Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #3
Mark Jon G. Tamayo
Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________
Lesson Title: The Concept of Theory and its Materials: Ballpen, Paper & Notebook
Importance
References:
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to: Textbook:
1. define what theory is all about; and Panugaling, G.C. and Caño, G. J.
2. discuss the importance of theory. (2019). Theories of Crime Causation.
Rex Book Store Inc.
Productivity Tip: Score: /50
After finishing this module, explain quickly what you’ve learned to
your parents, friend.
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction (2 mins)
Have a pleasant day! How was your day, as you knew from the previous activity, the concept of
human behavior is that it is a term used to describe a person's actions and conduct. It also refers to the
reaction to facts of the relationship between the individual and his environment. And that speaking of
the perspectives of human behavior we have: philosophical, psychological and sociological
perspectives. Now, my question, there are how many faces of every self? There are two (2), namely:
the moi and the personne. At this point, let us activate another lesson entitled the Concept of Theory
and its Importance. It is important for you to know the concept of theory since this subject deals about
the several theories of crime causation. Are you ready? Alright, let’s begin with this first activity!
B. MAIN LESSON
Activity 1: Content Notes (13 mins)
Instructions: Read the concepts that follow, and after that you have to state the definition of theory,
concept and principle. Write it on the space provided.
WHAT IS THEORY?
According to Freda Adler, theory is a statement that explains the relationship between abstract
concepts in a meaningful way. For example, if scientists observe that criminality rates are usually high
in neighborhoods with high unemployment rates, they might theorize that environmental conditions
influence criminal behavior (Siegel, 2007).
According to APA Dictionary of Psychology (VandenBos, 2007), as cited in (L’Abate, 2011), a
theory is a principle or a body of interrelated principles that purports to explain or predict a number of
interrelated phenomena. In philosophy of science, a theory is a set of logically related explanatory
hypotheses that are consistent with a body of empirical facts and may suggest more empirical
relationships.
Moore, 1991 as cited in (http://faculty.jou.ufl.edu/theory) stated that a theory is a related set of
concepts and principles about a phenomenon. It explains how some aspect of human behavior or
performance is organized. The components of theory are concepts (ideally well-defined) and principles.
1
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #3
Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________
A concept is a symbolic representation of an actual thing - tree, chair, table, computer,
distance, etc. Construct is the word for concepts with no physical referent - democracy, learning,
freedom, etc. One type of construct that is used in many scientific theories is variable.
A principle expresses the relationship between two or more concepts or constructs.
Moore, 1991 as cited in (http://faculty.jou.ufl.edu/theory.html) enumerated the importance of
theory:
1. Theory provides concepts to name what we observe and to explain relationships between concepts.
Theory allows us to explain what we see and to figure out how to bring about change. Theory is a tool
that enables us to identify a problem and to plan a means for altering the situation;
2. Theory is to justify reimbursement to get funding and support - need to explain what is being done
and demonstrate that it works;
3. Theory is to enhance the growth of the professional area to identify a body of knowledge with
theories from both within and without the area of distance learning. That body of knowledge grows with
theory and research. