istions

aswers
Levels I, II, and III
Ultrasonic Testing Method

Supplement to
Recommended. Practice
No. SNT-TC-1 A
Book C
Published by
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
1711 Arlingate Lane
POBox 28518
Columbus, OH 43228-0518

Compiled by the Ultrasonics Committee of the Technical and Education Council of The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing.

This publication contains suggested questions and answers in the ultrasonic testing method for use in conjunction with
Recommended Practice No. SNT -TC-1A for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing .
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC- 1A is available from ASNT®.

Copyright © 1999 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT is not responsible for the
authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Published opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the opinion
of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of
ASNT.

IRRSP, Materials Evaluation, NDT Handbook , The NDT Technician and [Link] are trademarks of The
American Society for Nondestructive Testing , Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level III Study Guide, Nondestructive Testing
Handbook , Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE are registered trademarks of The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing , Inc.

ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing.

ISBN-13: 978-0-931403-46-0
ISBN-10: 0-931403-46-4

Printed in the United States of America

first printing 09/87

second printing 03/88
third printing 09/89
fourth printing 04/90
fifth printing 04/92
sixth printing with revisions 09/94
seventh printing 02/96
eighth printing 06/96
ninth printing 10/98
tenth printing with revisions 09/99
eleventh printing with revisions 04/03
twelfth printing 12/05

2
 Table of Contents
References 5

Reference Usage List 6

Level I 7
Questions 7
Answers 23

Level II 25
Questions 25
Answers 45

Level III 47
Questions 47
Answers 53

3
 Level m Answers
Ultrasonic Testing Method
1. b 15. b 29. b 43. c
2. a 16. a 30. c 44. b
3. c 17. b 31. b 45. d
18. b 32. b 46. d
5. b 19. c 33. d 47. c
6. b 20. d 34. d 48. a
7. c 21. b 35. b 49. d
8. c 22. c 36. d 50. c
9. b 23. a 37. c 51. d
10. c 24. d c 52. b
11. c 25. d 39. b 53. c
12. d 26. c 40. b 54. a
13. a 27. a 41. d
14. a 28. a 42. c

••

53
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level III
54. In general, when a discontinuity is thin it is a poor
reflector. The maximum reflection is obtained when
the thickness of the discontinuity is equal to at least:

a. * /4 wavelength
b. * /2 wavelength
Recommended Training References
c. 1 wavelength
d. even multiples of V2 wavelength
Ultrasonic Testing Method
F.45.22 The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this book.

A.* Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American
Society for Testing and Materials. All standards relating to ultrasonic testing. (The reference after the
question refers to the specific standard where the correct answer can be found.) Latest edition.

B.* Nondestructive Testing Handbook , second edition: Volume 7, Ultrasonic Testing, A1 Birks, Robert E. Green,
Jr., technical eds., Paul Mclntire, ed. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. 1991.

C.* Ultrasonic Testing , Programmed Instruction Handbook ( PI -4-4 ). San Diego, CA: General Dynamics/
Convair Division. 1981. (Now published by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.)

D.* Krautkramer, J. and H. Krautkramer. Ultrasonic Testing of Materials , fourth edition. New York: Springer-
Verlag, Inc. 1990.

E.* McGonnagle, W.J. Nondestructive Testing , second edition. New York: Gordon & Breach, Science
Publishers, Inc. 1975.

F.* McMaster, R.C., ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook , first edition. Columbus, OH: The American
Society for Nondestructive Testing. 1959. Sections 43-50.

.
G * Nondestructive Testing Handbook , second edition: Volume 10, Nondestructive Testing Overview, Stanley
Ness, Charles E. Sherlock, technical eds., Paul Mclntire and Patrick O. Moore, eds. Columbus, OH: The
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1996.

H.* Ultrasonic Testing , Classroom Training Handbook ( CT -6-4 ). San Diego, CA: General Dynamics/Convair
Division, second edition. 1981. (Now published by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.)

I.* Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control: ASM Handbook , Volume 17, ninth edition. Metals Park,
OH: ASM International. 1989.

Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Each question found in this book contains letter(s) and page number(s) in bold type immediately following the answers.
For example,
1. The indication on the cathode ray tube (CRT) which
represents the far boundary of the material being
tested is called:

a. hash
b. the initial pause
c. the main bang
d. the back surface reflection
H.2-8

In this example, the letter “H” refers to Reference H in the list provided above and 2-8 is the specific page in Reference H
where the answer to the question can be found.

52 5
 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level III

43. The thickness range of UT resonance thickness gages

can be increased by:

a. using large transducers

Reference Usage List b.
c.
operating at the fundamental frequency
operating at a harmonic frequency
Ultrasonic Testing Method d. increasing the voltage
F.43.37

44. The ability of transducers to detect echoes from small

Reference A: Total = 8 Reference F: Total = 159 defects is a definition for:
Level I (6) Level I (80) a. resolution
Level II (2) Level II (54) b. sensitivity
Level HI (0) Level ffl (25) c. definition
d. gain 49. The acoustic impedance for brass
F.44.5 ( V = 4.43 x 10s cm/s, p = 8.42 gm/cm3) is:
Reference B: Total = 21 Reference G: Total = 1
Level I (7) Level 1 (0) 45. The length of the near field for a 2.5 cm (1 in.) a. 0.53 x 105 gm/cm2s
diameter, 5 MHz transducer placed in oil b. 1.9 x 105 gm/cm2s
Level H (9) Level II (1) ( V = 1.4 x 10s cm/s) is approximately: c. 9.4 x 10s gm/cm2s
Level III (5) Level in (0) d. 37 x 105 gm/cm2s
a. 0.028 cm (0.01 in.) F.43.12
b. 6.25 cm (2.5 in.)
Reference C: Total = 5 Reference H: Total = 189 c. 22.3 cm (8.8 in.) 50. The principal attributes that determine the differences
Level I (4) Level I (80) i d. 55.8 cm (22 in.) in ultrasonic velocities among materials are:
Level H (98) B.197; F.44.13
Level H ( l) a. frequency and wavelength
Level HI (0) Level III (11) 46. From the equation for the length of the near field, it b. thickness and travel time
can be determined that the near field can be c. elasticity and density
minimized by: d. chemistry and permeability
Reference D: Total = 40 Reference I: Total = 103 H.2-17
Level I (9) Level I (35) a. decreasing water travel distance
Level H (13) Level U (64) b. increasing transducer diameter 51. What would be the wavelength of the energy in lead
c. decreasing the size of reference targets ( V = 2.1 x 105 cm/s) if it is tested with a 25 MHz
Level ffl (18) Level HI (5) d. decreasing test frequency transducer?
F.44.13
a. 119 cm (47 in.)
Reference E: Total = 30 b. 0.525 cm (0.21 in.)
Level I (22) =
47. In a water ( Vri 1.5 x 105 cm/s) immersion test,
c. 0.0119 cm (0.005 in.)
ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel
Level U (8) ( VT = 3.2 x 105 cm/s) at an incident angle of d. 0.0084 cm (0.003 in.)
14 degrees. What is the refracted shear wave within F.43.9
Level in (0) the material ?
52. What is the transducer half-angle beam spread of a
a. 13 degrees 1.25 cm diameter, 2.25 MHz transducer in water
b. 35 degrees ( V = 1.5 x 105 cm/s)?
c. 31 degrees
d. 53 degrees a. 2.5 degrees
F.43.15 b. 3.75 degrees
c. 37.5 degrees
48. The approximate bandwidth of the transducer with d. 40.5 degrees
the frequency response shown in Figure 1 (-3 dB) is: H.2-30

a. 4 MHz 53. The term that is used to determine the relative

b. 8 MHz transmittance and reflectance of ultrasonic energy at
c. 10 MHz an interface is called:
d. 12 MHz
F.44.4 a. acoustic attenuation
b. interface refraction
c. acoustic impedance ratio
d. acoustic frequency
F.43.12

6 51
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level III

31. Rough surfaces can cause undesirable effects which 37. Some information on the shape of a flaw may be
are noticeable when parts are tested ultrasonically, given by:
including:

a. annular maxima rings

a.
b.
the shape of the echo
the amplitude of the echo Level I Questions
b. an increase in the width of front face echo and c. both a and b
consequent loss of resolving power
c. acoustical mismatch
d. neither a nor b
D.342; 1.245
Ultrasonic Testing Method
d. asymmetrical modes
F.45.15 38. Which of the following transducer materials makes
the best transmitter:
32. Rough surfaces cause the echo amplitude from 1. The indication on the instrument display that 6. Another name for Rayleigh waves is:
discontinuities within the part to: a. quartz represents the far boundary of the material being
b. lithium sulfate tested is called: a. shear waves
a. increase c. barium titanate b. longitudinal waves
b. decrease d. none of the above a. hash c. transverse waves
c. not change D.117, 119, 123-125; 1.255 b. the initial pause d. surface waves
d. change frequency c. the main bang H.2 32-
F.45.15 39. Of the transducer materials listed below, the most d. the back surface reflection
efficient receiver is: H.2-8 7. A material used between the face of a transducer and
33. When a sound beam travels from a liquid into a metal the test surface to permit or improve the transmission
through a contoured surface, the sound beam inside a. quartz 2. In immersion testing, the position of the transducer is of ultrasonic vibrations from the transducer to the
the metal will: b. lithium sulfate often varied to transmit sound into the test part at material being tested is called:
c. barium titanate various angles to the front surface. Such a procedure
a. have the phase velocities of the first symmetrical d. lead metaniobate is referred to as: a. a wetting agent
and asymmetrical modes D.119, 123-125; 1.255 b. acouplant
b. have the phase velocity of the incident longitudinal a. angulation c. an acoustic transmitter
wave 40. The concentration of energy in the far field of a b. dispersion d. a lubricant
c. not be affected by the part geometry transducer beam is: H.3-21

••
c. reflection testing
d. be convergent if the surface is concave, and d. refraction
divergent if the surface is convex
F.45.13
a. greatest at the outer edges of the beam
b. greatest at the center of the beam
-
F.45.10; H.3 12 8. The piezoelectric material in a transducer that
vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves is called a:
c. the same at the outer edges as in the center of the 3. The cable that connects the ultrasonic instrument to
34. The resonant frequency of a 2 cm (0.79 in.) thick beam the transducer is specially designed so that one a. backing material
plate of Naval brass ( V = 4.43 x 10s cm/s) is: d. directly proportional to beam width conductor is centered inside another. The technical b. Lucite wedge
H.2-31 name for such a cable is: c. crystal
a. 0.903 MHz d. couplant
b. 0.443 MHz 41. A typical application of shear waves in ultrasonic a. BX cable H.2-7
c. 0.222 MHz testing is the inspection of: b. conduit
d. 0.111 MHz c. coaxial cable 9. Ultrasonic testing of material where the transducer is
D.128, 233 a. welds d. ultrasonic conductor cable-grade 20 in direct contact with the material being tested may
b. plate H.3-13, Fig. 3-9 be:
35. Resonance testing equipment generally utilizes: c. pipe and tubing
d. all of the above 4. The process of comparing an instrument or device a. straight beam testing
a. pulsed longitudinal waves H.4-10 with a standard is called: b. surface wave testing
b. continuous longitudinal waves c. angle beam testing
c. pulsed shear waves 42. In angle beam shear wave testing, skip distance will a. angulation d. all of the above
d. continuous shear waves as the thickness of the test specimen is b. calibration H.4-7
F.50.1 increased. c. attenuation
d. correlation 10. An advantage of using lithium sulfate in transducers
36. To eliminate the decrease of sensitivity close to a a. decrease F.43.37 is that it:
wall which is parallel to the beam direction, the b. not change
transducer used should be: c. increase 5. Another name for a compressional wave is: a. is one of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic
d. decrease by half with double thickness energy
a. as small as possible D.299-303 a. Lamb wave b. is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic
b. of as low frequency as possible b. shear wave energy
c. both a and b c. longitudinal wave c. is insoluble
d. large and with a frequency as high as possible d. transverse wave d. can withstand temperatures as high as 700 °C
D.191 F.43.9; H.2-5 (1 260 °F)
F.44.3; H.3-14

50 7
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level III
14. The amount of beam divergence from a crystal is 20. Based upon wave theory and ignoring attenuation 25. The frequency that can best distinguish the difference
Figure 1 primarily dependent on the: losses, the echo amplitude is: between a large planar defect and 4 stacked (multiple -
layered) laminations in rolled plate is:
a. type of test a. directly proportional to the distance to the reflector
b. tightness of crystal backing in the transducer b. inversely proportional to the distance to the a. 0.5 MHz
X c. frequency and crystal size reflector b. 1 MHz
X
d. pulse length c. directly proportional to the square of the distance c. 2.25 MHz
\WW XXXW B.54; H.2-30; 1.240 to the reflector d. 5 MHz
d. inversely proportional to the square of the distance H.3-20
15. When an ultrasonic beam passes through the interface from the reflector
W between two dissimilar materials at an angle, a new F.44.12 26. During immersion examination, when evaluating the
angle of sound travel takes place in the second response from a contoured surface of a part,
material due to: 21. The rate generator in B-scan equipment will irrelevant indications due to the contour are most
invariably be directly connected to the: likely to appear as:
a. attenuation
11. The transducer shown in Figure 1 is used for: b. rarefaction a. display intensity circuit a. sharp spiked signal indications
c. compression b. pulser circuit b. irregular signal indications
a. surface wave testing d. refraction c. RF amplifier circuit c. broad-based signal indications
b. angle beam testing F.43.15; H.2-19, 2-21; 1.236 d. horizontal sweep circuit d. hash
c. immersion testing F.43.34 H.4-32
d. straight beam testing
F.43.5; H.3-17 NOTE: Using Figure 2, answer questions 16 through 22. In A-scan equipment, the RF pulser output voltage is 27. The pulse applied to the electrodes of the ultrasonic
20. normally in the range of: transducer is:
12. The transducer that contains the thinnest piezoelectric
crystal is a: 16. Figure 2 illustrates a contact test on an 203 mm (8 in.) a. 1-10 V a. electrical
aluminum block. A discontinuity is located 152 mm b. 10-100 V b. mechanical
a. 1 MHz transducer (6 in.) from the front surface. The display c. 100-1 000 V c. electro-mechanical
b. 5 MHz transducer representation for this is shown to the right. What d. 1 000-3 000 V d. piezoelectrical
c. 15 MHz transducer does indication A represent? B.123 F.44.5
d. 25 MHz transducer
B.6; E.223; H.3 20 - a. The initial pulse or front surface indication. 23. When contact testing, an increase in tightness of a 28. In calibrating an ultrasonic test instrument utilizing
b. The first discontinuity indication. shrink fit to a hollow shaft will cause the ratio of the the responses from each of the area amplitude type
13. A 25 MHz transducer would most likely be used c. The first back surface reflection. back reflection to the metal-to-metal interface reference blocks, the determination of the:
during: d. None of the above. reflection to:
E.231; F.43.31, F.47.2, 47.6; 1.245 a. vertical range is obtained
a. straight beam contact testing a. increase b. pulse range is obtained
b. immersion testing b. decrease c. resolving range is obtained
c. angle beam contact testing c. remain unchanged d. horizontal range is obtained
d. surface wave contact testing d. cannot be predicted as the response is material- H.5-7
F.43.7; H.3-20 dependent
D.475 29. Test sensitivity corrections for metal distance and
discontinuity area responses are accomplished by
Figure 2 24. During the inspection of a parallel-sided, machined using:
forging using the straight beam immersion technique,
(No Sweep Delay is Being Used) a diminished back reflection in a localized area in the a. an area amplitude set of blocks
absence of a defect indication would least likely b. an area amplitude and a distance amplitude set of
0 4 5 represent: blocks
c. a distance amplitude set of blocks
A ) k a. a coarse grain structure d. steel balls of varying diameter
b. small nonmetallic stringers H.5-6
c. a defect oriented at a severe angle to the entry
203 mm 152 mm surface 30. The time from the start of the ultrasonic pulse until
(8 in.) (6 in.) d. a large inclusion the reverberations completely decay limits the
F.47.7 maximum usable:

a. pulse time-flaw rate

u b. pulser/receiver rate
c. pulse repetition rate
d. modified pulse-time rate
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 F.43.28
A B C D E

8 49
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level III Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I
9. The preferred method of ultrasonically inspecting a 14. The ability of a test system to separate the front- 17. In Figure 2, indication B represents: 22. Figure 3 illustrates an immersion test of a 76 mm
complex-shaped forging: surface echo and the echo from a small discontinuity (3 in.) block of aluminum with a discontinuity located
just below the surface: a. the initial pulse or front surface indication 51 mm (2 in.) below the surface. The display pattern
a. is an automated immersion test of the finished b. the first discontinuity indication is shown also. What does indication A represent?
forging using an instrument containing a calibrated a. depends primarily upon the pulse length generated c. the first back surface reflection Assume no sweep delay is used.
attenuator in conjunction with a C-scan recorder from the instrument d. none of the above
b. combines thorough inspection of the billet prior to b. is not related to the surface roughness of the part E.231; F.47.2, 6, 43.31; 1.245 a. The first front surface indication.
forging with a careful inspection of the finished under inspection b. The initial pulse.
part in all areas where the shape permits c. is primarily related to the thickness of the part 18. In Figure 2, indication C represents the: c. The first discontinuity indication.
c. is a manual contact test of the finished part under inspection d. The first back surface reflection.
d. is an automated immersion test of the billet prior to d. is usually improved by using a larger diameter a. second back surface reflection F.43.31, 47.2-4; H.4-6, H.2-9; 1.245
forging transducer b. first discontinuity indication
1.504 H.3-13 c. second discontinuity indication 23. In Figure 3, indication B represents the:
d. first back surface reflection
10. In a long rod that is examined from one end with a 15. Transducer sensitivity is most often determined by: E.231; F.43.31, 47.2, 6; 1.245 a. first front surface indication
longitudinal beam, the most likely effect of b. initial pulse
longitudinally-oriented discontinuities would be to: a. calculations based on frequency and thickness of 19. In Figure 2, indication D represents the: c. first back surface reflection
piezoelectric element d. first discontinuity reflection
a. significantly reduce the back surface reflection b. the amplitude of the response from an artificial a. first discontinuity indication F.43.31, 47.2-4; H.4-6, 2-9; 1.245
b. cause echoes between the initial pulse and the first discontinuity b. second indication of the discontinuity
back surface reflection for which the reflector c. comparing it to a similar transducer made by the c. first back surface reflection 24. In Figure 3, indication C represents the:
locations cannot be precisely determined same manufacturer d. second back surface reflection
c. remove or reduce the amplitude of echoes from d. determining the ringing time of transducer E.231; F.43.31, 47.2, 6; 1.245 a. first front surface indication
refracted beam paths -
H.3 13
20. In Figure 2, indication E represents the:
b. first discontinuity indication
c. first back surface reflection
d. cause excessive baseline noise
F.48.27 16. Notches are frequently used as reference reflectors d. second front surface indication
for: a. first discontinuity indication F.43.31, 47.2-4; H.4-6, 2-9; 1.245
11. When maximum sensitivity is required from a b. second discontinuity indication
transducer: a. distance amplitude calibration for shear waves c. first back surface reflection 25. In Figure 3, indication D represents the:
b. area amplitude calibration d. second back surface reflection
a. a straight- beam unit should be used c. thickness calibration of plate E.231; F.43.31, 47.2, 6; 1.245 a. first discontinuity indication
b. large diameter crystals are required d. determining near-surface solutions b. first back surface reflection
c. the piezoelectric element should be driven at its H.3-19, 3-22 21. The velocity of surface waves is approximately c. second front surface indication
fundamental resonant frequency the velocity of shear waves in the same d. second discontinuity indication
d. the band width of the transducer should be as large 17. Notches provide good reference discontinuities when material. F.43.31, 47.2-4; H.4-6, 2-9; 1.245
as possible UT examination is conducted to primarily detect
F.43.4 defects such as: a. two times 26. In Figure 3, the distance between indications A and B
b. four times represents:
12. The 1 MHz transducer that should normally have the a. porosity in rolled plate c. '/2
best time or distance resolution is a: b. inadequate penetration at the root of a weld d. 9/io a. the distance from the front surface of the
c. weld porosity F.43.8 aluminum block to the discontinuity
a. quartz transducer with air backing d. internal inclusions b. the distance from the front surface of the
b. quartz transducer with phenolic backing F.48.18 NOTE: Using Figure 3, answer questions 22 through aluminum block to the back surface of the
c. barium titanate transducer with phenolic backing 26. aluminum block
d. lithium sulfate transducer with epoxy backing 18. The difference between a compression and shear c. the water distance from the transducer to the
F.43.5 wave is: aluminum block
Figure 3 d. none of the above
13. The sensitivity of an ultrasonic test system: a. quantitative measure F.43.31, F.47.2-4; H.4-6, 2.9; 1.245
b. particle direction
a. depends on the transducer, pulser, and amplifier c. qualitative measure 27. Under most circumstances, which of the following
used d. amplitude ~~
25 mm (1 in.) | frequencies would result in the best resolving power?
b. decreases as the frequency is increased D.7
c. increases as the resolution increases
d. is not related to mechanical damping or the
transducer
19. The particle motion for Rayleigh waves is usually
described as:
76 mm ‘ k
(3 in.)
>r Aluminum
I 51 mm
(2 in.)
Water
a. 1 MHz
b. 5 MHz
c. 10 MHz
F.43.5 A B C D d. 25 MHz
a. sinusoidal F.43.5; H.3-20
b. circular A
c. elliptical
d. shear
B.41

48 9
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I
28. Which of the following materials of the same alloy is 34. When the motion of the particles of a medium is
most likely to produce the greatest amount of sound parallel to the direction of propagation, the wave
attenuation over a given distance? being transmitted is called a:
r
a. A hand forging.
b. A coarse-grained casting.
a. longitudinal wave
b. shear wave
Level III Questions
c. An extrusion.
d. The attenuation is equal in all materials.
c. surface wave
d. Lamb wave
Ultrasonic Testing Method
B.377; E.221; F.48.10; H.2-28; 1.238 E.210

29. In contact testing, the entry surface indication is 35. When the motion of the particles of a medium is
sometimes referred to as: transverse to the direction of propagation, the wave
being transmitted is called a: 1. In an ultrasonic test system where signal amplitudes 5. The intended purpose of the adjustable calibrated
a. the initial pulse are displayed, an advantage of a frequency- attenuator of an ultrasonic instrument is to:
b. the back reflection a. longitudinal wave
independent attenuator over a continuously variable
c. the skip distance b. shear wave gain control is that: a. control transducer damping
b. increase the dynamic range of the instrument
d. the scan path c. surface wave
H.2-8 d. Lamb wave
a. the pulse shape distortion is less c. broaden the frequency range
b. the signal amplitude measured using the attenuator d. attenuate the voltage applied to the transducer
E.210
30. An ultrasonic instrument display pattern containing a is independent of frequency B.160; D.210
c. the dynamic range of the system is decreased
large number of low-level indications (often referred 36. “25 million cycles per second” can also be stated as:
d. the effect of amplification threshold is avoided 6. Which of the following might result in increased
to as “hash”) could be caused by:
B.124 transmission of ultrasound within a coarse-grained
a. 25 kHz
material ?
a. a crack b. 2500 kHz
b. a large inclusion c. 25 MHz 2. An amplifier in which received echo pulses must
exceed a certain threshold voltage before they can be a. perform the examination with a smaller diameter
-
c. coarse grained material d. 25 pHz
indicated might be used to: transducer
d. a gas pocket H.2-5
b. perform the examination after a grain refining heat
E.221; F.47.14; 1.238
37. Moving a transducer over a test surface either a. suppress amplifier noise, unimportant scatter treatment
echoes, or small flaw echoes that are of no c. change from a contact examination to an
31. A test method employing two separate transducers on manually or automatically is referred to as:
opposite surfaces of die material being tested is
consequence immersion examination
b. provide a display with nearly ideal vertical d. change from a longitudinal to a transverse wave
called: a. scanning
b. attenuating
linearity characteristics F.48.30
c. compensate for the unavoidable effects of material
a. contact testing c. angulating
attenuation losses 7. When material grain size is on the order of
b. surface wave testing d. resonating
d. provide distance amplitude correction wavelength of larger, excessive
c. through-transmission testing E.250 automatically scattering of the ultrasonic beam may affect test
d. Lamb wave testing
D.176 results.
H.4-9 38. A term used in ultrasonics to express the rate at which
sound waves pass through various substances is:
3. The output voltage from a saturated amplifier is: a. 1
32. The number of complete waves that pass a given
a. frequency b. lh
point in a given period of time (usually 1 s) is
referred to as the: b. velocity
a. 180 degrees out of phase from the input voltage c. Vio
b. lower than the input voltage d. Vioo
c. wavelength
d. pulse length
c. nonlinear with respect to the input voltage 1.238
a. amplitude of a wave motion
d. below saturation
b. pulse length of a wave motion F.43.9
D.176, 182 8. In a forging, flaws associated with nonmetallic
c. frequency of a wave motion
inclusions can most accurately be described as being:
d. wavelength of a wave motion 39. When a vertical indication has reached the maximum 4. The transmitted pulse at the output of the pulser
H.2-5 signal height which can be displayed or viewed on
usually has a voltage of 100 to 1 000V, whereas the a. oriented parallel to the major axis
the display of an ultrasonic instrument, the indication
voltages of the echoes at the input of the amplifier are b. parallel to the minor axis
33. The boundary between two different materials that is said to have reached its:
on the order of: c. aligned with forging flow lines
are in contact with each other is called:
d. oriented at approximately 45 degrees to the forging
a. distance amplitude height
a. 0.001-1 V direction
a. ararefactor b. absorption level
b. 1-5 V D.340
b. a refractor c. vertical level
c. 10 V
c. an interface d. limit of resolution
d. 50 V
d. a marker A.E-500
D.174-176
E.216

