of Linear Systems ese are but systems. Thi ich our study of linear [sae] Applications tn this section we will discuss some a small sample of the wide variety 0! systems is applicable. brief applications of linear f real-world problems to whi Network Analysis rhe concept ofa network appears in a variety of applications Loosely stated, a network is saeofbranchs veh which something flows." For example, the branches might be sews wish let ows pipes through which water or oil flows, gh which vehicular traffic flows, or economic linkages through whi epney flows, toname a few possibilities ges through which ‘re most networks, the branches meet at points, called a ti h ne ji i ‘now divides, For example, nan electrical network, nodes peseet otis ee Janina tai network they occur atstret intersections and eee Join in panking centers where incoming money is distrib ee ee uted to individuals or other institutions. In the study of networks, there is generall hich the medium flows th ly some numeric often fic in vehicles per hour, and the the Water oro in gallons ow rate of electricity is low rate of European came +r minute, the flow rate ney in millions of Euros ser day. We wil restrict our attention tonesworks in whi peth node, by which we mean that the rate o in which there is flow conservation at node. This ensure of flow int out of that mnsures that the flow medi ens gad Mode is equal to the rate of flo Ww block the free movement of th ium 5 rock the emediam tree 028 Not build up at the modes and‘Acommon problem in network analysis tose known aes incendiary to find the low ates allo the branche. lere san comple . EXAMPLE 1 | Network Analysis Using Linear Systems gure 1101 sows anor ith ur dein wih iteeain beaches are hnown Fh ow tds ea ee tone sree own eng Solution As lutte in Figure 1302, we hve asiged airy detons othe nino ow ie, We ed at i no te co mrt sine a re don Wl Dey ee ae fe lo ae ‘Wfllows om the conservation of Bow anode that Sir. a the ober nodes we ve tm 235 (noteB) 5 +15=60 (oudeC) S418=55 (oateD) ‘Te four condlons res the tinear ste ich we can now te solve forte wk fw ats. ntsc ese tee TCD simple ttc be saved ispstion (work om the bom up) Weave iioeyoutoconfm tht he sluon ‘eft tat negative stat the det assigned a hat fw in Fare 1.1025 insert at the lw nha banc ro nde A of Traffic Patterns EXAMPLE 2 | Des “Thenetvk in Figure 1.1. shows proposed note a ow arcane sk Tecoma Figure nash Penman, Te plan lx 4compa ‘atylnows he a yon Fh Stet od te dam nde he eg eed a Hp a acpi fw in ad ofthe ret ht ode ‘heeample allstar 008 88 Coa ares per tubs teak rn ear a iowa ih eas emp SENT ic owmeeot ag ws ei in © Asuna i Mgr A ‘onthe acest brde thc? aeapTeR 1 Sysemsofline za Equations and Manne yeretxdenote the num Frawing out + 700 09 gas ieiovinancorsens hea ight shoud etx = 600 ¥eicles Peru ps tough eran (6) Tosi ale anges the low n must equal he owout at ache song st bappe. he allowing onditlons must be susie bsansan ured | eNO ar Sc ma B ty = AEE 00-4200 nt% D mtn = 70 sth = 60,48 computed pat), wean he following linea system: ath = 1000 te = 1000 my tx= 700 x 4x2 70 vperemei ryt show ta he seins many slang and ia hee given by the parametric equations eee memo TINH m= 70 septa ie credit ct fox oat oe ne Seen ne ft ne Tepes gare ree i Ser os tes onthe sess ‘ o 02700, 305x, £1000, 053,700, 05%, 5700 oa wt rae me ale <0 s+ Is i ie 2 ee © & om » Electrical Circuits Nex Nt we il how ow sing baa anon. Abani eee sind ors A baer ia source of lewis nergy a cir cath one gues 1 tric energy, and od ory. Figure 1.1048 Gepreses ted by the symbol =), o08 8)110 Appleatonottoer stems 08 fo rom he poste pol ofthe bate through the esis, snd bck to he negate pole insted bythe arovhead inte Bigue) Prt et whch a fof eons gh is hres mshi he ow wae rough pipes Abateryatkes pp thts eal pres 10 increase the lw meeeicons antares teen rcion ms pipetted theflwratcolecrons The techie term or eleticalpressut selec pote irscommonly measured involis(V), The depres to wha reson edu thee ote Sealed resttance ands commeoniymeserednahms (2), Te eo ow Eesecronsinawire called arrent ands commonly easedaamperelsaed imps) (A). The pecs effec of esto given bythe flowing a ‘Ohm's taw If current of J amperes passes through a resistor with a resistance of R ‘hms then thereisa resulting drop of vols in elects poten hat the product ofthe curent and resistance! that, ‘Atypical electrical network wl have multiple bares an resistors joined by some configuration of wires. A point at which three or more wires in» network ae olned i falled a node or uncon point). A branch s wie connecting two nodes, nda cased Toop is a succession of connected branches that begin and end atthe same noe. For ‘ample, the electrical network in Figure 1.105 has two nodes and three closed lops— {wo inner loops and one outer loop. As curent flows through an electrical network. it Lndergoes increases and decreases in electri potential calle voltage rises and voltage drops: respectively The behavior ofthe current a the nodes and around close lops is fovered by two fundamental laws 1 sum ofthe caren lowing into ay pode sequal .othe rthots CrrentLaw Simof the eurents owing ou. oa ‘irahotlsvolngeLaw Thone traversal of ay closed loop te sum ofthe wltage ses ‘uals the sum ofthe voltage drops. principle of flow conseration at a node rcs cuenta etstement of te fies hs ‘currents at the top node in {hat wn stated fr general networks. Thus, for example the Fre ioe she equation f= Toe dar tral nowy el nance ee oto the uml procedure incre aay asign a current fo nthe ranches at be mathematical mp array ne sense naiion asinine {tos determine Wi eagles a deton f ve fr eh cased ‘loop. The choice is arbitrary, but for consistency we | ‘will always take this direction to be ease eae aay We also make he follwing ooentions: saresitorifie diction ssgnd tbe cen though the raged othe op. an age is oct ant arent tough he estore oppose + Avelage drop seus tests hese asthe i reir in desta ‘Stat anid othe oP tery if the direction assigned tothe loop is from = 10 ¥ Sacra ‘ A Peet the loop is rom +10 ~ dough the Batten: ‘aencaarmens ing corens then those currents whose alus and those whose iestions {you follow these conventions when cael Anton were assigned correct wil hav post ‘eteasignd incorrect wil have negate ve,02 CHAPTER 1 Sytamsof Urea ea reiages a sa eet ror 4 ono ys poy i Kc een ee ne Tistorical Note [image CO EXAMPLE 3 | ACircuit with One Closed Loop cnn ee ee ien,trontron retro te a a Berregeptemiaraeeeetticet onc Riga mansmcatr eta s=6 ‘rr wich we coed atthe tattbecurenti = 2A Since posiive, the direction assigned ‘othe caren ow cnet SS | EXAMPLE 4 | A Circuit wi it with Three Clos ed Loops St re Meay l g a ‘Sy nde tty te ay gua Sere ey se ayer gestlon. whch vel es the ea eth a ay ge that there ae tee ae Mer oop soning eo Om etge iw 8 the vote1.10 App These conditions can be rewritten as 51, +201,= 50 101, + 201, = —30 (3) SI, — 101, = 80 However, the last equation is superfluous, since it is the difference of the first two. Thus, if wwe combine (2) and the first two equations in (3), we obtain the following linear system of three equations in the three unknown currents: + h- = 0 sh, +201;= 50 102, + 201, = -30 We leave it for you to show that the solution I; = 1. The fact that I, is negative tells us that indicated in Figure 1.10.9, of this system in amps is I, = 6, I, = —5, and t the direction of this current is Opposite to that'. Solve the system forthe unknown Now nies, © Find the Dow rites and dectons of wi = “ssc ee et ya ‘nang sn at gin src rem 4 Set up near sytem whose solu known ow ats, Pvt ' Solvethe stem rth unknown ow rte. 6: ie flow long the od ro A mst dy ‘nstaton. what the minimum low Sep aie owing on alas? ate hom a 2 Who soation pride 8 She theasten © igen 6" usknovntaw ty nde se Md from A wo pcan "#0 the other sre Eapantn rs anor the he cr cry dng he 16 The somite pap ot a> urn ‘ia Find te ply we ha 1% Finda equation tha represents the family al sacond Sere plynomlls tat pss through the pont (0,2) {tnd (3). [ine The equation wl iva oe ary rameter ta proces the memes fhe aly When 2 no aed + ‘By had, o wih be help of graphing uli sete four ves thea. 18 tone scion we ve steed ala few applications fin ‘ar nsteme Using the nero seach fol yt nd Some mor etl word aplatonsofach stems eet one 2 thas ofitere oyu and write paragraph about oe so ‘True False Exercises i ae ‘Tw, Inprts a0) determine wheter he atement is treo % fave, nd jan our answer +4, + 1 Inany network, the sum of he ows cto node must ve ‘cathe rum ofthe ows into a node f 1. When current pases though a ress, these an yw S Incest nthe ell pte nace. lan rr Kirhalscutent Iw state thatthe sum ofthe curents ees wre acl ao ree ce fling into ane equalstbe sum lth current flowing tebe nade 9 C,H, +0, 60, +10 [propane combustion) 4. Achemicaequton aed balncedifie tl umber ‘atoms on each ide of eqton theme Given any pints inthe plane, there sa unig palyoomil of degre n= 1 or ls whse graph pases throug those pans 12, €0,+ 1,0 C,8,0,+05 _Iahotowatess Wecting wlth Tectnaibgy ‘T Theflowig blest te iting freon en ar wing wh sued ins wing rnnel a us wd eles. Model 10. GH.0, = C0, +C,H011 [Fermentation of se 11, cH,c0R +140 ~ CH,COOI+ HF 13, Pd the quart polynomial whese gmp pases throu ‘hep (1,1), 22), 404 38) iene ina wi eimai ta the pbmil estatth ing ses 2008. 14, Find the quarts polyoma whose grap pss through the points (0,0) (~1s 1a 02> 1. Find the cubic polyno whose raph Passe through the iM a7 8S 1o ins (1,1, (010-3) D>