RCC Design

RCC DESIGN

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RCC Design

Introduction
 Coarse Aggregate: Hard Blast Granite Chips

For highly reinforced members:

Characteristic Strength
 Characteristic Strength is the strength below which not more than 5% test samples are expected to fall.

Here,

fck = Characteristic Strength

fm = Mean Strength of Concrete

σ = Standard Deviation

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Here,

f = Compressive Strength of individual concrete cubes.

fm = Mean compressive strength of the cubes

n = Number of test cubes

Assumed standard deviation for various grades of concrete as per IS 456

Grade of Concrete Standard Deviation

M10, M15 3.5 N/mm2

M20, M25 4 N/mm2

M30, M35, M40, M45, M50 5 N/mm2

Volumetric Proportion
Concrete Grade
Cement : Sand : Coarse : Aggregate

M10 [Link]

M15 [Link]

M20 1:1.5:3

Piling [Link]

 Routine Quality Check, strength of three non-overlapping consecutive test results is considered such that
their strength S will be:

i. Average strength of three test cubes is considered.

ii. Individual variation in strength of the cubes should not be more than +15% of the average other-
wise the test is considered to be invalid.

Confidence Limit
confidence limit is given as:

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And/or

Young’s Modulus for Concrete

 As per IS [Link]

In previous codes, this value was as follows:

 Stress-Strain curve for Concrete:

 EIT = EC = Initial Tangent Modulus of Elasticity

 Effect of Creep: Elastic Modulus of Creep: ECE

Here,

σ = Stress applied

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ϵe = Elastic Strain in concrete

ϵc = Creep Strain in concrete

ϴ = Creep Coefficient = ϵc /ϵe

Age of loading 7 Days 28 Days 1 Year

Creep Coefficient (ϴ) 2.2 1.6 1.1

Tensile Strength of Concrete

Permissible Stresses
Flexural
Direct Tensile Stress Flexural Tensile Direct Compressive
Grade of Concrete Compressive
(N/mm2) Stress (N/mm2) Strength (N/mm2)
Strength (N/mm2)
M15 2.0 2.71 4 5

M20 2.8 3.13 5 7

M25 3.2 3.5 6 8.5

M30 3.6 3.83 8 10

M35 4.0 4.14 9 11.5

M40 4.4 4.42 10 13.5

Durability Requirement
 Concrete Cover

Minimum Grade of Minimum Nominal

Exposure Condition Concrete cover
recommended recommended

Mild Exposure: Protected against rain. M20 20 mm

Moderate Exposure: Exposed to rain, protected against severe rain. M25 25 mm

Severe Exposure: Exposed to severe rain, exposed to coastal

M30 45 mm
environment and alternate dry and wet climate.

Very Sever Exposure: Exposed to sea and underground water. M35 50 mm

Extreme Exposure: Exposed to tidal waves or chemicals. M40 75mm

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 Recommendation by code for nominal cover on the basis of type of structure:

Slab Beam Column Footing

20mm 25mm 40mm 50mm

 Recommendation by code for minimum grade of concrete for different types of construction:

Type of Construction Minimum grade of concrete recommended

RCC (General Construction) M20

Water Tank M20

Plain Cement Concrete in Sea Water M20

RCC in Sea Water M30

Post-tensioned, Pre-stressed Concrete M30

Pre-tensioned, Pre-stressed Concrete M40

Water
 Water used to prepare cement concrete should be almost drinking level pure with pH value not less than
6.

Impurities Maximum Permissible Limit

Organic Solids 200ppm

Sulphates 400ppm

PCC = 2000 ppm

Chlorides
RCC = 500 ppm

Suspended Solids 2000ppm

Inorganic Solids 3000 ppm

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 Reinforcement

Reinforcement type Mild Steel TOR40 TOR50

Steel Grade Fe250 Fe415 Fe500
Ultimate Tensile Strength 410 MPa 485 MPa 545 MPA
 Strain in different types of bars at the time of yielding:

i. For Fe250 bars:

ii. For Fe415 bars:

iii. For Fe500 bars:

 Permissible Stresses in Steel Reinforcement as per IS [Link]

Permissible Stress (N/mm2)
Type of Stress in Steel Reinforcement
Mild Steel: Fe250 HYSD bar: Fe415
Bar diameter ɸ < 20mm 140 230
Tension(σst or σsv)
Bar diameter ɸ >20mm 130 230
Compression in column bars(σsc) 130 190