10 47
 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I

179. c 192. b 40. An ultrasonic testing technique in which the 45. In an A-scan presentation , the horizontal base line
153. a 166. c transducer element is not parallel to the test surface is represents:
154. c 167 . b 180. b 193. b called:
155 . a 168 . a 181 . d 194. c a. the amount of reflected ultrasonic sound energy
a. angle beam testing b. the distance traveled by the transducer
156. d 169. b 182. b 195 . d b. immersion testing c. the elapsed time or distance
157 . a 170. a 183 . a 196. c c. contact testing d. none of the above
158 . b 171 . d 184. c 197 . a d. through-transmission testing F.43.29
H.4-9
159. c 172. d 185 . b 198 . d 46. In an A-scan presentation , the amplitude of vertical
160. c 173. b 186. c 199 . c NOTE: Using Figure 4, answer questions 41 through indications on the display represents the:
161. b 174. d 187 . b 200. a 43.
a. amount of ultrasonic sound energy returning to the
162. d 175 . b 188 . c 201 . d transducer
163. d 176. a 189. b 202. d b. distance traveled by the transducer
203 . d c. thickness of material being tested
164. b 177 . b 190. a d. elapsed time since the ultrasonic pulse was
165 . a 178 . a 191. a generated
F.43.29

47. Which of the following test frequencies would

generally provide the best penetration in a 30 cm
(12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel ?

a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
F.48.2

41. In Figure 4, angle 1 (0,) is called: 48. In a basic ultrasonic test pattern (A-scan) for contact
testing (assuming no sweep delay is used), the initial
a. the angle of incidence pulse:
b. the angle of reflection
c. the angle of refraction a. is the high indication on the extreme left side of
d. none of the above the display that represents the entry surface of the
F.43.15 inspected part
b. is the first pulse that occurs near the right side of
42. In Figure 4, angle 2 (02) is called: the display and represents the opposite boundary
of the inspected part
a. the angle of incidence c. is an indication that appears and disappears during
b. the angle of reflection screening
c. the angle of refraction d. is always the second pulse from the left on the
d. none of the above viewing display
F.43.15 H.2-8; 1.242

43. In Figure 4, angle 3 (03) is called: 49. An ultrasonic test using a straight beam contact
transducer is being conducted through the thickness
a. the angle of incidence of a flat part such as a plate. This test should detect:
b. the angle of reflection
c. the angle of refraction a. laminar-type flaws with major dimensions parallel
d. none of the above to the rolled surface
F.43.15 b. transverse-type flaws with major dimensions at
right angles to the rolled surface
44. Most commercial ultrasonic testing is accomplished c. radial flaws with major dimensions along length
using frequencies between: but radially oriented to the rolled surface
d. none of the above
a. 1 and 25 kHz D.380; F.48.11; H.7-43
b. 1 and 1 000 kHz
c. 0.2 and 25 MHz
d. 15 and 100 MHz
F.43.1; H.3-20

46 11
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I
50. In ultrasonic testing, a liquid coupling medium 54. On the area amplitude ultrasonic standard test blocks,
between the crystal surface and the part surface is the flat bottom holes in the blocks are:
necessary because:
a. all of the same diameter
a. lubricant is required to minimize wear on the
crystal surface
b. different in diameter, increasing by 0.4 mm
(0.016 in.) increments from the No. “1” block to
Level IT Answers
b. an air interface between the crystal surface and the
part surface would almost completely reflect the
the No. “8” block
c. largest in the No. “1” block and smallest in the Ultrasonic Testing Method
ultrasonic vibrations No. “8” block
c. the crystal will not vibrate if placed directly in d. drilled to different depths from the front surface of
contact with the surface of the part being inspected the test block 1. d 39. c 77. a 115. b
d. the liquid is necessary to complete the electrical
circuit in the transducer
- -
A.E 217; H.3 20, 5 4 - 2. d 40. d 78. c 116. d
A.E 214; F.48.3; H.3 21
- - 55. In immersion testing, verification that the transducer 3. b 41. d 79. b 117. b
is normal to a flat entry surface is indicated by: 4. C 42. c 80. c 118. a
51. Entry surface resolution is a characteristic of an
ultrasonic testing system which defines its ability to: a. maximum reflection from the entry surface 5. c 43. a 81. b 119. a
b. elimination of water multiples 6. d 44. a 82. d 120. d
a. detect discontinuities oriented in a direction c. proper wavelength 7. 45. c
parallel to the ultrasonic beam d. maximum amplitude of the initial pulse
d 83. c 121. d
b. detect discontinuities located in the center of a F.46.17 8. b 46. b 84. b 122. c
forging containing a fine metallurgic structure 9. d 47. a 85. a 123. a
c. detect minute surface scratches 56. A piezoelectric material can: 48. c
d. detect discontinuities located just beneath the entry 10. d 86. c 124. b
surface in the part being tested a. convert a longitudinal beam to a shear wave 11. d 49. c 87. d 125. b
-
A.E 317; F.43.1; H.3-13 b. convert an mechanical energy to electrical energy
c. create ionization in a test specimen
12. b 50. d 88. a 126. d
52. During ultrasonic testing by the immersion method, it d. produce sound waves in a coaxial cable 13. c 51. b 89. d 127. b
is frequently necessary to angulate the transducer F.44.1 14. c 52. a 90. a 128. a
when a discontinuity is located in order to: 15. b 53. a 129. d
57. Sound waves of a frequency beyond the hearing
91. c
a. avoid a large number of back reflections that could range of the human ear are referred to as ultrasonic 16. c 54. d 92. d 130. b
interfere with a normal test pattern waves or vibrations, and the term embraces all 17. b 55. b 93. a 131. a
b. obtain a maximum response if the discontinuity is vibrational waves of frequency greater than 56. c
not originally oriented perpendicular to the approximately:
18. a 94. a 132. b
ultrasonic beam 19. a 57. b 95. a 133. d
c. obtain the maximum number of entry surface a. 2 kHz 20. c 58. b 96. b 134. a
reflections b. 200 kHz 59. c
d. obtain a discontinuity indication of the same height c. 20 000 Hz
21. a 97. a 135. c
as the indication from the flat bottom hole in a d. 2 MHz 22. a 60. d 98. c 136. a
reference block
-
A.E 214; F.46.17, 46.19, 47.13
D.l; H.2 5 - 23. c 61. c 99. b 137. a
58. The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent 24. a 62. d 100. c 138. c
53. All other factors being equal, the mode of vibration on: 25. b 63. a 101. d 139. a
that has the greatest velocity is the: 26. d 64. c 102. d 140. b
a. the pulse length
a. shear wave b. the angle of incidence 27. a 65. b 103. d 141. b
b. transverse wave c. the material, material thickness, and UT frequency 28. d 66. d 104. c 142. c
c. surface wave (time between signals on the display ) 67. c
d. longitudinal wave d. none of the above
29. b 105. d 143. d
D.37; F.43.8; H.2 18- B.367; D.38 30. c 68. d 106. b 144. b
31. d 69. b 107. b 145. d
59. A disadvantage of using natural quartz in a transducer 70. b
is that:
32. d 108. a 146. c
33. a 71. b 109. c 147. c
a. it will dissolve in water 34. b 72. c 110. a 148. a
b. it is the least effective generator of ultrasonic
energy of all commonly used materials 35. b 73. b 111. a 149. d
c. it is mechanically and electrically unstable 36. c 74. d 112. c 150. b
d. it easily loses it operating characteristics as it ages 37. c 75. b 151. c
113. a
-
F.44.2; H.3 14
38. d 76. a 114. a 152. d
12 45
 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I

60. An advantage of using a ceramic transducer in 66. The angle of incidence is:
transducers is that it:
a. greater than the angle of reflection
a. is one of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic b. less than the angle of reflection
energy c. equal to the angle of reflection
b. is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic d. not related to the angle of reflection
energy
c. has a very low mechanical impedance
HA1 . -
d. can withstand temperatures as high as 700 °C 67. On many ultrasonic testing instruments, an operator
(1 260 °F) conducting an immersion test can remove that portion
.-
F.44.2; H 3 14 of the display presentation that represents water
distance by adjusting a:
61. The primary purpose of reference blocks is to:
a. pulse length control
a. aid the operator in obtaining maximum back b. reject control
reflections c. sweep delay control
b. obtain the greatest sensitivity possible from an d. sweep length control
instrument H24 .-
c. obtain a common reproducible signal
d. none of the above 68. “100 000 cycles per second” can be written:
-
H.3 22
a. 0.1 kHz
62. When testing by the surface wave method, patches of b. 10 kHz
oil or dirt on the surface may: c. 100 kHz
d. 100 MHz
a. block the progress of all sound H.2 4 -
b. attenuate the sound
c. have no effect on the test
d. cause both an attenuation of sound and indications

••
on the screen
.
D 34

63. In immersion testing, the most commonly used

couplant is:

a. water
b. oil
c. glycerine
d. alcohol
-
EL222; H.3 22
69. Figure 5 is an illustration of a typical:
64. The piezoelectric material in the transducer:
a. A-scan presentation
a. converts electrical energy into sound b. B-scan presentation
b. converts electrical energy into mechanical energy c. C-scan presentation
c. eliminates the signal-to-noise energy d. D-scan presentation
d. produces high speed electrons in metals .
F 43.30
H.2 7 -
65. The shortest wavelength pulse is produced by a
frequency of:

a. 1 MHz
b. 5 MHz
c. 10 MHz
d. 25 MHz
-
H.2 16

13
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II
74. The gradual loss of sonic energy as the ultrasonic 194. Angle beam testing of plate will often miss: 199. Attenuation is the loss of the ultrasonic wave energy
vibrations travel through the material is referred to as: during the course of propagation in the material due
a. cracks that are perpendicular to the sound wave to:
a. reflection b. inclusions that are randomly oriented
b. refraction * c. laminations that are parallel to the front surface a. reflection and refraction
c. reproducibility d. a series of small discontinuities b. dispersion and diffraction
d. attenuation E.262 c. absorption and scattering
-
F.43.22; H.2 26; 1.238
195. Reducing the extent of the dead zone of a transducer
d.
e.
composition and shape
all of the above
75. A term used to describe numerous small indications by using a delay tip results in: D.108
on the instrument display resulting from test part
structure, numerous small discontinuities, or both is a. improved distance amplitude correction in the near 200. When setting up an ultrasonic inspection, the
often referred to as: field repetition frequency of the ultrasonic instrument
b. reduced frequency of the primary ultrasonic beam should be set:
70. Figure 6 is an illustration of a typical: a. multiple back reflections c. reduced ability to detect flaws in the near field
b. multiple front reflections d. improved accuracy in thickness measurement of a. so that its period is at least as long as the operating
a. -
A scan presentation c. hash thin plate and sheet time
b. -
B scan presentation d . resonance e. none of the above b. the same as the transducer resonance frequency
c. --
C scan presentation H.4 33; 1.246
- 1.258 c. as low as possible to avoid overpulsing and
d. D scan presentation distortion
E.251; F.46.5; 1.242 76. When testing a plate, increasing the frequency of an 196. In a plate, skip distance can be calculated from which d. according to the instruction manual of the
ultrasonic longitudinal wave results in: of the following formulas where ( / = plate thickness, instrument
0 = angle of sound beam refraction, and V = sound e. none of the above
a. an increase in its velocity
b. a decrease in its velocity
velocity ): -
D.171 174

c. no change in its velocity a. S = (2 x /) / tan 0 201. In immersion shear wave testing, waves are normally
d. a reversal in its velocity b. S = 2 x t x sin 0 generated by angulating the transducer beyond the
E.214 c. S - 2 x / x tan 0 first critical angle. What is the direction of the
d. S = 2 x V x sin 0 material’s particle motion ?
77. Ultrasonic waves transmitted into and received from e. none of the above
the test material in the form of repetitive bursts of 1.266 a. The same as the wave propagation.
acoustic energy is called: b. Normal to the material surface.
197. The technique of examining an ultrasonic reflector c. Parallel to the direction of wave propagation .
a. pulse echo testing from different directions might be used to enable the d. Perpendicular to the direction of wave
b. continuous wave testing technician to: propagation.
c. resonance testing e. Only surface waves existed beyond the first critical
d. none of the above a. distinguish between different types of flaws angle.
71. Figure 7 is an illustration of a typical: F.43.28; 1.241 b. predict the useful service life of the test specimen 1.233
c. distinguish between flaw indications and spurious
a. -
A scan presentation 78. Metal blocks, which contain one or more drilled holes or false indications 202. Which of the following modes of vibration are
b. B-scan presentation to simulate discontinuities, are called: d. all of the above quickly dampened out when testing by the immersion
c. C-scan presentation e. none of the above method ?
d. -
D scan presentation
.
E.251; F 46.4; 1.242
a.
b.
scrubbers
crystal collimators
1.247
a. longitudinal waves
c. single plane angulators 198. The principal applications of ultrasonic techniques b. shear waves
72. A transducer with a frequency greater than 10 MHz d. reference blocks consist of: c. transverse waves
will most likely be used during: E.273; 1.262 d. surface waves
a. flaw detection .
H 2-32
a. a straight beam contact test of aluminum ingot 79. If the major dimensions of a discontinuity in a b. thickness measurements
b. an angle beam contact test of a steel pipe 152 mm (6 in.) thick aluminum plate lie parallel to c. determination of elastic moduli 203. The most commonly used method of producing shear
c. a surface wave contact test of a metallic plate the entry surface at a depth of 76 mm (3 in.), it will d. all of the above waves in a test part when inspecting by the
d. an immersion test be best detected by: e. none of the above immersion method is:
F.46.8; H.2-14 F.43.2
a. a straight beam test a. by transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a
73. The reference holes in standard aluminum area b. an angle beam test direction perpendicular to its front surface
amplitude ultrasonic test blocks contain: c. a surface wave test b. by using two crystals vibrating at different
d. a Lamb wave test frequencies
a. flat bottom holes F.48.11 c. by using T-cut quartz crystal
b. concave-surface holes d. by angulating the search tube or manipulator to the
c. convex-surface holes proper angle
d. conical-shaped holes
.-
H.3 12 -
-
A E 127; H.5 4

