top
[Link]
It provides a dynamic real-time view of the running system. usually, this command shows the
summary information of the system and the list of processes or threads which are currently
managed by the kernel.
1° Row — top
This first line indicates in order:
o current time ([Link])
o uptime of the machine (up 1 day, 1:25)
o users sessions logged in (3 users)
o average load on the system (load average: 0.02, 0.12, 0.07) the 3 values refer to the last
minute, five minutes and 15 minutes.
2° Row – task
The second row gives the following information:
o Processes running in totals (73 total)
o Processes running (2 running)
o Processes sleeping (71 sleeping)
o Processes stopped (0 stopped)
o Processes waiting to be stopped from the parent process (0 zombie)
3° Row – CPU
The third line indicates how the cpu is used. If you sum up all the percentages, the total will be
100% of the cpu. Let’s see what these values indicate in order:
o Percentage of the CPU for user processes (0.3%us)
o Percentage of the CPU for system processes (0.0%sy)
o Percentage of the CPU processes with priority upgrade nice (0.0%ni)
o Percentage of the CPU not used (99,4%id)
o Percentage of the CPU processes waiting for I/O operations(0.0%wa)
o Percentage of the CPU serving hardware interrupts (0.3% hi — Hardware IRQ
o Percentage of the CPU serving software interrupts (0.0% si — Software Interrupts
o The amount of CPU ‘stolen’ from this virtual machine by the hypervisor for other tasks
(such as running another virtual machine) this will be 0 on desktop and server without
Virtual machine. (0.0%st — Steal Time)
4° and 5° Rows – memory usage
The fourth and fifth rows respectively indicate the use of physical memory (RAM) and swap. In
this order: Total memory in use, free, buffers cached.
Following Rows — Processes list
And as last thing ordered by CPU usage (as default) there are the processes currently in use.
Let’s see what information we can get in the different columns:
o PID – ID of the process (4522)
o USER – The user that is the owner of the process (root)
o PR – priority of the process (15)
o NI – The “NICE” value of the process (0)
o VIRT – virtual memory used by the process (132m)
o RES – physical memory used from the process (14m)
o SHR – shared memory of the process (3204)
o S – indicates the status of the process: S=sleep R=running Z=zombie (S)
o %CPU – This is the percentage of CPU used by this process (0.3)
o %MEM – This is the percentage of RAM used by the process (0.7)
o TIME+ –This is the total time of activity of this process (0:17.75)
o COMMAND – And this is the name of the process (bb_monitor.pl)
free
[Link]
sar
[Link]
performance/
df
[Link]
ntpq
[Link]
Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol used to synchronize computer system
clock automatically over a networks.