Compression in flexure member when resistance of con-

crete isn’t taken in to account

Compression in flexure Bar diameter ɸ < 20mm 140 190

member when resistance
of concrete isn’t taken in Bar diameter ɸ >20mm 130 190
to account

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RCC Beams
Working Stress Method/ Elastic Ration Method/ Moment Area
Method/ Elastic Method

Steel
Fe250 Fe415 Fe500

Concrete
M20 M25 M30

 Modular Ratio (m): Formula recommended by IS 456:

Here,

σcbc = Permissible compressive stress in given grade of concrete.

Grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35

σcbc (N/mm2) 5 7 8.5 10 11.5

m 19 13 11 9 8

Design of Beam for Flexure through WSM

 Critical Depth of Neutral Axis: (k = Neutral axis depth factor)

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Actual Depth of Neutral Stress in Extreme Stress in Reinforcement

Type of Section
Axis Compression Fibre Bars

Balanced Section

Under-Reinforced Section

Over-Reinforced Section

Here,

ca = Stress in extreme compression fibre of the concrete section

ta = Maximum stress experienced by steel reinforcement in tension

i. Moment of Resistance: General Formula:

Here,

LA = Lever Arm

For Under-Reinforced Section:

For Over-Reinforced Section:

Here,

For Balanced Section:

Here,

Q = Coefficient of Moment of Inertia for balanced section for given grade of steel and
concrete.

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Here,

j = Lever arm length factor and in WSM,

Grade of Concrete / Grade of Steel M20 / Fe415 M20 / Fe500 M25 / Fe415 M25 / Fe500

7 7 8.5 8.5

0.283 0.248 0.289 0.253

0.905 0.917 0.903 0.915

0.895 0.795 1.109 0.983

 Hanger Bars: not more than 0.2% of the gross sectional area of the beam (=BD) in compression region of
the beam.

Doubly Reinforced Beams

Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Beam
 Stress in concrete at the level of compression steel = c’

 Stress in compression steel = minimum of {1.5mc’, σsc}

 Process of analysis:

i. Determining actual depth of Neutral Axis (by equating moment of area of tension and
compression side):

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ii. Comparing actual depth of neutral axis with critical depth of neutral axis:

iii. Moment of Resistance:

 Part 1: Part of Moment of Resistance of beam of whose compression part is taken care
by concrete.

Here,

y1 = Distance of top compression fibre from line of action of compressive force

in concrete.

 Part 2: Part of Moment of Resistance of beam of whose compression part is taken care
by compression steel.

Here,

d’ = Effective concrete cover on reinforcement of compression side

Here,

y2 = Distance of top compression fibre from the centroid of compression rein-

forcement.

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Overall moment of resistance:

Designing of Doubly Reinforced Beams

 Procedure to design doubly reinforced beam:

i. Calculate Moment of Resistance for balanced section for the given dimensions of the beam:

ii. Compare the design Bending Moment with balanced Moment of Resistance:

iii. Design Part 1: Designing to resist :

Here,

Ast1 = Area of tension reinforcement required to balance

Pt,bal = Percentage of area or cross-section to be under tension reinforcement.

iv. Design Part 2: Design to resist remainder of the bending moment

Here,

c’ = stress in concrete in compression at the level of compression steel.

Flanged Beams
 Effective Width for:

i. Isolated T-Beam:

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Here,

lo = Distance between points of contraflexure in the beam. If not given, l0 for the beam will be
given by:

B = Actual Width of the beam.

bw = Width of web or rib.

ii. Isolated L-Beam:

iii. Monolithic T-Beam:

Here,

Df = Depth of flange

iv. Monolithic L-Beam:

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Analysis of Flanged Section

 Case 1: When the Neutral Axis lies within the flange portion of the beam:

 Case 2: When Neutral Axis is in web portion of the beam:

Design of Flanged Beam

i. Assume lever-arm to be 0.9d.
Use given equations to find the area of reinforcement steel:

Limit State Method

Here,

Yf = Partial factor of safety for load or Load Factor:

Limit State of Collapse Limit State of Serviceability

Load Combination
DL LL or IL EL or WL DL LL or IL EL or WL

DL + (LL or IL) 1.5 1.5 - 1 1 -

DL + (WL or EL) 1.5/0.9 - 1.5 1 - 1

DL + (WL or EL) + (LL or IL) 1.2 1.2 1.2 1 0.8 0.8

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Limit State of collapse in Flexure: Assumption

 Design compressive strength of concrete = 0.67fck.

ii. Maximum strain at centre of gravity of the reinforcement at the time of failure must not be less than the
given value:

Above formula is valid for all grades of deformed steel bars as the Young’s Modulus is same in each
case. Whereas in case of Mild Steel the formula becomes as given below:

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Analysis of Beam in LSM

Step 1 : Finding Critical depth of Neutral axis for the given beam for given grade of steel.

Grade of Steel Fe250 Fe415 Fe500

k Value 0.53 0.48 0.46

Total compressive force generated:

Point of application of this load wrt top fibre of extreme end of compression side:

Step 2 : Actual depth of Neutral Axis (xu):

Step 3 : Analysis of Moment of Resistance:

a. For Under-Reinforced: xu < xu-lim

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b. For Balanced section: xu = xu-li

c. For Over-Reinforced Section: xu > xu-lim : In this case before finding Moment of Resistance, actual
strain in tension reinforcement has to be analysed using strain compatibility method

Limiting Moment of Resistance

Here,

k = Neutral axis depth factor

j = Lever arm Length factor = (1 – 0.42k)

Grade of Steel Fe250 Fe415 Fe500

Q value 0.149fck 0.138fck 0.134fck

j value 0.77 0.79 0.8

 Limiting reinforcement as tension steel:

 General or most preferred formula to find area of steel reinforcement in tension:

Here,

Mu = Ultimate applied bending moment on the beam

 Limiting Percentage Tension reinforcement:

For LSM:

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For WSM:

PT-LSM PT-WSM

Fe250/M20 0.956 0.43

Fe415/M25 1.196 0.53

Doubly Reinforced Beams

 Strain in tension reinforcement:

 Strain in compression reinforcement:

For compression steel, design yield stress fsc = 0.87fy but this isn’t valid for HYSD bars.

Analysis of doubly Reinforced Beams

Step 1 : Calculation of actual depth of Neutral Axis:

Step 2 : Critical Depth of Neutral axis:

Grade of Steel Fe250 Fe415 Fe500

k Value 0.53 0.48 0.46

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Step 3 : Moment of Resistance:

Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams in LSM

 Given:

i. Beam size: B*D

ii. Material Specification

iii. Loads

Step 1 : Calculate factored Bending Moment or load to be resisted by the structure.

Step 2 : Calculate MOR for singly reinforced balanced section and find Ast1 corresponding to it followed by
calculation of Ast2 and Asc corresponding to rest of the bending moment.

Compression Side Tension Side

Tension Reinforcement required:

Moment taken by Concrete:

Up to MU-lim
= QBd2 Or

For moment value

MU*(say) = MU - MU-lim

Force for up to MU-lim

Force for MU*

Flanged Section
Step 1 : Effective Width of Section: (same as in case of WSM as discussed earlier)

a. Isolated T-Beam:

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b. Isolated L-Beam:

c. Monolithic T-Beam:

d. Monolithic L-Beam:

Step 2 : Actual Depth of Neutral Axis and Moment of Resistance:

a. Case 1: xu < Df

b. Case 2.1: If xu > Df and 3xu/7 > Df:

c. Case 2.2: If xu > Df and 3xu/7 > Df:

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Equivalent Flange Thickness:

Overall: Actual depth of Neutral Axis (xu): By equating tension and compression forces:

Shear in RCC Beams

Factors affecting Shear Strength of an RCC Member
Presence of axial compression: In presence of axial compression the shear strength of multiplied by a factor
as given below:

Here,

Pu = Axial compressive force

Ag = Gross area of the RCC section

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Shear Stress Distribution in a RCC Beam

 Shear Stress above Neutral Axis:

Here,

q = Shear Stress in the beam

A = Area of the beam

I = Moment of Inertia of the section

B = Width of the beam

V = Shear Force applied

Icr = Moment of Inertia of the cracked section

y = Distance of the fibre from Neutral Axis

xu = Depth of Neutral Axis

At y = 0;

 Shear Stress below Neutral Axis:

 Assumed Shear Stress for RCC design:

Principal Stress Trajectories

 τc-max:

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As per IS 456:2000 (table 24) values of τc-max are given as follows

Grade of Concrete M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 ≥ M40

τc-max (in N/mm2) for WSM 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

τc-max (in N/mm2) for LSM 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0

 τc: It is the shear strength of the RCC beam without shear reinforcement. As per IS 456:2000 (Table 19
and Table 23) its values are as given:

WSM (N/mm2) LSM (N/mm2)

%age Ast of Bd↓
M20 M25 M20 M25

≤ 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.28 0.29

0.25 0.22 0.23 0.36 0.36

0.50 0.30 0.31 0.48 0.49

0.75 0.35 0.36 0.56 0.57

1.00 0.39 0.40 0.62 0.64

1.25 0.42 0.44 0.67 0.70

1.5 0.45 0.46 0.72 0.74

1.75 0.47 0.49 0.75 0.78

2.00 0.49 0.51 0.79 0.82

Design of Shear Reinforcement

Design Shear
 Design Shear by WSM:

 Design Shear for LSM:

Here,

Vu = Factored Shear Force

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 Design Shear for beam of varying cross-section:

For WSM:

For LSM:

Here,

angle β in the equation is kept negative when in the beam, depth increases with increase in
bending moment whereas it is kept positive when depth decreases within increase bending
moment.

Design of Shear Reinforcement

Step 1 : Calculate:

Step 2 : Determine whether:

Step 3 : Check if:

Step 4 : Check if:

In above case nominal reinforcement is provided which is given by following formula:

Nominal Shear Reinforcement:

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Here,

Sv = Spacing between the shear reinforcements.

Asv = Area of single shear reinforcement

In designing shear reinforcement, generally 2 legged stirrups of 8 mm diameter are used.

If above case doesn’t satisfy then we move to step 5 in shear reinforcement design.

Step 5 : Now if:

In above case, shear reinforcement is provided.

Find amount of shear force taken by concrete:

Now shear reinforcements are required to be designed for the shear force left after resistance by con-
crete hence design shear force for reinforcement:

1. Providing Vertical Stirrups as Shear reinforcements for WSM:

For LSM:

Here,

Sv = Spacing between vertical stirrups

σsv = Permissible shear stress in steel as per WSM

Asv = Cross sectional area of shear reinforcement

Vs = Working Shear Force minus the amount of shear force taken by concrete

Vus = Factored Shear Force minus the amount of shear force taken by concrete

2. Providing Inclined Stirrups as Shear Reinforcement in WSM:

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In LSM:

Here,

α = Angle made by stirrups with the longitudinal reinforcement

3. Bent-up BarsBent-up bars shouldn’t be provided beyond ‘l/4’ distance from the supports.

Portion of Shear stress resisted by bent-up bars for WSM:

For LSM:

Here,

Astb = Area of bent-up bars

θ = Angle at which bars are bent with respect to straight longitudinal bars

Location of Cranking of bars from sopport:

For WSM:

For LSM:

Shear Force for which Stirrups are required to be provided after providing bent-up bars:

Step 6 : Check for maximum spacing between the stirrups:

a. For Vertical Stirrups:

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b. For Inclined Stirrups:

Design For Torsion in RCC Beam

Design Procedure for Torsional Reinforcement
 Given: Loads on the beam

 Maximum Bending Moment (M)

 Maximum Shear Force (V)

 Maximum Torsional Moment (T)

Equivalent Shear:

Design moment for Longitudinal Reinforcement: Equivalent Bending Moment (Meq):

Transverse Reinforcement: If τeq > τc

Here σsv will be replaced by 0.87fy in case of LSM design.

Maximum Spacing between the reinforcements:

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Here, x1 and y1 are centre to centre distance between the stirrup legs along the width face and height
face respectively.

Side Face Reinforcement

 Code recommends when depth of beam exceeds 750 mm, side face
reinforcement is provided along two face such that its area shall not
exceed 0.1% of web area and shall be distributed equally on two
faces at spacing not exceeding lesser of 300 mm or web thickness.

Design of Slab
Design of One-way Slab
Design Procedure of One-way Slab
Step 1 : Consider unit width of the beam i.e., 1 meter or 1000 mm.

Step 2 : Load Analysis:

Step 3 : Check for depth: The value of depth ‘d’ is calculated on the basis of deflection criteria whereas for
moment depth is only checked.