14 43
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I

182. In general, discontinuities in wrought products tend to 188. Surface waves are reduced to an energy level of 80. The presence of a discontinuity will not produce a 85. Which of the following discontinuities located
be oriented: approximately '/25 of the original power at a depth of: specific discontinuity indication on the ultrasonic 152 mm (6 in.) from the entry surface results in the
instrument display when using the: largest display indication if all factors except
a. randomly a. 25 mm (1 in.) discontinuity surface condition and orientation are the
b. in the direction of grain flow b. 102 mm (4 in.) a. straight beam testing method same?
c. at right angles to the entry surface c. 1 wavelength b. surface wave testing method
d. at right angles to the grain flow d. 4 wavelengths c. angle beam testing method a. A 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced
H.7-37 H.2- 32 d. through-transmission testing method discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of
E.232; H.4-9; 1.249 75 degrees from the direction of sound beam
183. In immersion testing, irrelevant or false indications 189. To prevent the appearance of the second front surface propagation.
caused by contoured surfaces are likely to result in a: indication before the first back reflection when 81. The depth of a discontinuity cannot be determined -
b. A 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough surfaced
inspecting aluminum by the immersion method when using the: discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of
a. broad-based indication ( water is used as a couplant), it is necessary to have a 75 degrees from the direction of sound beam
b. peaked indication minimum of at least 25 mm (1 in.) of water for every: a. straight beam testing method propagation.
c. “hashy” signal b. through-transmission testing method c. A 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat-surfaced
d. narrow-based indication a. 51 mm (2 in.) of aluminum c. angle beam testing method discontinuity whose major face is perpendicular to
H.4-24 b. 102 mm (4 in.) of aluminum d. immersion testing method the direction of sound beam propagation.
c. 152 mm (6 in.) of aluminum E.249; 1.249 d. A 2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced
184. In contact testing, defects near the entry surface d. 203 mm (8 in.) of aluminum discontinuity whose major face is parallel to the
cannot always be detected because of: H.4-5 82. When inspecting coarse-grained material, a sound direction of sound beam propagation.
wave is most easily scattered by the grain structure by F.45.22
a. the far-field effect 190. Increasing the length of the pulse used to activate the a frequency of:
b. attenuation transducer will: 86. Transducers constructed with a plastic wedge or
c. the dead zone a. 1 MHz standoff between the transducer element and the test
d. refraction a. increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease b. 2.25 MHz piece are commonly used for:
F.43.31; H.4-20 the resolving power of the instrument c. 5 MHz
b. increase the resolving power of the instrument d. 10 MHz a. for angle beam contact testing
185. In cases where the diameter of tubing being inspected c. have no effect on the test F.48.30 b. for immersion testing
is smaller than the diameter of the transducer, what d. decrease the penetration of the sound wave c. to eliminate the need for a couplant
can be used to confine the sound beam to the proper H.3-13, 4-20 83. The thickest crystal is contained in: d. to reduce the speed of electrons
range of angles? H.3- 16, 3- 17
191. The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and a. a 1 MHz transducer
a. a scrubber the back surface: b. a 5 MHz transducer 87. A transducer containing three or more individual
b. a collimator c. a 15 MHz transducer transducer elements is often referred to as:
c. an angle plane angulator a. may result in a screen pattern that does not contain d. a 25 MHz transducer
d. a jet-stream unit back reflection indications H.3-20 a. a dual transducer
F.47.32 b. makes it difficult to locate discontinuities that lie b. a sandwich transducer
parallel to the entry surface 84. When performing a surface wave test, indications c. a mosaic transducer
186. The maximum scanning speed possible is primarily c. usually indicates that a porous condition exists in may result from: d. none of the above
determined by: the metal F.44.11
d. decreases the penetrating power of the test a. improper frequency
a. the frequency of the transducer H.2-37 b. oil on the surface 88. Sound can be focused by means of special curved
b. viscous drag problems c. a surface discontinuity adapters located in front or the transducer element.
c. the pulse repetition rate of the test instrument 192. A discontinuity with a concave surface will: d. the acoustical velocity of aluminum These adapters are referred to as:
d. the persistency of the ultrasonic instrument display F.45.11
F.48.5 a. diffuse the sound energy throughout the part a. scrubbers
b. cause the reflected beam to focus at a point b. acoustic lenses
187. The property of certain materials to transform determined by the curvature of the discontinuity c. angle beam adapters
electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa c. cause mode reinforcement of the ultrasonic wave d. single plane adapters
is called: d. cause none of the above F.44.6; H.3-17
F.45.24
a. mode conversion 89. A test method in which the parts to be inspected are
b. piezoelectric effect 193. Rayleigh waves: placed in a water bath or some other liquid couplant
c. refraction is called:
d. impedance matching a. are generated at the first critical angle
B.66-69; D.l 17-124; H.2-7 b. are generated at the second critical angle a. contact testing
c. are generated at either critical angle b. immersion testing
d. travel only in a liquid c. surface wave testing
e. are another name for Lamb waves d. through-transmission testing
1.233-234 F.46.1; H.4-5

42 15
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II

90. A separate time base line imposed on the viewing 172. During a test using A-scan equipment, strong 177. An ultrasonic instrument has been calibrated to obtain
display of some ultrasonic testing instruments that indications that move at varying rates across the a 51 mm ( 2 in .) indication from a 2 mm (0.08 in.)
permits measurement of distances is often referred to screen in the horizontal direction appear. It is diameter flat bottom hole located 76 mm (3 in.) from
as: impossible to repeat a particular screen pattern by the front surface of an aluminum reference block.
scanning the same area. A possible cause of these When testing an aluminum forging, a 51 mm (2 in.)
a. an initial pulse indications is: indication is obtained from a discontinuity located
b. a time/distance line 76 mm (3 in.) from the entry surface. The cross
c. a marker a. porosity in the test part sectional area of this discontinuity is probably :
d. a sweep line b. an irregularly shaped crack
H.2- 14, 3-6, 4-20; 1.242 c. a blow hole a. the same as the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat
d. electrical interference bottom hole
91. A term used to describe the ability of an ultrasonic 1.246 b. greater than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat
testing system to distinguish between the entry bottom hole
surface response and the response of discontinuities 173. In an A-scan presentation , the horizontal line formed c. slightly less than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.)
near the entry surface is: by the uniform and repeated movement of an electron flat bottom hole
beam across the fluorescent screen of a cathode ray '
d . about ll the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat
a. sensitivity tube is called : bottom hole
b. penetration 1.262
c. segregation a. a square wave pattern
d. resolution b. a sweep line 178. As the impedance ratio of two dissimilar materials
F.44.5, F.46.8; H.3-13 c. a marker pattern increases, the percentage of sound coupled through an
95. In transmitting energy into the part shown in d. none of the above interface of such materials:
92. The phenomenon whereby an ultrasonic wave Figure 8, the ultrasonic beam will: H.2- 11
changes direction when the wave crosses a boundary a. decreases
between materials with different velocities is called: a. diverge (spread out ) through the part 174. The greatest amount of attenuation losses take place b. increases
b. converge (focus in to a point) through the part at : c. is not changed
a. refraction c. transmit straight through the part d. may increase or decrease
b. reflection d. not enter the part a. 1 MHz 1.234
c. penetration H.2-38 b. 2.25 MHz
d. rarefaction c. 5 MHz 179. Low frequency sound waves are not generally used to
E.217 96. Ultrasonic waves that travel along the surface of a d. 10 MHz test thin materials because of:
material and whose particle motion is elliptical are H.4-12
93. In a test where the transducer is not perpendicular to called: a. the rapid attenuation of low frequency sound
the inspection surface, the angle of incidence is equal 175. Waves that travel around gradual curves with little or b. incompatible wavelengths
to: a. shear waves no reflection from the curve are called: c. poor near-surface resolution
b. transverse waves d. none of the above will actually limit such a test
a. the angle of refraction c. longitudinal waves a. transverse waves 1.234
b. the angle of reflection d. Rayleigh waves b. surface waves
c. the shear wave angle F.45. I 1 c. shear waves 180. When using two separate transducers (one a
d. half the shear wave angle d. longitudinal waves transmitter, the other a receiver), the most efficient
E.217 97. The interference field near the face of a transducer is H.2- 18, 2-28 combination would be a:
often referred to as the:
94. The product of the acoustic velocity of sound in a 176. To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuities after a. quartz transmitter and a barium titanate receiver
material and the density of the material is the factor a. Fresnel zone scanning a part with a paintbrush transducer, it is b. barium titanate transmitter and a lithium sulfate
that determines the amount of reflection or b. acoustic impedance generally necessary to use a: receiver
transmission of ultrasonic energy when it reaches an c. exponential field c. lithium sulfate transmitter and a barium titanate
interface. This term is called: d. phasing zone a. transducer with a smaller crystal receiver
F.44.12 b. scrubber d. barium titanate transmitter and a quartz receiver
a. acoustic impedance c. grid map 1.257
b. velocity 98. When the incident angle is chosen to be between the d. crystal collimator
c. wavelength first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave H.3- 15 181. In immersion testing, the accessory equipment to
d. penetration mode within the part will be a: which the search cable and the transducer are
E.215 attached is called a:
a. longitudinal wave
b. shear wave a. crystal collimator
c. surface wave b. scrubber
d. Lamb wave c. jet-stream unit
H.2-25 d. search tube or scanning tube
H.3-12

16 41
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I

161. Inspection of castings is often impractical because of: 167. The primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer is 99. The formula used to calculate the angle of refraction 105. A circuit that generates a burst of alternating voltage
that: within a material is called: that is applied to the sending transducer is called a:
a. extremely small grain structure
b. coarse grain structure a. all crystals be mounted equidistant from each other a. Fresnel’s law a. pulser
c. uniform flow lines b. the intensity of the beam pattern not vary greatly b. Fraunhofer’s law b. receiver-amplifier
d. uniform velocity of sound over the entire length of the transducer c. Snell’s law c. damping
H.4-37; 1.190 c. the fundamental frequency of the crystals not vary d. Lamb’s law d. clock
more than 0.01% H.2-24 1.242
162. Lamb waves may be used to inspect: d. the overall length not exceed 76 mm (3 in.)
1.258 100. In a material with a given velocity, when frequency is 106. A circuit that coordinates electronic operation of the
a. forgings increased, the wavelength will: entire ultrasonic instrument system is called:
b. bar stock 168. Heat conduction, viscous friction , elastic hysteresis,
c. ingots and scattering are four different mechanisms which a. not be affected a. damping
d. thin sheet lead to: b. increase b. a receiver-amplifier
H.2-29 c. decrease c. a clock
a. attenuation d. double d. a power supply
163. The formula used to determine the angle of beam b. refraction F.43.9 1.242
divergence of a quartz crystal is: c. beam spreading
d. saturation 101. Circuits that electronically amplify return signals 107. A plan view display or recording of a part under
a. sin 0 = diameter V2 x wavelength 1.238 from the receiving transducer and often modify the examination is called:
b. sin 0 diameter = frequency x wavelength signals into a form suitable for display are called:
c. sin 0 = frequency x wavelength 169. Because the velocity of sound in aluminum is a. a C-scan display
d. sin 0/2 = 1.22 x wavelength/diameter approximately 245 000 in./s, for sound to travel a. pulser circuits b. an A-scan display
H.2-30 through 25 mm (1 in.) of aluminum, it takes: b. marker circuits c. an X-axis plot
c. timer circuits d. a strip chart recording
164. The resolving power of a transducer is directly a. Vs s d. receiver-amplifier circuits F.43.34
proportional to its: b. 4|is 1.242
c. 4 ms 108. Ultrasonic data, which is presented in a form
a. diameter d. ‘/4 x 104 s 102. The most common type of data display used for representative of the cross section of the test
b. bandwidth 1.163, 233 ultrasonic examination of welds is: specimen, is called:
c. pulse repetition
d. none of the above 170. When testing a part with a rough surface, it is a. an A-scan display a. an A-scan presentation
1.266 generally advisable to use: b. a B-scan display b. a B-scan presentation
c. a C-scan display c. a C-scan presentation
165. Acoustic lens elements with which of the following a. a lower frequency transducer and a more viscous d. an X-Y plot d. an X-Y plot
permit focusing the sound energy to enter cylindrical couplant than is used on parts with a smooth F.43.29 H.3-8
surfaces normally or along a line focus? surface
b. a higher frequency transducer and a more viscous 103. The display that plots signal amplitude versus time is 109. What type of ultrasonic examination uses wheel-type
a. Cylindrical curvatures. couplant than is used on parts with a smooth called: transducers that eliminate the use of a tank ?
b. Spherical lens curvatures. surface
c. Convex shapes. c. a higher frequency transducer and a less viscous a. an A-scan display a. through-transmission testing
d. Concave shapes. couplant than is used on parts with a smooth b. a B-scan display b. contact testing
1.259 surface -
c. a C scan display c. resonance testing
d. a lower frequency transducer and a less viscous d. none of the above d. immersion testing
166. In the basic pulse echo instrument, the synchronizer, couplant than is used on parts with a smooth 1.241 1.258
clock, or timer circuit determines the: surface
H.3 22- 104. A circuit that modifies the return signal from the 110. In addition to other functions, a transducer
a. pulse length receiving transducer into a form suitable for display manipulator in a mechanical immersion-scanning unit
b. gain 171. Reflection indications from a weld area being on an oscilloscope or other output device is called a: permits:
c. pulse repetition rate inspected by the angle beam technique may represent:
d. sweep length a. pulser a. use of the through-transmission technique
1.170 a. porosity b. receiver-amplifier b. use of high scanning speeds
b. cracks c. clock c. detection of obliquely-oriented discontinuities
c. weld bead d. sweep d. utilization of less skilled operators
d. all of the above 1.242 D.391
-
H.4 35

40 17
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II
111. A type of data presentation most likely to be used 118. In straight beam pulse echo testing, a discontinuity 151. The equation describing wavelength in terms of 156. The most commonly used method of producing shear
with a high speed automatic scanning system is: with a rough reflecting surface perpendicular to the velocity and frequency is: waves in a test part when inspecting by the
incident wave has what effect on the detected signal immersion method is:
a. an A-scan presentation in comparison to a smooth flat bottom hole of the a. wavelength = velocity x frequency
b. a velocity versus amplitude plot same size? b. wavelength = z (frequency x velocity) a. by transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a
c. a C-scan presentation c. wavelength = velocity + frequency direction perpendicular to its front surface
d. a plot of echo height versus depth a. It increases the detected signal. d. wavelength = frequency + velocity b. by using two crystals vibrating at different
H.3-7 b. It decreases the detected signal. H.2 5 - frequencies
c. It has no effect on the detected signal. -
c. by using a F cut quartz crystal
112. The component in a conventional immersion system d. It decreases the width of the pulse of the detected 152. When an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two d. by angulating the search tube to the proper angle
that spans the width of the immersion tank is called: signal. dissimilar materials it is: 1.258
F.45.22
a. an articulator a. reflected 157. Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of
b. abridge 119. Ultrasonic vibrations can be propagated only in the b. refracted the crystal and the wavelength of the beam
c. a manipulator longitudinal mode in: c. mode converted transmitted through a medium, and it:
d. a search tube d. all of the above
H.3-12 a. machine oil H.2-21 a. increases if the frequency or crystal diameter
b. aluminum decreases
113. The component in an ultrasonic immersion system c. ice 153. When inspecting aluminum by the immersion method b. decreases if the frequency or crystal diameter
that is used to adjust and maintain a known d. beryllium using water for a couplant , the following information decreases
transducer angle is called: H.2-6 is known: c. increases if the frequency increases and crystal
velocity of sound in water = 1.49 x 105 cm/s, diameter decreases
a. a carriage 120. If the velocity of a longitudinal mode wave in a given velocity of longitudinal waves in aluminum = d. decreases if the frequency is increases and crystal
b. a manipulator homogeneous material is 0.625 cm/ns at 13 mm 6.32 x 105 cm/s, and angle of incidence = diameter decreases
c. a search tube (0.5 in.) below the surface, what is the velocity at 5 degrees. H.2-30
d. an index system 51 mm (2 in.) below the surface? The angle of refraction for longitudinal waves is
F.46.1 approximately: 158. The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is:
114. An amplitude type gate is necessary for all:
'
a. /4 the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.)
b. V2 the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.) a. 22 degrees a. directly proportional to velocity and frequency
c. the same as the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.) b. 18 degrees b. directly proportional to velocity and inversely
a. shear wave examinations d. none of the above c. 26 degrees proportional to frequency
b. longitudinal wave examinations H.2- 17 d. 16 degrees c. inversely proportional to velocity and directly
c. automatic examinations H.2-24 proportional to frequency
d. manual examinations 121. If a 5 MHz transducer is substituted for a 2.25 MHz d. equal to the product of velocity and frequency
F.43.35 transducer, the effect on the wavelength of a 154. Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most C.233
longitudinal mode wave produced in the test efficient sound transmitter is:
115. When a C-scan recording is used to produce a specimen is that: 159. The fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal
permanent record of an ultrasonic test, the a. lithium sulfate is primarily a function of:
information displayed is typically the discontinuity’s: a. the wavelength would be longer b. quartz
b. the wavelength would remain constant c. barium titanate a. the length of the applied voltage pulse
a. depth and size c. the wavelength would be shorter d. silver oxide b. the amplifying characteristics of the pulse
b. depth, orientation, and size d. the wavelength would vary directly with the 1.255 amplifier in the instrument
c. location and depth acoustic impedance c. the thickness of the crystal
d. location and size (plan view) H.2-5 155. Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most d. none of the above
H.3-8 efficient sound receiver is: E.223; H.6- 11
122. What can cause nonrelevant indications on the
116. Rough entry surface conditions can result in: cathode ray tube? a. lithium sulfate 160. Acoustic velocities of materials are primarily due to
b. quartz the material’s:
a. a loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities a. contoured surfaces c. barium titanate
b. an increase in the width of the front surface echo b. edge effects d. silver oxide a. density
c. both a and b c. surface conditions 1.255 b. elasticity
d. none of the above d. all of the above c. both a and b
F.45.15 F.47.11 d. acoustic impedance
H.2-17
117. As the grain size increases in a material, its principal
effect in ultrasonic testing is on the:

a. velocity of sound
b. attenuation
c. acoustic impedance
d. angle of refraction
F.45.3

18 39
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I

139. In steel , the velocity of sound is greatest in: 145. The ratio between the wave speed in one material and 123. The proper interpretation and evaluation of the 129. An A-scan display, which shows a signal both above
the wave speed in a second material is called: presented defect signals are essential to any and below the sweep line, is called:
a. longitudinal waves nondestructive test. A common method for the
b. shear waves a. the acoustic impedance of the interface estimation of defect size is the use of: a. a video display
c. surface waves b. Young’s modulus b. a RF display
d. —
none of the above sound velocity is identical in
all modes, in a given material
c. Poisson’s ratio
d. the index of refraction
a. a double transducer test
b. a piezoelectric standard
c. an audio display
d. a frequency modulated display
H.2-18; 1.235 D.48 c. mode conversion B.857; D.178
d. a reference standard
140. The acoustic impedance is: 146. The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material F.47.31 130. A B-scan display shows the relative:
under the influence of a changing magnetic field is
a. used to calculate the angle of reflection referred to as: 124. Another name for Fresnel zone is: a. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and
b. the product of the density of the material and the its through-dimension thickness
velocity of sound in the material a. piezoelectricity a. Fraunhofer zone b. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and
c. found by Snell’s law b. refraction b. near field its length in the direction of transducer travel
d. used to determine resonance values c. magnetostriction c. far field c. cross sectional area of a discontinuity above a
-
H.2 35; 1.235 d. rarefaction d. Torrid zone predetermined amplitude
D.150-153 F.44.12 d. none of the above
141. Thin sheet may be inspected with the ultrasonic wave F.43.33
directed normal to the surface by observing: 147. The ratio of stress to strain in a material within the 125. Attenuation is a:
elastic limit is called: 131. Surface (Rayleigh) waves traveling on the top face of
a. the amplitude of the front surface reflection a. test display characteristic a block:
b. the multiple reflection pattern a. Young’s modulus b. test material parameter
c. all front surface reflections b. the modulus of elasticity c. transducer characteristic a. are not reflected from a sharp edge comer
d. none of the above c. both a and b d. form of testing b. are reflected from a sharp edge comer
D.391-399 d. the index of refraction F.43.22 c. travel through the sharp edge comer and are
F.43.10 reflected from the lower edge
142. A diagram in which the entire circuit stage or sections 126. For discontinuity geometries other than flat, the echo d. are absorbed by a sharp edge comer
are shown by geometric figures and the path of the 148. A point, line, or surface of a vibrating body marked amplitude is usually from that observed H.2-32
signal or energy by lines and/or arrows is called a: by absolute or relative freedom from vibratory for a flat defect, of similar orientation perpendicular
motion is referred to as: to the sound beams. 132. Surface (Rayleigh) waves are more highly attenuated
a. schematic diagram by :
b. blueprint a. anode a. identical
c. block diagram b. an antinode b. increased a. a curved surface
d. none of the above c. rarefaction c. decreased b. a heavy couplant
H.2- 16 d. compression d. elongated c. a thin couplant
B.856; D.9; F.51.2 F.45.24 d. both a and b
143. A hole produced during the solidification of metal -
H.2 29
due to escaping gases is called: 149. The factor that determines the amount of reflection at 127. To evaluate discontinuities that are oriented at an
the interface of two dissimilar materials is: angle to the entry surface so that the sound beam 133. The velocity of sound in a material is dependent upon
a. a burst strikes the plane of the discontinuity at right angles, the:
b. a cold shut a. the index of rarefaction the operator must:
c. flaking b. the frequency of the ultrasonic wave a. frequency of the wave
d. a blow hole c. Young’s modulus a. change the frequency b. wavelength
1.514 d. the acoustic impedance b. grind the surface c. material properties
H.2-36 c. angulate the transducer d. vibration cycle
d. increase the gain F.43.16
144. A discontinuity that occurs during the casting of
molten metal which may be caused by the splashing, 150. A quartz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel F.47.13
surging, interrupted pouring, or the meeting of two to die Z and Y axes and perpendicular to the X axis is 134. To vary or change the wavelength of sound being
streams of metal coming from different directions is called: 128. The pulser circuit in an ultrasonic instrument is used used to test a part, change the:
called: to:
a. a T-cut crystal a. sound wave frequency
a. a burst b. an X-cut crystal a. control the horizontal and vertical sweep b. diameter of the transducer
b. a cold shut c. a Z-cut crystal b. activate the transducer c. electrical pulse voltage
c. flaking d. a ZT-cut crystal c. control transducer timing between transmit and d. pulse repetition rate
d. a blow hole H.3-14 sweep D.12
H.7-10 d. generate markers that appear on horizontal sweep
F.43.38

38 19
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II
135. Ultrasonic vibrations are commonly used to: 142. If frequency is increased, wavelength: 127. The incident angles at which 90 degrees refraction of 133. In contact testing, shear waves can be induced in the
longitudinal and shear waves occurs are called: test material by:
a. examine materials for discontinuities a. decreases (becomes shorter)
b. examine materials for thickness b. increases (becomes longer) a. the normal angles of incidence a. placing an X-cut crystal directly on the surface of
c. examine materials for mechanical properties c. remain the same but velocity increases b. the critical angles the materials, and coupling through a film of oil
d. all of the above d. remains the same but velocity decreases c. the angles of maximum reflection b. using two transducers on opposite sides of the test
D.2 F.43.9; H.3-19 d. none of the above specimen
E.217; 1.236 c. placing a spherical acoustic lens on the face of the
136. Which of the following has the longest Fresnel zone? 143. The variable in distance amplitude calibration block transducer
construction is the: 128. Compression waves whose particle displacement is d. using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so
a. 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 1 MHz parallel to the direction of propagation are called: that sound enters the part at an angle
b. 13 mm (0.5 in.) diameter 2.25 MHz a. drilled hole size -
H.2 20
c. 28.5 mm (1.125 in.) diameter 1 MHz b. drilled hole point angle a. longitudinal waves
d. 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter 2 MHz c. metal distance above the drilled hole b. shear waves 134. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle
B.197 d. angle of the drilled hole to block longitudinal axis c. Lamb waves of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal:
H.5-7; 1.264 d. Rayleigh waves
137. When contact testing, if the ultrasonic instrument is -
H.2 17; 1.233 a. decreases
set with an excessively high pulse repetition 144. When setting up a distance amplitude correction b. remains unchanged
frequency: curve using 3 flat bottom holes, sometimes the hole 129. The mode of vibration that is quickly damped out c. increases
closest to the transducer gives less of a response than when testing by the immersion method is: d. varies uniformly through each wavelength
a. the screen trace becomes too light to see one or both of the other two. This could be caused E.214; F.48.3; 1.240
b. the time-base line becomes distorted by: a. longitudinal waves
c. the initial pulse disappears b. shear waves 135. Which of the following is not an advantage of contact
d. interference of UT signals and undesirable a. a hole that is too large c. transverse waves ultrasonic transducers (probes) adapted with lucite
fluctuations in signal amplitude result b. near field effects d. surface waves shoes?
B.106 c. impedance mismatch H.2-23; 1.234
d. the acoustic velocity a. Most of the crystal wear is eliminated.
138. The advantages of immersion testing include: 1.239, 263 130. The motion of particles in a shear wave is: b. Adaptation to curved surfaces is permitted.
c. Sensitivity is increased.
a. increased inspection speed 145. Most ferrous and nonferrous welds may be a. parallel to the direction of propagation of the d. Ultrasound is allowed to enter a part’s surface at
b. the ability to control and direct sound beams ultrasonically tested using a frequency range of: ultrasonic beam oblique angles.
c. adaptability for automated scanning b. transverse to the direction of beam propagation F.48.1-48.24
d. all of the above a. 25-100 kHz c. limited to the material surface and elliptical in
1.258 b. 200-500 kHz motion 136. The velocity of sound is the lowest in:
c. -
1 2.25 MHz d. polarized in a plane at 45 degrees to the direction
139. Longitudinal wave velocity in water is approximately d. 3-6 MHz of beam propagation a. air
x /4 the velocity in aluminum or steel. Therefore, the e. 10-20 MHz H.2-18; 1.233 b. water
minimum water path should be: F.48.1 c. aluminum
131. An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminum d. plastic
a. four times the test piece thickness 146. The product of the material density and the velocity with a velocity of 635 000 cm/s and has a frequency H.2-18; 1.235
b. * /2 the test piece thickness of sound within that material is referred to as: of 1 MHz. The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is:
c. /4 the test piece thickness plus 6 mm (0.25 in.)
' 137. A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from
d. none of the above a. acoustic impedance a. 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) water into steel at an angle of 5 degrees from the
H.4-5; 1.258 b. near field b. 78 mm (3.1 in.) normal. In such a case, the refracted angle of the
c. acoustic attenuation c. 1.9 m (6.35 ft) transverse wave is:
140. In immersion testing, a wetting agent is added to the d. ultrasonic beam distribution d. 30 000 A
water to: e. vibrational index F.43.9; 1.233 a. less than the refracted angle of the longitudinal
F.45.1; H.2-35 wave
a. adjust the viscosity 132. The refraction angle of longitudinal ultrasonic waves b. equal to the refracted angle of the longitudinal
b. help eliminate the formation of air bubbles 147. A straight beam contact transducer consists of: passing from water into a metallic material at angles wave
c. prevent cloudiness other than normal to the interface is primarily a c. greater than the refracted angle of the longitudinal
d. none of the above a. a case, a crystal, a mount, and backing function of: wave
H.3-22 b. a case, a crystal, backing, and a plastic wedge d. not present at all
c. a case, a crystal, backing, and acoustic lenses a. the impedance ratio ( r = ZZM ) of water to metal H.2-20; 1.236
141. The formula used to determine the fundamental d. a case, a crystal, a mount, backing, a plastic b. ^ in water and metal
the relative velocities of sound
resonant frequency is: wedge, and acoustic lenses c. the frequency of the ultrasonic beam 138. The velocity of longitudinal waves is the highest in:
F.43.6 d. the density ratio of water to metal
a. F = V /T H.2-24; 1.236 a. water
b. F = V/2T b. air
c. F = T/V c. aluminum
d. F = VT d. plastic
F.43.36, F.50.1 H.2-18; 1.235

20 37
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I

115. Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness 121. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the 148. In immersion testing, to remove the second water 154. Refracted energy assumes a new direction of
measurement can occur if: component that coordinates the action and timing of reflection from between the entry surface signal and propagation when the is changed.
other components is called a: the first back reflection , you should:
a. the test frequency is varying at a constant rate a. principle angle
b. the velocity of propagation deviates substantially a. display unit a. increase the repetition rate b. reflected angle
from an assumed constant value for a given b. receiver b. decrease the frequency c. critical angle
material c. marker circuit or range marker circuit c. decrease the sweep length d. incident angle
c. water is employed as a couplant between the d. synchronizer, clock, or timer d. increase the water path F.43.15
transducer and the part being measured F.43.28 F.46.10
d. none of the above should cause errors 155. The loss of energy as it propagates through material
F.43.27, 50.5 122. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the 149. For a given incident angle, as the frequency of the is the result of beam:
component that produces the voltage that activates transducer increases, the refracted angle:
116. Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for the transducer is called: a. interference
detecting discontinuities oriented along the fusion a. increases b. attenuation
zone in a welded plate is: a. an amplifier b. decreases c. absorption
b. a receiver c. stays the same d. reflection
a. an angle beam contact method using surface waves c. apulser d. cannot be determined F.43.22
b. a contact test using a straight longitudinal wave d. a synchronizer H.2-24
c. an immersion test using surface waves H.3-3 156. In selecting a suitable couplant, which of the
d. an angle beam method using shear waves 150. Both longitudinal and shear waves may be following characteristics would not affect the
F.48.12; 1.270 123. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the simultaneously generated in a second medium when selection?
component that produces the time base line is called the angle of incidence is:
117. An ultrasonic testing instrument that displays pulses a: a. Mode of propagation desired.
representing the magnitude of reflected ultrasound as a. between normal and the first critical angle b. Material surface finish and temperature.
a function of time or depth of metal is said to contain: a. sweep circuit b. between the first and second critical angles c. Operating frequency of the transducer.
b. receiver c. past the second critical angle d. Chemical properties of the couplant.
a. a continuous wave display c. pulser d. only at the second critical angle 1.179
b. an A-scan presentation d. synchronizer H.2-25
c. a B-scan presentation H.2-11 157. Excessive surface roughness of the material being

••
d. a C-scan presentation 151. In immersion testing, when the sound beam strikes a tested can cause:
F.43.29; H.3-6, 3-7; 1.241 124. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the concave surface, the sound beam tends to:
component that produces visible signals on the CRT a. a loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities
118. At a water-steel interface the angle of incidence in which are used to measure distance is called a: a. converge within the material
water is 7 degrees. The principal mode of vibration b. diverge b. impedance mismatch
that exists in the steel is: a. sweep circuit c. stay the same c. increased acoustic velocity
b. marker circuit d. mode convert d. increased back surface response
a. longitudinal c. receiver circuit H.2-38 F.45.15
b. shear d. synchronizer
c. both a and b F.43.30 152. Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material is 158. Reference or calibration standards are used for:
d. surface normally the function of test frequency used. The
H.2-26 125. Most basic pulse echo ultrasonic instruments use: greatest depth of penetration is provided by a a. determining phase shift analysis
frequency of: b. providing a method for standardizing the test
119. In a liquid medium, the only mode of vibration that a. automatic read-out equipment system
can exist is: b. an A-scan presentation a. 1 MHz c. determining tensile strength
c. a B-scan presentation b. 2.25 MHz d. measuring vibrations
a. longitudinal d. a C-scan presentation c. 5 MHz H.5-3
b. shear F.43.29; 1.240 d. 10 MHz
c. both a and b -
H.3 21 159. The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it
d. surface 126. The instrument displays a plan view of the part passes from one material to another material in which
H.2-21; 1.233 outline and defects when using: 153. Generally speaking, certain piezoelectric materials elasticity and density differ is called:
exhibit better properties than others. The following
120. In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses a. automatic read-out equipment material that is considered to be the most efficient a. refraction
produced by an instrument in a given period of time b. an A-scan presentation receiver of ultrasonic energy is: b. rarefaction
is known as the: c. a B-scan presentation c. angulation
d. a C-scan presentation a. quartz d. reflection
a. pulse length of the instrument F.43.34; 1.243 b. ceramic H.2-21
b. pulse recovery time c. barium titanate
c. frequency d. lithium sulfate
d. pulse repetition rate H.3- 14
F.43.29; 1.252

36 21
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II
160. If a discontinuity is oriented at an angle other than 104. If an ultrasonic wave is transmitted through an 110. What kind of waves travel at a velocity slightly less
90 degrees to the sound beam, the results may be a: Figure 9 interface of two materials in which the first material than shear waves and their mode of propagation is
has a higher acoustic impedance value but the same both longitudinal and transverse with respect to the
a. loss of signal linearity 15° velocity value as the second material, the angle of surface?
b. loss or lack of signal reflected from the refraction will be:
discontinuity a. Rayleigh waves.
c. focusing of the sound beam a. greater than the angle of incidence b. Transverse waves.
d. loss of interference phenomena b. less than the angle of incidence c. L-waves.
H.4-33 I c. the same as the angle of incidence d. Longitudinal waves.
d. beyond the critical angle H.2-20; 1.234
161. A device that transforms electrical pulses into
I F.43.15; 1.236
mechanical and vice versa utilizes: 111. Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably
105. Which of the following frequencies would probably provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12 in.) thick
a. Snell’s law I result in the greatest ultrasonic attenuation losses? specimen of coarse-grained steel?
b. piezoelectric principles
c. mode conversion principles a. 1 MHz a. 1 MHz
d. none of the above b. 2.25 MHz b. 2.25 MHz
H.2-7 I c. 10 MHz c. 5 MHz
d. 25 MHz d. 10 MHz
162. Whenever an ultrasonic incident angle is set at F.43.26, 48.30 H.3-21
5 degrees from normal:
165. When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a water-steel 106. The product of the sound velocity and the density of a 112. During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic
a. the refracted wave is mode converted interface at an angle of incidence of 15°, material is known as the: Standard Reference Block, a B-scan presentation
b. the refracted wave is the same mode as the (see Figure 9): system will show a:
incident wave a. refraction value of the material
c. the refracted wave has two components, one of a. all the sound energy is reflected back into the b. acoustic impedance of the material a. “plan” view of the block, showing the area and
which will be the same mode as the incident wave water at an angle of 15° c. elastic constant of the material position of the hole bottom as seen from the entry
d. it is impossible to determine mode(s) of refracted b. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part d. Poisson’s ratio of the material surface
wave without more information is refracted into the steel at an angle of less than F.43.12; 1.235 b. basic test pattern showing the height of indication
-

