Final Keyword
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Agenda
final keyword
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final Keyword
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Keyword final
• The final keyword used in context of behavioral restriction on:
– variables
– methods
– classes
• Using final on variables to make them behave as constants which we
have seen in earlier module.
• When a variable is made final – it can be initialized only once either by
– Declaration and initialization
final int x=10;
– Using constructor
• System allows you to set the value only once; after which it can’t be
changed.
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Quiz
What will be the output for the below code ?
public class Sample { public static void main() {
final double pi; Sample ob = new
Sample(22/7)
public Sample()
{ System.out.println(ob.pi)
pi = 3.14; ;
} }
public Sample(double pi)
{
this.pi = pi;
}
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The Role of the Keyword final in Inheritance
• The final keyword has two important uses in the context of a class
hierarchy. These uses are highlighted as follows:
• Using final to Prevent Overriding
– While method overriding is one of the most powerful feature of object
oriented design, there may be times when you will want to prevent
certain critical methods in a superclass from being overridden by its
subclasses.
– Rather, you would want the subclasses to use the methods as they
are defined in the superclass.
– This can be achieved by declaring such critical methods as final.
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Keyword final with methods- Example
/* Example for final methods*/
class GBase {
public final void display(String s) Output:
{
Compile Time Error : Cannot
System.out.println(s); override the final method from
} } GBase
class Sample extends GBase{
public void display(String s)
{
System.out.println(s);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Sample ob = new Sample();
ob.display(“TRY ME”);
} }
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The Role of the Keyword final in Inheritance (Contd.).
• Using final to Prevent Inheritance
– Sometimes you will want to prevent a class from being inherited.
– This can be achieved by preceding the class declaration with
final.
– Declaring a class as final implicitly declares all of its methods as
final too.
– It is illegal to declare a class as both abstract and final since an
abstract class is incomplete by itself and relies upon its subclasses
to provide concrete and complete implementations.
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Keyword final with methods- Example
/* Example for final methods*/
final class GBase {
public void display(String s) Output:
{
Compile Time Error : The type Sample
System.out.println(s); cannot subclass the final class
} } GBase
class Sample extends GBase{
public void display(String s)
{
System.out.println(s);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Sample ob = new Sample();
ob.display(“TRY ME”);
} }
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Quiz
What will be the output for the below code ?
class abstract GBase{
public final void testBase(){
System.out.println(“Hello World”);
}
}
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Thank You
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