of the triangle with vertices ati, 1+ i, 1—1in the z-plane, under the transformation Sm O w= 344-21, (i) wae? 2- 244i Solution.) w=3¢44-24 = UtiveMetyH4-2 > uadee dy S.No. . y ead 7 a 1 7 T 2 1 1 7 1 3 1 = 7 = “t di. was) BU.) shee | q . mo ic x4 . ae www. Engineering BooksPdf.comne Higher Engineering Mathematics : a) wee? .2-2+4i ar ties (on std vite Lf = (1 Bileeray-2eu Es 2 (ery), (| Bir e4 2 = and reked Sno Paw wane | o 1 Riel >| 1 4,43 iG a | 1 A ,2 28.10 INVERSION AND REFLECTION w It z=re® and w=Re® Putting these values in (1), we get Re Lt peo On equating, Hence the transformation isan inversion of z and followed by reflection into the real axis, ‘The points inside the unit circle (|z|= 1) map onto points outside it, and points outside the unit cirele into points inside it vw Algebraically sop zat z w a wi { [xtiy-3i > 9 @ (On substituting the values of x andy from (1) into (2), we get oto ey v=3u? - 39) way? > WP 4-y- 3? 308)? = 940? 4 > uy? 2908 +904 4612460" +1800? =9n +1879? +904 > w 4y? s6u7v+6y? =0 = wy? 46000 40?) = > 2 +y?y6v4 =| = is the equation of the image. Ans. Aliter. : tales = = 3409] =3 eto] = [besa] =3 fen} > 1430)? +94? +964? 4?) 14604907 490? =9K4? +?) > 1+6r=0 Ans, Alter. | Has edie” www Engineering Bo sPdf.com720 Higher Engineering Mathematics rae” = 1 = u+m=2—__ * Fenn ‘cos 6 i+ i +30) = Cute Oe (tsinyy > 6v41=0 ‘Ans. Example 9. Image of | 2 +1| = I under the mapping @ wet=l © ® (@ 2-120 (AMIETE, June 2009) Solution, w: ¥ Given|z+1]21 > [xti+ilet > assy = Payton a teyterr = 1 1 2 Hence (¢) is correct answer. Ans. = pseu => Wti=0 Example 10. Show that under the transformation . the image of the hyperbola s2-y2 21 isthe lenniscate R* = cos. Solution. eaytet Pusting x=reos0 and yersind = Prooste—risin?@=1 => (cos? = sin? = P0080=1 ‘And Lie eet rot and R Putting the values of rand g in (1), we get 1 cost{-9)=1 => R= 008% Proved. EXERCISE 28.1 1. Find the image of the semi infinite, suip x > 0, 0< y <2 under the wansformation w = fz + 1. Ans. Suip-10 2. Determine the region in the w-plane in which the rectangle bounded by the lines x=0, y= 0, x= 2 and is mapped under the transformation w = 2 e”* z. (Q, Bank U.P, IM Semester 2002) ‘Ans. Region bounded by the lines » = -u, v= 4 9 =4 and v= =2 www. EngineeringEBookConformal Transformation 7 3. Show dat the condition for tansfommtion w= a+ blez+ d to make the cz Jw] =I conrespond to 2 sight fine in th ©. 4. What is the region of the w-plne in two ways the recungua region in the z-plane bounded by the = Land y = 2 is mipped under the transformation w = 2+ (2 = 7? ‘Ans, Region bounded by w= 2,9 == Iu =3 and v= da, where i eal Vs, find the image of the family of circles 2° + 9? 1 Ans. is a suaight line ff w vans 6. Show thatthe function w= tansforms the stright line x = c in the z-plane into a ciel in the plane. 7. if w+)? then prove that the unit cscle in the w-plane comresponds to a parabola in the ‘plane, and the inside ofthe cizcle to the outside of the parabola, 1 8. Find the image of |: 2] =2 under the mapping w (Q. Bank U.P. 2002) Ans.4v+1=0 28.11 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION (Mobius Transformation) ath a ad-be #0 a (1) is known as bilinear transformation. 1 ed~be #0 then S20 i.e, transformation is conformal =dw+b From (1), or @ This is also bilinear except Note, From (1), every point of z-plane is mapped into unique point in w-plane except From (2), every point of w-plane is mapped ito unique point in z~plane except 28.12 INVARIANT POINTS OF BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION. We know that wtb @ catd If < maps into itself, then. ath (1) becomes atd Q) ‘Roots of (2) are the invariants or fixed points of the bilinear transformation. ie route og te lnc rnsormaon esd be pebolie 28.13 CROSS-RATIO ie efor oi 5p 5 ben ee hen he to G.=EDEL=2 cated the eross-ratio of £2, 2 Zy Engineering BooksPdf.com722 Higher Engineering Mathematics 28.14 THEOREM ‘A bilinear transformation preserves cross-ratio of four points ath Proof, We know that w= yg" AS Wy, Wy Wy Ware images of 2,2, 7 a+ ata” (ad be) _¢, _ Grae, ra% ee ae + Nez, +a ad ~ be + dvlez, +d) 2, Fespectively, so 2) a Similarly -5) Q) -2) @) ot Gr deg He ® From (1), (2), (3) and (4), we have = Oy. Wey Wy = Ey ty 2y 28.15 PROPERTIES OF BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION 1. bilinear transformation maps circles into circles. 2, A bilinear transformation preserves cross ratio of four points, If four points z,, zzz, of the z-plane map onto the points w,, Wy, w,, of the w-plane respectively. (62) Wa) (Gm, =4)0%3= m9) = Hence, under the bilinear transform of four points cross-ratio is preserved, 28.16 METHODS TO FIND BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION > => sane svn cnion, 1. By finding a, 8, ¢, dfor w 2. With the help of eross-ratio (w= w)0e,=w) @~ 2), - 2) (w= ww, = w,) 2). = 2, Example 11. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points 2 = i= 1 into the , Om i Hence find the image of |z|< 1 (UP,, IIT Semester, 2008, Summer 2002, U.P. (Agri. Engg.) 2002) ath Solution. Let the required transformation be w = etd Engineering BooksPdf.com‘Conformal Transformation re ‘On substituting the values of z and corresponding values of w in (1), we get z fw fi F fd = ptqzirti 2 7 | o | o= St => pitg=0 8) “i =p+ 7 oa = -ptq=ir-i @) (On subtracting (4) from (2), we get 2p = 2i or p ‘On putting the value of p in (3), we have ii) + q=0org ‘On substituting the values of p and q in (2), we obtain it.sirti or 1 By using the values of p, q, r and (1), we have itt Tet iesipy+] _ ix-y+Iiety +l) =x -y? +14 2ie GHA Citys Deer yeD SOHN Equating real and imaginary parts, we get asta “ow o But ki0_ As denominators postive Ans. Example 12. Find a bilinear transformation which maps the points i, ~i 1 of the zplane into 0, 1, x ofthe w-plane respectively. (Q. Bank U.P. Ii Semester 2002) Solution. By Cross ratio (w=) =v) _ @-2),~2) w—w,)Or, —w) ~ Gz), 2, A) zw] Meher © eae-2) ere w, = 0, w= 1. w, ah i jo From(), ° a afa . ; brag ) 2-2) 1[@ is (= 2)@-2) @=2)@,-2) wy) 1 . @-O(5-t) enern (Ena ~ E=DERD _ &-p0+)_@ de+i+) > wo "GQ ~ G-W-2) 22+? i Example 13. Find she bilinear transformation which maps the points 2 = 1, points w = i, 0, ~i respectively. Show also that transformation maps the region outside the Circle |z| = 1 into the half-plane Re) 20. (Q. Bank U.P. II Semester 2002) www. Engineering BooksPdf.com724 Higher Engineering Mathematics Solution. On putting 2 = i.0,- Hin (r= w)Or,-m) _ @-2)G,-2) (w= wy), =) (2 -2,z, 2) z fw (w= DO+) | =DEi+D ‘til = wre ao a[a Tew * Glee) ene jew | @=Dz+1-i itw ” G4Dze14i jis +2 > ade aac ‘Applying Componendo and Dividendo) = = > a From (1), |z| 2 1 is transformed into > => jute lPe|utiv-1P > wre ea pee = u20 > ROW) 20. ‘Thus exterior of the circle | z| = 1 is transformed into the half-plane R(w) 2 0. Proved. Example 14, Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 0,~1, i onto w= i, 0, oo, Also find the image of the unit circle | z| = 1. (Wnarakhand, lf Semester 2008, U.P. II semester (C.0.) 2008] Solution. On putting 1, into w = i, 0, respectively in (w= w)0r, =) _ @=2),-2) (eam Jor—w) =z), 2) a z iw of i ow) (M aaleon|o : le ) eon a (@- 2G, = b _ @-0-1-9 0+) CIO=) ~ E-HC1-0) = wy +)z > Ans. www. EngineeringEBookConformal Transformation 75 Inverse transformations From 2) (| == And > => [1 +iwl= |w-1] 2) [14 ict hy] = fut 1 > [Lv tele fee] > (-vF t= 1th = 1+ - wea +l - dt > u-v=0 > v=" Ans. Example 18. Find the fixed points and the normal form of the following bilinear transformations. 4 nd wet z-1 zat Discuss the nature of these transformations. Solution, (a) The fixed points are obtained by @w or PadetdeO of (e-2)'=0=2=2 = 2 in the only fixed poin ‘Normal Form This transformation is parabolic. Bend zl Hence s i are the two fixed points. Normal Form a and 2) (On dividing (1) by (2), we get wei z-l-iz-i a-a6 P-ne-1) +izti (ti(zti) (++i) {eo a(S) The transformation is elliptic. www. EngineeringEBookHigher Engineering Mathematics 22-5 Example 16. The fixed points of the transformation w = are given by: ry 29 @ C1461) (AMIETE, Dec. 2010) : 22-5 zed In the case of fixed point Solution, Here f (2) = zed 5 => f424520 = P4422 24 N42 _ 2441 2 2 =I # 2/ are the only fixed points Hence (c) is correct answer. Ans. 122i 155 panos ie cre et ne real axis of the w-plane and the interior of the circle into the upper half of the w-plane. (UP,, IIT Semester, Dec. 2003) Example 17. Show that the transformation w= L Solution, . (=) _, (een) © [a+9-9] (40) = 1 Tey) ~ [eto] [0-0] itiety-ix-it aytytiy~i? _yosyty bay ti tix— imix? — iy? dary dex ‘Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get oe Geniey @ ni 1-G? +y*) . an Oxy ® when a? +y?=I, then v ° * as is the equation of the real axis in the w ~ plane. Proved. (©) Now the equation ofthe interior ofthe circle is 37+ y2 <1 Dividing (1) by (2), we get os 2 2p Pyeut vice) MOPAR DW wot tyAy=um A 2 say) rend) fareyr0 Js the equation of the upper half of w-plane. Proved. www. EngineeringEBookConformal Transformation nr Example 18. Show thar o == maps the real axis of the z-plane into the circle | w | = 1 ree ‘and (ii) the half-plane y > 0 into the interior of the unit circle || < 1 in the w-plane. (U.P, IU Semester, Dec. 2005, 2002) Solution, Wehave == i Fe W=zl XH0-y)| jo) Eee xeHey)/? fe vey) ial Now the real axis in zplane ie. y W-x-pl axel + transform into Hence the real axis in the 2-plane is mapped into the circle J [=] (G The imerior ofthe circle 12,)|-<1 gives fe +(-y 7 Peary < e+d-y ee > ay > Pale yiex Hy > liy’-2yclay'42y = -4y<0, = y>0 ‘Thus the upper half of the z-plane corresponds to the interior of the circle |w| = 1. Proved. Esme. sou ha eon w23=E reno eccewince (56 ‘and radius 2 in the e-plane into the imaginary axis in the w-plane and the interior of the circle into the right half of the plane. (AMLE-T.E. Summer 2000) Solution, w=22 = = (usiyerriy-2)=3-x-i > tex + iy ~ 2u + ive ~ vy ~ Div =3—x-iy > wr —2u— vy + uy + vx 2y) =3—x- iy Equating real and imaginary quantities, we have ux—yy—2u=3—x and yx 2v-+uy: = (w+ Dx-vy=2u43 and ve+ (ut Dy=20 ‘On solving the equations for x and y, we have pa WED 45043 way sue] www. EngineeringEBook728 Higher Engineering Mathematics Here, the ution ofthe given cites w Putting the values of x and y in (I), we have due 420? 450435 +f wee +Qtl 2 a tv? + Qu 1 u (2 +9? 1)? #49? = [a 4v? + Qut DP (49? = 1? + 4y? = Gu? +? = 1? + (Qu 2? + 2(0? + 9? = Qu+2) earn +a + —Dur) vP au? 42+ eu? tun? uti ty =H On w+? sus? uu? +2u+14y8) =0 > w=0 ie, equation of imaginary axis, vuyuuys Equation ofthe mir of he ces (1-3) +? 0 OF wf(u+? +9?]>0 As (w+)? +0? >0 so u>0 Le., equation of the right half plane. Ans. 28.17 INVERSE POINT WITH RESPECT TO A CIRCLE Two points P and Q are suid to be the inverse points with respect toa circle Sif they are collinear with the centre C on the same side of it, and ifthe product of their distances from the centre is equal to? where ris the radius of the circle. ‘Thus when P and Q are the inverse points ofthe circle, then the three points C, P, Q are collinear, and also CP.Cé Example 20. Show thar the inverse of a point a, with respect to the circle |z~ is the Solution. Let b be the inverse point of the point a’ with respect to the circle |z - |= R. Condition I. The points a, b, ¢ are collinear. Hence wg G3) = ag @-3 =a @-3 (since arg 2= arg 2) or ag -G ~ arg (b -2)+arg @ @ -B@-Z) is real, so that @-JG-D46-DE-A1 www. EngineeringEBookConformal Transformation 79 Condition It. 5-2 || 7 = b-2||a-z) 6-2) @-2) > Proved. Example 21. Find a Mobius transformation which maps the circle \w| < 1 into the circle 0 1 |e=1| <1 and maps w = 0,» = 1 respectively nto z= > Solution. Let the transformation be, +b e atd Co zfw Since, w =O maps into z= 4] 0 | Fromay, we get ofa 0 > Q) Since w = 1 maps into z = 0, from (1), we get = bed ® Here Iw] = P corresponding to ‘Therefore points w,2 inverse with respect to the circle fw] = 1 correspond to the points 2.144 inverse with respect tothe circle | = [eand a+ are inverse points on the circle f~ a= R] za Particular w=0 and a correspond to a Since w= 0 maps into 1, from (1), we get ab esd 4) From (2), (3) and (4), b From(1) actb _-2be+b _-2241 i etd Bete c+ Example 22. Find wo bilinear transformations whose fixed points are 1 and 2. (Q. Bank U.P.T.U. 2002) a+b Solution, We have, Fixed points are given by a a js a www. EngineeringEBookHigher Engineering Mathematics A (=a 2 > ez ~(a-d)z-b=0 > ~S e @) Fixed points are 1 and 2,50 €-De-d=0 = F-%+2=0 Equating the coefficeints of z and constants in (2) and (3), we get 24-3 oa -b=2 = pee ea eee Patting the values of b and din (1), we get has its fixed points at z= 1 and z= Taking a = 1, Ans, Example 23. Show that the transformation w. “> maps the circle + y*—4x = Oonto the straight line 4u + 3 = 0. Solution, We tave, w= 223 ‘The inverse transformation is z = +3 w Now the circle x? + y?— 4x =0 can be written as 7 - 2(¢ +7)=0 x+9) Substituting for: and 7 from (1), we get 4we3 4D+3_ (4043, 4943 wad w=2 =a WH? Lowi + 1d + 128 +9 - 24Wi8-+ 35 Bw ~ 6+ 4 +3087 -6) =O 2OP+H)+33=0 = —-2QW) +33=0=4u+3=0 [ eer) Tin, cirle is transformed into a straight line. ‘Ans. 4 Example 24, Show that the transformation w = 7-45 transform the cirele|z| = 1 into a circle of radius unity in w-plane and find the centre of the circle. (Q. Bank U.P. III Semester 2002) : _ Sod Solution. Here, we G _ ws. > eR 2 ke lz}=1 = = [2w +5] = [4044] Engineering Book:Conformal Transformation 731 = |2u +54 2iv | = [du +4+ div] [owen sin] = Qu + SP +4? = Gu tay + yy a => du? + 25 + 20u + 4v? = 16u? + 16 + 32u + 167 => 1? + 12v? + 12w-9 = 0 lavtau 3 = wav tu-d =o, This is the equation of circle in w plane. @ ‘Now we have to find its centre. wv + 2gut Ifrte=0 ro) From (2) and (3), g $ 4-0, € Contes 2, te (, 10) ratns = fee fime= flvord=t eee T (Q. Bank U.P. III Semester 2002) Example 25. Find the image of x + y' —4y + 2= Ounder the mapping w Solution. we 2) S wee 2-i vtyiayt2 w = _ tio 2 xt 0 owed ae wie) = Gadel) 2) ‘Multiplying (2) and (3) we get = “ Subtracting (3) from (2), we get 5) wetly ° Putting the values of (x* +») and y in (1), we get e+o-0 yer weoeD Wee sD = WEI + abe + 07D) + 2h HOH DL = T0244) + 20-1 This is the image. Ans. www. EngineeringEBook1 10. a. 2 Higher Engineering Mathematics EXERCISE 28.2 Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points z, = 2, 2, = i. z, w, = 1, 8, = Fand w, = 1 respectively. Determine the bilinear transformation which maps 2, = respectively est at epson w= gape het oft ik |= in he pr le v>0. Find the iinearwansformaion which maps 1, i= 1 © 2, i = 2 respectively, Find the Bixed and ‘Stal polo the taformation am Show that he tansformation w=“1=2) maps the crcl | ¢ |= 1 int the real axis of the w-plane sd the interior of the cle | |< 1 ino the wper Bao the wpa 2 Show that the transformation w: ‘wansforms the real axis in the z-plane into circle in the wn, Fo esa i of ii, AMLETE, Hera 42) 2 f 5 is the upper half of the zplane show that the bilinear tunsformation . (=) ‘maps the upper half of the z-plane into the interior of the unit circle atthe oxigin in the w-plane. a+b Find the condition that the wansformation "= “7 transforms the unit circle inthe w-plane into = am feteritie straight rove that maps the upper half ofthe plane onto the upper half of the w-plane, What is under this tansformation ? ‘Ans, Suaight line 2u + the image of the eile | = Show thatthe map of the real axis of the z-plane on the w-plane by the tansformation 1 +i sl a nt ca ws tance (0-2), Ras = re ur uo entate 9 = (22) tt yt eer i ny nn sige fo sl shige es "Ans. i and = Show that under the tansformation w=", dhe seal axis in z-plane is mapped into the circle ze | What portion of the plane corresponds to the interior of the circle ? ‘Ans. The half z-plane above the real axis corresponds to the interior of the circle | +1 Discuss the application of the transformation w= "2+! 4 the areas in the z-plane which are respectively inside and outside the unit circle with its centre at the oxigin, Engineering BoConformal Transformation 733 14, Whatis the form ofa bilinear transformation which has one fixed point a and the other fixed point co? Choose the correct alternative: 18, ‘The fixed points of the mapping w = (Sz + 4)(z +5) are @ ~45,-5 i) 2,2 (ii) ~2, -2 (i) 2-2 Ams. 16, The invariant points of the bilinear transformation are @ 122 (i) 122 (ii) £21) invariant point does not exit (AMIETE, June 200) Ans. (0) 28.18 TRANSFORMATION: Solution, (GP, III Semester, Summer 2002) utiv= (xi)? =x? y? +2by a ‘Equating real and imaginary parts, we get u=x?—y*, v= 2xy (0 (@) Any line parallel to x-axis, £e., y = c, maps into uex-e, y=2er Eliminating x, we get y* = 4e?(u-+e?) .~ (1) which is a parabola (b) Any line parallel to y-axis, ie, x = b, maps into a curve Pay, ve aby 40?(u~B?). (2) which is a parabola, Eliminating y, we get y? (c) The rectangular region bounded by the lines x= 1, x=2, and y = 1, y=2 maps into the region bounded by the parabola yf ye2 v= 7 x By putting x = 1 = b in @) we get v? =-4u—1), By putting x = 2= bin (2) we get v? =-16(u—) and By putting y= 1 = cin (1) we get vy? =4(u+1), By putting y = 2= c in (1) we get v= 16(u+4) (Gi (a) In polar co-ordinates: z= re", w= Re Then R=? p=28 In zplane, a ‘maps into R = a? in w-plane. ‘Thus, circles with centre atthe origin map into circles with centre atthe origin. (6) 0=0, §=0, ie, real axis in z~plane maps into real axis in w-plane www. EngineeringEBook734 Higher Engineering Mathematics 6 Figen, ie. the positive 2 y imaginary axis in z~plane maps into negative ' real axis in w-plane, “Thus, the first quadrant in exlane 002 5, map ito oper of half of w-plane 05 sinx=—*— 1) $——] » cay & www. Engineering BooksPdf.com