Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy o Forms after the bud begins to expand or a

seed germinates
PH-BPS 112 • Protoderm
Ms. Reeva Ann L. Sumulong o Outermost; gives rise to the epidermis
ADAPTED FROM: POWERPOINT/LECTURE o Procambium – interior of protoderm;
cylinder of strands
COURSE OUTLINE: MIDTERMS • Ground meristem
o Produces two tissues composed of
1. Tissues and Primary Growth parenchyma cells; gives rise to the pith and
a. Stems cortex
b. Leaves o Pith – cells that are very large and may
break down shortly after they are formed
UNIT 2.3: TISSUES AND PRIMARY leaving a cylindrical hollow area
▪ Contains lignin
GROWTH ▪ Associated with secretory
structure - stores and secretes
STEMS laticifers which secrete or bleed
latex
OVERVIEW/TERMS o Cortex – parenchyma is used in storing food
• Node – area or region of stem where leaf or leaves or sometimes if chloroplasts are present, in
are attached manufacturing it
• Internodes – stem region between nodes ▪ Chloroplasts has chlorophyll which
• Petiole – stalk that serves as an attachment of the is associated with
leaf to the twig photosynthesis
• Axil – angle between a petiole and stem
• Axillary bud – bud located in the axil
o Starting point only
o may become a vegetative shoot or
reproductive shoot
▪ Vegetative shoot – stem or
branches
▪ Reproductive shoot – flowers
• Bud scales – protects the buds
• Bud scale scar – a remembrance; terminal bud
leaves this after a previous season; may only persist
for a number of years/season
o Terminal scar because it doesn’t turn into
something else, unlike axillary bud
o Indication of age of stem or twig
• Terminal bud – little larger than the axillary bud;
do not become separate branches, stays as a bud
alone
• Stipules – paired; often somewhat leaflike,
appendages that may remain throughout the life of
the leaf

• Primordium – meristematic tissues; active cell

division
o Bud
▪ Becomes an axillary bud; veg root
– stem/branches or repro root -
flowers
o Leaf
▪ Becomes a leaf
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
• Narrow band of cells between the primary xylem and
• Apical meristem
primary phloem > retain meristematic nature >
o Found in the tip of each stem
vascular cambium > secondary tissues > add to the
o Increase in length of the stem
o Protected by bud scales of the bud and to a girth of the stem instead of its length
certain extent by a leaf primordia • Vascular Cambium – secondary growth, increase
• Primary meristem in girth; found in main meristem of the stem

1 I ESPIRITU BSP 1-2

 o Layer of dividing cells between two parts;
wood (inward), vascular cambium
(between), and bud (outward)
o Tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, or other
components of secondary xylem or sieve
tube members, companion cells, or other
components of the secondary phloem
o Forms vascular tissues:
▪ Inward – xylem; wood - secondary
xylem is formed inside
▪ Outward – phloem; bark -
secondary phloem is formed
outside

PATTERNS OF TISSUES
• Steles – younger and few older stems and roots
o Central cylinder is made up of primary
xylem, primary phloem, and pith
o Protostele
▪ Cannot see where the pith is
located
▪ Simplest form
▪ Consists of a solid core of
conducting tissues in which the
phloem usually surrounds the
xylem
▪ Common in primitive seed plants –
whisk ferns, club mosses
o Siphonosteles
▪ Looks like a donut
▪ Distinguishable pith
▪ Tubular with pith at center
• Cork cambium/Phellogen ▪ Common in ferns
o Seen when epidermis is at maturity o Eusteles
▪ Present day flowering plants and
o Woody stems – while they age, lenticels
conifers
(aids gas exchange) are seen behind the
▪ Primary xylem and primary
stomata phloem are in discrete vascular
▪ When bumps or protrusion is bundles
seen, lenticels are present ▪ Distinguishable pith
o Arises within the cortex or in some
instances develops from the epidermis or
phloem
o Produces box-like cork cells which are
impregnated with suberin
▪ waxy substance that makes the
cell impervious to moisture
o Cork cambium – may also produce
parenchyma-like phelloderm

MONOCOT AND DICOT STEMS

VASCULAR TISSUES
• Monocot
o Pith is not seen
o Vascular bundles embedded throughout the
ground tissue
• Most dicots
o Single ring of vascular bundles embedded
in ground tissue
• Many non-flowering plants and few dicots
o Concentric cylinders of xylem and phloem

2 I ESPIRITU BSP 1-2

DICOT STEM: HERBACEOUS
• Plants that die after going from seed to maturity
within one growing season (annuals)
• Discrete vascular bundles composed of patches of MONOCOT STEM
xylem and phloem • May look like a face
o Vascular bundles – arranges in o Vessel element – xylem
rings/cylinder which separate the cortex o Eyebrow-like structure – boundary of xylem
from the pith and phloem
o Epidermis – outer wall
• Each bundle, regardless of specific location is
o Pith – center oriented so that:
o Xylem – closer to the center of the stem
o Phloem – is closer to the surface
• In a typical monocot – bundle’s system contains 2
large vessels with several small vessels between
them
• Parenchyma tissue between the vascular bundle is
not separated into cortex and pith

DICOT STEM: WOODY

• Green lining – vascular cambium
• Xylem – inward of vascular cambium
• Phloem – outward from vascular cambium
• Annual rings – tells you the age of the plant
• Found in perennials with woody stems
o Perennials - present in all seasons of the
year
• At maturity – vascular bundles join together to form
continuous rings around the interior of stem
• Develop a lateral system of nutrient transport in
which vessels called rays horizontally from the
phloem to the pith, carrying nutrients to the pith for
storage or to the phloem for dispersal

3 I ESPIRITU BSP 1-2