[Link] [Link].
com 1 Chapter 17 : Inheritance 01 Inheritance • The
transmission of genetic information from generation to generation 02 Chromosome • A thread-like
structure of DNA, carrying genetic information in the form of genes 03 Gene • A length of DNA that
codes for a protein 04 Allele • A version of a gene 05 Describe inheritance of sex in humans • One of the
23 pairs of chromosomes determines se • The pair can either be: - XX for a female - XY for a male 06
How genes determine the order of amino acids in a protein • The sequence of bases in a gene is the
genetic code • For putting together amino acids in the correct order • To make speci@ic protein 07 How
DNA controls cell function • By controlling the production of : - Proteins (some of which are enzymes) -
Antibodies - Receptors for neurotransmitters 08 How a protein is made (protein synthesis) • Gene
coding for the protein remains in the nucleus • mRNA molecules carry a copy of the gene to the
cytoplasm • mRNA passes through ribosomes • Ribosome assembles amino acids into protein molecules
• The speci@ic order of amino acids is determined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA 09 Comparing
genes found in all body cells • All body cells in an organism contain the same genes • Many genes in a
particular cell are not expressed • The cell only makes the speci@ic proteins it needs 10 Haploid nucleus
• A nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, e.g. in gametes [Link]
[Link] 2 11 Diploid nucleus • A nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes, e.g. in
body cells - There is a pair of each type of chromosome - In human diploid cell there are 23 pairs 12
Mitosis • Nuclear division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells • The process: -
Chromosomes duplicate - Chromosomes separate - Mitosis happens - Zygote/cell splits into two -
Mitosis is repeated - Forming a ball of cells - Cells are genetically identical 13 Roles of mitosis • Growth •
Repair of damaged tissues • Replacement of cells • Asexual reproduction 14 When does the duplication
of chromosomes happen? • The duplication of chromosomes happens before mitosis 15 Maintaining the
chromosome number during mitosis • Chromosome number doubles before mitosis • During mitosis,
the copies of chromosome separate 16 Stem cells • Unspecialised cells • Divide by mitosis to produce
daughter cells • That can become specialised for speci@ic functions 17 Meiosis • Reduction division in
which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically different cells
18 What type of cell does meiosis produce? • Gametes 19 How meiosis produces variation • By forming
new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes 20 Genotype • The genetic make-up of an
organism in terms of the alleles present [Link] [Link] 3 21 Phenotype
• The observable features of an organism 22 Homozygous • Having two identical alleles of a particular
gene - Two homozygous individuals - Breed together - Known as pure-breeding 23 Heterozygous •
Having two different alleles of a particular gene - Heterozygous individual - Not pure-breeding 24
Dominant • An allele that is expressed if it is present 25 Recessive • An allele that is only expressed
when there is no dominant allele of the gene present 26 Pedigree diagrams • Show the inheritance of a
given characteristic (allele) • The family pedigree above shows: - Both males and females are affected -
Every generation has affected individuals - There is one family group that has no affected parents or
children - The other two families have one affected parent and affected children as well
[Link] [Link] 4 27 Monohybrid inheritance • The inheritance of a
single characteristic controlled by one gene with two or more alleles [Link]
[Link] 5 28 Test cross • Used to identify an unknown genotype 29 Punnet squares
[Link] [Link] 6 30 Co-dominance • When both alleles are expressed
in the phenotype, as neither is dominant over the other • Ex: Blood groups - IA, IB, are codominant - IO
is recessive to both IA and IB 31 Sex-linked characteristic • A characteristic in which the gene responsible
• Located on a sex chromosome • This makes it more common in one sex 32 Examples of sex linkage •
Colour blindness [Link] [Link] 7 33 Colour blindness punnet square