Step 4 : Area of Steel:

i. Main Reinforcement: For WSM:

For LSM:

Here, in the above formula 1000 represents the unit width of slab which is considered to be 1000 mm.

Minimum main reinforcement in a slab:

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ii. Distribution Bars:

Step 5 : Check for Shear and Bond (Development Length)

Design of Two-way Slab

 A slab is considered two-way slab if it is supported from all four sides and also if ratio of longer edge and
shorter edge is less than 2.

Design of Two-way Slabs

1. IS Code Method: Supports, may be continuous or discontinuous. (Clause D.1 Page 90)

i. Clause D.1.1: Maximum Bending Moment of a given slab is given by using following equation:

The values of the coefficients used above can be found in table 26 of IS 456:2000 page-91.

Further for negative moments, values of coefficient are transformed as shown below:

The panels described in it are explained below:

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ii. Clause D.1.4: For positive tension reinforcement:

a. 100% reinforcement should be extended up to 0.15l from continuous support.

b. 50% of the reinforcement must be extended up to the support.

iii. Clause D.1.5: For negative tension reinforcement over continuous support (for middle stripe on-
ly):

a. 100% reinforcement should be extended up to 0.15l from continuous edge.

b. 50% reinforcement shall be extended up to 0.3l from the continuous edge.

iv. Clause D.1.6: At discontinuous edge, negative moment may develop which depends on the ri-
gidity of the edge at support and hence reinforcement here provided to resist negative moment
should be 50% of Ast (+) which should be provided up to 0.1l from the support.

v. Clause D.1.7: Minimum reinforcement shall be provided in edge stripe. Minimum reinforcement
to be provided in the edge stripe is 0.15% of the cross-sectional area of slab.

vi. Clause D.1.8: Torsional reinforcement is provided on edges to control cracking. Torsion rein-
forcement is provided when both edge ore discontinuous:

vii. Clause D.1.9: Torsional reinforcement is also provided when one edge is continuous and other
edge is discontinuous:

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[Link] D.1.10: No tension reinforcement is provided when both edge of the slab are continuous.

ix. Clause D.1.11: If lx/ly > 2 design slab as one way slab.

Arrangement of Imposed Loads (Clause 24.4.1)

 Placing imposed loads on alternate span for maximum sagging moment between support A and B as
shown:

 Placing imposed loads on two adjacent spans with alternate span for maximum hogging moment at ‘B’ as
shown:

Provisions in Code for Beams and Slabs

Effective Span
i. Simply Supported Beams

ii. Continuous Beam or Slab:

a. If the support of the beam is less than one-twelfth of the clear span, then effective span is same as
prescribed for simply supported beam.

b. If the width of the support is more than lesser of one-twelfth of clear span or 600 mm then
effective span is given as follows:

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c. In case of roller support or rocket bearing, effective span shall always be taken as center-to-center
distance between the center of the bearing.

iii. Cantilever Beam:

iv. For Framed Structures centre-to centre distance is used as effective span.

Coefficients for Bending Moment, Shear Force for continuous Beams and Slabs

Check for Lateral Stability (IS 456:2000 Clause 23.3)

 For Simply Supported and Continuous Beams:

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 For Cantilever Beams:

Check for Deflection

i. Final deflection due to all loads including the effect of temperature, creep and shrinkage are
measured from cast level of support of loads and all other horizontal members should not nor-
mally exceed ‘Span/250’.

ii. Deflection including the effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage occurring after the erection of
partition and application of finishes should not normally exceed a value lesser of ‘Span/350’ and
‘20 mm’.

 Clause 23.2.1: For control of deflection, in beam or slab of span less than or equal to 10 m following
measures can be taken:

Type of Beam Basic Value (A)

Cantilever Beam 7
l/d ≯
Simply Supported Beam 20
Continuous Beam 26

 For Beams of span more than 10 m:

Above expression isn’t valid for cantilever beam or slab. For that case analysis has to be conducted.