••
C.3 28 15° from the hold bottom and its location in depth
c. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part 107. The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal from the entry surface
163. If a discontinuity is located in the Fresnel or near is refracted along the water-steel interface response increases in amplitude in proportion to the c. cross section of the reference block, showing the
field region of a sound beam: d. part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part discontinuity surface area is the: top and bottom surfaces of the block and the
is refracted into the steel at an angle greater than location of the hole bottom in the block
a. the larger the discontinuity , the larger the 15° a. sensitivity range d. none of the above
amplitude of the reflected signal C.3-30 b. vertical linearity range F.47.3
b. the closer to the surface the discontinuity is c. selectivity range
located, the larger will be the amplitude of d. horizontal linearity range 113. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for
reflected signal H.5-5 ultrasonic testing include:
c. in immersion testing, the amplitude of signal
increases as the water path decreases 108. When inspecting a rolled or forged surface with a thin a. particle motion normal to propagation direction,
d. in immersion testing, the amplitude of reflected scale that is generally tightly adhering to the part, and a propagation velocity that is about V2 the
signal may increase or decrease as water path before testing the part: longitudinal wave velocity in the same material
decreases b. exceptionally high sensitivity due to low
C.2-12 a. clean the surface of loose scale attenuation resulting from longer wavelengths
b. have all scale removed when propagating through water
164. If a transducer is vibrating at a frequency and c. rough machine the surface c. high coupling efficiency because shear waves are
injecting ultrasonic energy through water into a steel d. caustic etch the surface less sensitive to surface variables when traveling
specimen: F.47.23-25 from a coupling liquid to the part
d. none of the above statements apply to shear waves
a. the sound wavelength is the same in both the water 109. The angle of reflection of an ultrasonic beam at an H.2-18; 1.233
and the steel aluminum-water interface is:
b. the sound frequency in the water is less than the 114. One of the most common applications of ultrasonic
sound frequency in steel a. 0.256 times the angle of incidence tests employing shear waves is for the:
c. the sound wavelength is not the same in both the b. approximately V2 the angle of incidence
water and the steel c. equal to the angle of incidence a. detection of discontinuities in welds, tube, and
d. the sound frequency in the water is greater than the d. approximately 4 times the angle of incidence pipe
sound frequency in steel F.43.14-15 b. determination of elastic properties of metallic
C.l -53 products
c. detection of laminar discontinuities in heavy plate
d. measurement of thickness of thin plate
[Link] E-164, Para. 1, 2; H.4-11; 1.270

22 35
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II
92. Which of the following modes of vibration exhibits 97. The speed with which ultrasonic waves travel through
the shortest wavelength at a given frequency and in a a material is known as its:
given material ?
a. velocity
a. A longitudinal wave.
b. A compression wave.
b. pulse repetition rate
c. pulse recovery rate
Level I Answers
c. A shear wave.
d. A surface wave.
d. ultrasonic response
.-
F.43.9, H 2 5
Ultrasonic Testing Method
E.210, E.214
98. A substance that reduces the surface tension of a
93. In general , shear waves are more sensitive to small liquid is referred to as: 1. d 37 . a 73. a 109. d
discontinuities than longitudinal waves for a given 2. a 38 . b 74. d 110. c
frequency and in a given material because: a. acouplant
b. an ultrasonic dampener 3. c 39 . c 75 . c 111 . c
a. the wavelength of shear waves is shorter than the c. a wetting agent 4. b 40. a 76. c 112. b
wavelength of longitudinal waves d. none of the above 5. c 41 . a 77 . a 113. b
b. shear waves are not as easily dispersed in the F.47.31
material 6. d 42. b 78 . d 114. c
c. the direction of particle vibration for shear waves 99. The ultrasonic transducers most commonly used for 7. b 43 . c 79 . a 115 . d
is more sensitive to discontinuities discontinuity testing utilize: 44. c 80. d 116. c
d. the wavelength of shear waves is longer than the
8. c
wavelength of longitudinal waves a. magnetostriction principles 9. d 45. c 81 . b 117 . b
-
D.296 304; F.45.21 b. piezoelectric principles
c. mode conversion principles
10. b 46. a 82. d 118 . b
11 . d 47 . a 83 . a 119. a
94. In general, which of the following modes of vibration d. none of the above
would have the greatest penetrating power in a -
B.66 68; D.117; F.43.4 12. d 48 . a 84. c 120. c
coarse-grained material if the frequency of the waves 13 . b 49. a 85 . c 121 . c
are the same? 100. Mechanical and electrical stability , insolubility in
liquids, and resistance to aging are three advantages 14. c 50. b 86. a 122. d
a. Longitudinal waves. of transducers made of: 15 . d 51 . d 87 . c 123 . d
b. Shear waves. 16. a 52. b 88 . b 124. b
c. Transverse waves. a. lithium sulfate
d. All of the above modes would have the same b. barium titanate 17 . b 53. d 89 . b 125 . b
penetrating power c. quartz 18 . d 54. b 90. c 126. c
F 45.5 . d. Rochelle salts 19. b 55 . a 91 . d 127 . c
F.44.2; 1.254
95. A testing technique in which the crystal or transducer sin 0 j sin 02
20. d 56. b 92. a 128 . b
93 . b 129. b
is parallel to the test surface and ultrasonic waves
enter the material being testing in a direction
101. The formula
V, v .
a. the acoustical impedance ratio formula
is referred to as: 21 .
22.
d
b
57 .
58 .
c
c 94. a 130. b
perpendicular to the test surface is:
b. the phase conversion formula 23. a 59 . b 95 . a 131 . b
a. straight beam testing c. the Fresnel zone formula 24. b 60. a 96. d 132. b
b. angle beam testing d. Snell’s law
c. surface wave testing F.43.15; 1.166 25. b 61 . c 97 . a 133. c
d. none of the above sin 0, sin 02 26. c 62. d 98 . b 134. a
-
H.4 8; 1.233 102. The formula
determine: V ,
is used to 27. d 63 . a 99. c 135 . d
96. The distance from a given point on an ultrasonic 28 . b 64. b 100. c 136. d
wave to the next corresponding point is referred to as: a. angular relationships 29 . a 65 . d 101 . d 137. d
b. phase velocities 30. c 66. c 102. a 138 . d
a. frequency c. amount of reflected sound energy
b. wavelength d. acoustic impedance 31 . c 67 . c 103. a 139. c
c. velocity .
F 43.15; 1.236 32. c 68 . c 104. b 140. b
d. pulse length 33 . c 69. a 105 . a 141 . b
.-
H 2 5; 1.233 103. The amount of energy reflected from a discontinuity
34. a 70. c 106. c 142. a
is dependent on:
35 . b 71 . b 107 . a 143. c
a. the size of the discontinuity
b. the orientation of the discontinuity 36. c 72. d 108 . b 144. b
c. the type of discontinuity
d. all of the above
F.45.24

34 23
 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II

145 . c 151 . a 157 . a 163. d 80. In an immersion inspection of raw material, the water 86. The angular position of the reflecting surface of a
travel distance should be: planar discontinuity with respect to the entry surface
146. a 152. a 158 . b 164. c is referred to as:
147 . a 153. d 159 . a 165. d a. exactly 76 mm (3 in.)
160. b b. equal to 76 mm (3 in.) ±13 mm (±0.5 in.) a. the angle of incidence
148 . d 154. d c. equal to the water travel distance used in setting up b. the angle of refraction
149 . c 155 . b 161 . b on the reference standards c. the orientation of the discontinuity
150. a 156. c 162. c d. equal to the thickness of a material d. none of the above
F.46.26 H.2-40

81. The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a 87. A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called:
medium of different velocity than the one from which
it came and a line drawn perpendicular to the a. a continuous wave
interface between the two media is called the angle b. a peaked DC voltage
of: c. an ultrasonic wave
d. a pulse
a. incidence H.3-3
b. refraction 88. In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the
c. rarefaction transmitted pulse is referred to as:
d. reflection
H.2-21 a. the pulse length or pulse width
b. the pulse amplitude
82. The process of adjusting an instrument or device to a c. the pulse shape
reference standard is referred to as: d. none of the above
H.3-4, 3-5
a. angulation
b. scanning 89. The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary
c. correcting for distance amplitude variations and changes the direction of its propagation within
d. calibration the same medium is referred to as:
H.5-3
a. divergence
83. An electron tube in which a beam of electrons from b. impedance
the cathode is used to reproduce an image on a c. angulation
display at the end of the tube is referred to as: d. reflection
E.215
a. an amplifier tube
b. apulsertube 90. The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it
c. a cathode ray tube passes from one medium to another whose velocity
d. a sweep tube differs from that of the first medium is called:
H.2-10
a. refraction
84. A grouping of a number of crystals in one transducer, b. rarefaction
with all contact surfaces in the same plane, and c. angulation
vibrating in phase with each other to act as a single d. reflection
transducer is called a: D.23

a. focusing crystal 91. The coated inside surface of the large end of a
b. crystal mosaic cathode ray tube which becomes luminous when
c. scrubber struck by an electron beam is called:
d. single plane manipulator
H.3-13 a. an electron gun
b. an electron amplifier
85. The angle of reflection is: c. an ultrasonic instrument display
d. an electron counter
a. equal to the angle of incidence H.2-10
b. dependent on the couplant used
c. dependent on the frequency used
d. equal to the angle of refraction
E.215

24 33
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II
75. For aluminum and steel, the longitudinal velocity is
approximately the shear velocity.

a. equal to
b. twice
c. half of
Level II Questions
d. four times
H.2-22
Ultrasonic Testing Method
76. Water travel distance for immersion inspections
should be:
1. The wave mode that has multiple or varying wave 6. Acoustic energy propagates in different modes.
a. such that the second front reflection does not velocities is: Which of the following represent a mode?
appear between the first front and back reflections
b. exactly 76 mm (3 in.) a. longitudinal waves a. A longitudinal wave.
c. less than 76 mm (3 in.) b. shear waves b. A shear wave.
d. always equal to the thickness of the material being c. transverse waves c. A surface wave.
72. In a water immersion test, ultrasonic energy is inspected
transmitted into steel at an incident angle of d. Lamb waves d. All of the above.
F.46.10 F.43.9 H.2-5
14 degrees. What is the angle of the refracted shear
wave within the material? 77. The electronic circuitry that allows selection and 2. Which of the following would be considered 7. The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of
s cm/s processing of only those signals relating to
Vs = 3.2 xx 10s cm/s discontinuities that occur in specific zones of a part is
application(s) of ultrasonic techniques? water appears disjointed at the water surface
Vw = 1.5 10
called:
illustrates the phenomenon of:
(Trigonometry Tables Required) a. Determination of a material’s elastic modulus.
b. Study of a material’s metallurgical structure. a. reflection
a. 45 degrees a. an electronic gate c. Measurement of a material’s thickness. b. magnification
b. 23 degrees b. an electronic attenuator d. All of the above. c. refraction
c. 31 degrees c. a distance amplitude correction circuit F.43.2 d. diffraction
d. 13 degrees d. a fixed marker 1.232
H.3-6
-
H.2 24 3. The only significant sound wave mode that travels
through a liquid is a: 8. The crystal thickness and transducer frequency are
73. If you were requested to design a plastic shoe to 78. When conducting a contact ultrasonic test, the “hash” related. The thinner the crystal:
generate a Rayleigh wave in aluminum, what would or irregular signals that appear in the CRT display of a. shear wave
be the incident angle of the ultrasonic energy ? the area being inspected could be caused by: b. longitudinal wave a. the lower the frequency
c. surface wave b. the higher the frequency
VA = 3.1 x 105 cm/s a. fine grains in the structure d. Rayleigh wave c. there is no appreciable affect
V p = 2.6 x 10s cm/s b. dirt in the water couplant F.45.6 d. none of the above
(Trigonometry Tables Required) c. coarse grains in the structure H.3-20
d. a thick but tapered back surface 4. The acoustic impedance of a material is used to
a. 37 degrees F.48.30 determine the: 9. The random distribution of crystallographic direction
b. 57 degrees in alloys with large crystalline structures is a factor in
c. 75 degrees 79. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter threaded steel a. angle of refraction at an interface determining:
d. 48 degrees cylinder for radial cracks extending from the root of b. attenuation within the material
H.2-24 the threads, it would be preferable to transmit: c. relative amounts of sound energy coupled through a. acoustic noise levels
and reflected at an interface b. selection of test frequency
74. Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic energy in lead a. shear waves at an angle to the threads d. beam spread within the material c. scattering of sound
at 1 MHz. b. longitudinal waves from the end of the cylinder F.43.12 d. all of the above
s cm/s and perpendicular to the direction of the thread F.45.6
V = 2.1 x 10 roots 5. When angle beam contact testing a test piece,
V =\ xF c. surface waves perpendicular to the thread roots increasing the incident angle until the second critical 10. The length of the zone adjacent to a transducer in
d. shear waves around the circumference of the angle is reached results in: which fluctuations in sound pressure occur is mostly
a. 0.21 cm cylinder
b. 21 cm affected by:
D.347 a. total reflection of a surface wave
c. 0.48 cm
d. 4.8 x 10-5 cm b. 45 degree refraction of the shear wave a. the frequency of the transducer
H.2-5 c. production of a surface wave b. the diameter of the transducer
d. none of the above c. the length of transducer cable
H.2-27 d. both a and b
D.191

32 25
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II

11. The differences in signals received from identical

reflectors at different material distances from a intensity is _
15. In the far field of a uniform ultrasonic beam, sound
the beam centerline.
61. The vertical linear range of a test instrument may be
determined by obtaining ultrasonic responses from:
transducer may be caused by:
a. minimum at a. a set of distance amplitude reference blocks
a. material attenuation b. maximum at b. steel balls located at several different water path
-)
b. beam divergence
c. near field effects
d. all of the above
B.197-198
c. maximum throughout twice the angle (sin y =

and / is frequency at
d. not related to orientation of
^
where C is acoustic velocity, D is crystal diameter,