 Depending on the tension and compression reinforcement, modification factors can be applied alter basic
values:

 For span less than 10 m:

 For span greater than 10 m:

Here,

Kt = Coefficient for tension reinforcement (as given in IS 456:2000 fig 4, P 38)

Kc = Coefficient for compression reinforcement (as given in IS 456:2000 fig 5, P 39)

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Check for Deflection of Two-way Slab (Solid Slab)

Here,

B = Basic Value

 For short spans i.e., span length ≯ 3.5 m and Load ≯ 3 kN/m2:

B Value
Type of Slab
For Mild Steel For HYSD Steel

Simply Supported Slab 35 0.8*35 = 28

Continuous Slab 40 0.8*40 = 32

 Clause 26.5.1(A): Minimum area of tension reinforcement:

Minimum Percent tension reinforcement (Pt-min):

Fe250 0.34%
Fe415 0.2%
Fe500 0.17%
For LSM:

Minimum area of tension reinforcement is provided to resist the possible load effect and to control
cracking in concrete due to shrinkage and temperature variation.

 Maximum allowable reinforcement provided in tension and compression region (combined) in a beam
= 4% of Bd.

 Hanger Bars: These are bars having nominal diameter and total area not more than 0.2% of BD in com-
pression region of the beam.

Reinforcement in Slabs
 Clause [Link]: Minimum area of steel:
0.15% for Mild Steel bars
0.12% for HYSD bars

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 Clause [Link]:

 Clause 26.3.3: maximum spacing between reinforcement:

i. For main reinforcement:

ii. For reinforcement against shrinkage and temperature:

Code restricts maximum diameter and maximum spacing because providing small diameter, more
in number are found to be more effective in controlling cracking and improving bond strength.

Bond and Development Length

Development length required for adequate bond for WSM:

And for LSM:

Here,

ϕ = Diameter of reinforcement

τbd = Bond strength of the given grade of concrete

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Grade of Concrete WSM (N/mm2) LSM (N/mm2)

M15 0.6 -

M20 0.8 1.2

M25 0.9 1.4

M30 1.0 1.5

M35 1.1 1.7

M40 1.2

M45 1.3 1.9

M50 1.9

For deformed bars, the values given in above table are increased by 60% and in case of
compression, these values are raised by 25%.

Checking Development Length at in a Simply Supported Beam at joints for positive

Moment Reinforcement
 At simple support, positive moment (Tension Reinforcement) at point of inflection should be limited to
such a diameter that following condition should satisfy:

Here,

Development Length LD depends on method of design (WSM or LSM) such that,

MR = Moment of resistance of the beam at the point of inflection also depend on method of
design (WSM or LSM) such that,

V = Shear Force at point of Inflection

Lo = Sum of anchorage beyond centre of support and equivalent anchorage value of any hook
or mechanical anchorage such that,

The value of MR/V can be increased by 30% when reinforcement is confined by compression at the
reaction:

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Providing Hooke or Bond for Simple Support

 Providing Straight Bar:

Here,

Ls = Width of Support

x' = Gap between beam face and end of bar

 Providing 90° Bent:

For Mild Steel bars:

For HYSD bars:

 Providing U-Type Hooke or 90° Bent:

For Mild Steel bars:

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For HYSD bars:

 Anchorage Length of Reinforcement bars (Lo):

 The anchorage value of bond shall be taken as 4 times the diameter of the bar for each 45° bend
subject to a maximum of 16 times the diameter of the bar (U-type hook).

Anchorage Shear Reinforcement

Angle of Bent around bars 90° 135° 180°

Continuation of Length of bar beyond bend 8ϕ 6ϕ 4ϕ

Curtailment of Reinforcement in a Flexure Member

 IS 456:2000 Clause [Link]: For Curtailment, reinforcement shall not extend beyond a point at which it
is no longer required to resist flexure for distance greater than or equal to 12 times the diameter of bars
or effective depth whichever is more (12ϕ or d).

 IS 456:2000 Clause [Link]: At least one-third of the positive reinforcement provided in simply
supported beam and one-fourth of the positive moment reinforcement in continuous member shall
extend along the same face of the member in to the support to a length equal to L/3.

 IS 456:2000 Clause [Link]: At least one-third of the total reinforcement provided for negative moment
at the support shall extend beyond the point of inflection for a distance not less than greater of effective
depth of the member, 12 times the diameter of the bars and 1/16 times the length of the clear span.

Splicing of Bars

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 In large diameter bars (ϕ ≥ 36 mm), splicing is provided with spiral binding. Further,

Here,

V = Shear Force at point of contra flexure

MOR = Moment of Resistance at Point of Contraflexure

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