-
B.52-53, 198; H.2 31
distances
c. a set of area amplitude reference blocks
d. all of the above
H.5-5

12. It is possible for a discontinuity smaller than the 62. Large grains in a metallic test specimen usually result
transducer to produce indications of fluctuating 16. Which of the following may result in a long narrow in:
amplitude as the transducer is moved laterally if rod if the beam divergence results in a reflection from
testing is being performed in the: a side of the test piece before the sound wave reaches a. a decrease or loss of back surface reflection
the back surface? b. large “hash” or noise indications
a. Fraunhofer zone c. a decrease in penetration
b. near field a. Multiple indications before the first back d. all of the above
c. Snell field H.4-19 67. In Figure 3, transducer C is being used to check:
reflection.
d. shadow zone b. Indications from multiple surface reflections.
B.197 63. The total energy losses occurring in all materials is a. distance calibration
c. Conversion from the longitudinal mode to shear b. resolution
mode. called:
13. In immersion testing, the near field effects of a c. sensitivity calibration
d. Loss of front surface indications. d. verification of wedge angle
a. attenuation
transducer may be eliminated by: -
H.2 39
b. scatter 1.267
a. increasing transducer frequency 17. Where does beam divergence occur? c. beam spread
b. using a larger diameter transducer d. interface 68. In Figure 3, transducer D is being used to check:
c. using an appropriate water path a. near field B.377
d. using a focused transducer a. sensitivity calibration
b. far field b. distance calibration
F.44.14 c. at the crystal 64. Delay-tip (stand-off ) type contact transducers are
primarily used for: c. resolution
d. none of the above d. verification of wedge angle
14. In Figure 1, assuming a uniform beam pattern, what 1.239 1.266
relationship would you expect to exist between the a. defect detection
amplitudes of the reflected laminar signals at 18. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle b. sound wave characterization
c. thickness measurement or flaw detection in thin 69. When the incident angle is chosen to be between the
positions A and B? of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal:
materials first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave
a. 12 dB difference d. attenuation measurements generated within the part will be:
a. decreases
b. equal amplitudes b. remains unchanged 1.258
c. 2 to 1 a. longitudinal
c. increases b. shear
d. 3 to 1 d. varies uniformly through each wavelength 65. Acoustical lenses are commonly used for contour
B.197 correction. When scanning the inside of a pipe c. surface
H.2-31 d. Lamb
section by the immersion method, use a:
H.2-23
a. focused cup lens
b. convex lens 70. In Figure 4, transducer B is being used to check:
c. concave lens
d. variable pitch lens a. the verification of wedge angle
F.44.9 b. resolution
c. sensitivity calibration
66. In Figure 3, transducer A is being used to establish: d. distance calibration
1.266
a. verification of wedge angle
Figure 1 b. sensitivity calibration 71. The angle at which 90 degrees refraction of the shear
c. resolution wave mode occurs is called the:

^
v<
A
— d. an index point
1.266 a. first critical angle
b. second critical angle
c. third critical angle
i\ d. angle of reflection
<r Plate H.2-25

Laminar Reflector

26 31
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II VUrasonic Testing Method, Level II

50. During a straight beam ultrasonic test, a discontinuity 55. Using a pulse echo technique, if the major plane of a 19. As the radius of curvature of a curved lens is 25. The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared
indication is detected that is small in amplitude flat discontinuity is oriented at some angle other than increased, the focal length of the lens: to that for aluminum or steel is approximately:
compared to the loss in amplitude of back reflection. perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation ,
The orientation of this discontinuity is probably: the result may be: a. increases a. 1:8
b. decreases b. 1:4
a. parallel to the test surface a. loss of signal linearity c. remains the same c. 1:3
b. perpendicular to the sound beam b. loss or lack of a received discontinuity echo d. cannot be determined unless the frequency is d. 1:2
c. parallel to the sound beam c. focusing of the sound beam known H.2- 18
d. at an angle to the test surface d. loss of interference phenomena F.44.7
H.2-40 H.2-40 26. Which of the following scanning methods could be
20. When examining materials for planar flaws oriented classified as an immersion type test ?
51. A discontinuity is located having an orientation such 56. As transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread: parallel to the part surface, what testing method is
that its long axis is parallel to the sound beam. The most often used ? a. Tank in which the transducer and test piece are
indication from such a discontinuity will be: a. decreases immersed.
b. remains the same a. angle beam b. Squirter bubbler method in which the sound is
a. large in proportion to the length of the c. increases b. through-transmission transmitted in a column of flowing water.
discontinuity d. becomes conical in shape c. straight beam c. Scanning with a wheel-type transducer with the
b. small in proportion to the length of the H.2-30 d. dual crystal transducer inside a liquid filled tire.
discontinuity 1.268 d. All of the above.
c. representative of the length of the discontinuity 57. A set of standard reference blocks with the same 1.258-259
d. such that complete loss of back reflection will geometrical configuration and dimensions other than 21. If a contact angle beam transducer produces a
result the size of the calibration reflectors, e.g., flat bottom 45 degrees shear wave in steel, the angle produced by 27. In an immersion test of a piece of steel or aluminum,
H.2-40 holes, is called a set of: the same transducer in an aluminum specimen would the water distance appears on the display as a fairly
be: ( VSmel = 0.323 cm/ps; VML = 0.310 cm/ps) wide space between the initial pulse and the front
52. Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat discs or other a. distance amplitude standards surface reflection because of:
shapes parallel to the surface by: b. area amplitude standards a. less than 45 degrees
c. variable frequency blocks b. greater than 45 degrees a. reduced velocity of sound in water as compared to
a. rolling d. beam spread measuring blocks c. 45 degrees test specimen
b. machining H.5-5 d. unknown: more information is required b. increased velocity of sound in water as compared
c. casting H.2-24 to test specimen
d. welding 58. The angle at which 90 degrees refraction of a c. temperature of the water
F.45.22 longitudinal sound wave is reached is called: 22. Rayleigh waves are influenced most by defects d. all of the above
located: -
H.4 5; 1.245
53. In which zone does the amplitude of an indication a. the angle of incidence
from a given discontinuity diminish exponentially as b. the first critical angle a. close to or on the surface 28. Using the immersion method, a distance amplitude
the distance increases? c. the angle of maximum reflection b. 1 wavelength below the surface curve (DAC) for a 19 mm (0.75 in.) diameter, 5 MHz
d. the second critical angle c. 3 wavelengths below the surface transducer shows the high point of the DAC at the
a. The far field zone. H.2-25 d. 6 wavelengths below the surface B/51 mm (2 in.) block. One day later, the high point
b. The near field zone. D.306 of the DAC for the same transducer is at the
c. The dead zone. 59. The control of voltage supplied to the vertical J/102 mm (4 in.) block. Assuming that calibration
d. The Fresnel zone. deflection plates of the instrument display in an 23. The ultrasonic testing technique in which finger has not changed, this would indicate that the
H.2-41 -
A scan UT setup is performed by the: damping is most effective in locating a discontinuity transducer:
is the:
54. A smooth flat discontinuity whose major plane is not a. sweep generator a. is improving in resolution
perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation b. pulser a. shear wave technique b. is becoming defective
may be indicated by: c. amplifier circuit b. longitudinal wave technique c. has the beam of a smaller transducer
d. clock timer c. surface wave technique d. both b and c
a. an echo amplitude comparable in magnitude to the E.238 d. compressional wave technique F.44.13
back surface reflection F.45.11; H.2-32
b. a complete loss of back surface reflection 60. Attenuation is a difficult quantity to measure 29. What law can be used to calculate the angle of
c. an echo amplitude larger in magnitude than the accurately, particularly in solid materials, at the test 24. Lamb waves can be used to detect: refraction within a metal for both longitudinal and
back surface reflection frequencies normally used. The overall result usually shear waves?
d. all of the above observed includes other loss mechanisms which can a. laminar-type defects near the surface of a thin
H.2-40 include: material a. Poisson’s ratio law
b. lack of fusion in the center of a thick weldment b. Snell’s law
a. beam spread c. internal voids in diffusion bonds c. Fresnel’s field law
b. couplant mismatch d. thickness changes in heavy plate material d. Charles’ law
c. test piece geometry F.45.12 F.45.10
d. all of the above
F.43.23

30 27
Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II

30. At an interface between two different materials, an 36. Which circuit triggers the pulser and sweep circuits in 45. A special scanning device with the transducer
an A-scan display ? Figure 2 mounted in a tire-like container filled with couplant is
impedance difference results in:
commonly called:
a. reflection of the entire incident energy at the a. receiver-amplifier 0 2 4 5
interface b. power supply a. a rotating scanner
b. absorption of sound c. clock b. an axial scanner
c. division of sound energy into transmitted and d. damping c. a wheel transducer
1.242 d. a circular scanner
reflected modes dB H.4-6
d. none of the above
F.45.9 37. On an A-scan display , the “dead zone,” refers to:
46. Which best describes a typical display of a crack
a. the distance contained within the near field whose major surface is perpendicular to the ultrasonic
31. When using focused transducers, nonsymmetry in a
b. the area outside the beam spread beam?
propagated sound beam may be caused by:
c. the distance covered by the front surface pulse
a. a broad indication
a. backing material variations
b. lens centering or misalignment
c. porosity in lenses
width and recovery time
d. the area between the near field and the far field
1.267
0 1
Mm
2 3
mm mr
4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
b. a sharp indication
c. the indication will not show due to improper
orientation
d. all of the above
H.6-13 38. On an A-scan display , what represents the intensity of A B C D E d. a broad indication with high amplitude
a reflected beam ? H.4- 22
32. Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for which of the
following types of examination ? a. echo pulse width 42. A 152 mm (6 in.) diameter rod is being inspected for 47. A primary purpose of a reference standard is:
b. horizontal screen location centerline cracks. The A-scan presentation for one
c. signal brightness complete path through the rod is as shown in a. to provide a guide for adjusting instrument
a. straight or longitudinal examination
d. signal amplitude Figure 2. The alarm gate should: controls to reveal discontinuities that are
b. angle beam or shear wave examination
F.43.29 considered harmful to the end use of the product
c. surface wave or Rayleigh wave examination b. to give the technician a tool for determining exact
d. all of the above a. be used between points A and E
H.4-7 39. Of the following scan types, which one can be used to b. be used at point D only discontinuity size
produce a recording of flaw areas superimposed over c. be used between points B and D c. to provide assurance that all discontinuities smaller
33. During straight beam testing, test specimens with a plan view of the test piece? d. not be used for this application than a certain specified reference reflector are
H.3-6 capable of being detected by the test
non-parallel front and back surfaces can cause: d. to provide a standard reflector which exactly
a. A-scan
b. B-scan 43. In an automatic scanning immersion unit, the bridge simulates natural discontinuities of a critical size
a. partial or total loss of back reflection 1.262
b. no loss in back reflection c. C-scan or carriage serves to:
c. a widened ( broad) back reflection indication d. D-scan
d. a focused ( narrow ) back reflection indication 1.242 a. support the manipulator and scanner tube and to 48. Compensation for the variation in echo height related
H.2-37 move it about transversely and longitudinally to variations in discontinuity depth in the test material
40. In immersion testing in a small tank, a manually b. control the angular and transverse positioning of is known as:
34. In the immersion technique, the distance between the operated manipulator is used to: the scanner tube
face of the transducer and the test surface (water c. control the vertical and angular positioning of the a. transfer
a. set the proper water path scanner tube b. attenuation
path) is usually adjusted so that the time required to
b. set the proper transducer angle d. raise and lower the transducer c. distance amplitude correction
send the sound beam through the water:
c. set the proper index function H.3- 12 d. interpretation
d. complete both a and b 1.265
a. is equal to the time required for the sound to travel
through the test piece F.46.1 44. When adjusting the flaw locating rule for a shear
wave weld inspection, the zero point on the rule must 49. Which of the following is a reference reflector that is
b. is greater than the time required for the sound to not dependent on beam angle ?
travel through the test piece 41. In straight (normal) beam contact testing, a reduction coincide with the:
c. is less than the time required for the sound to travel in the back surface reflection amplitude could
indicate: a. sound beam exit point of the wedge a. a flat bottom hole
through the test piece
b. point directly over the flaw b. a vee notch
d. none of the above
H.4-6 a. inadequate coupling c. wheel transducer c. a side drilled hole which is parallel to the plate
b. a flaw which is not normal to the beam d. circular scanner surface and perpendicular to the sound path
c. a near surface defect that cannot be resolved from H.4-7 d. a disc-shaped laminar reflector
35. In a B-scan display, the length of a screen indication
from a discontinuity is related to: the main bang (initial pulse) -
A.E 164
d. all of the above
a. a discontinuity’s thickness as measured parallel to F.43.41
the ultrasonic beam
b. the discontinuity’s length in the direction of the
transducer travel
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
B.201; G.358

28 29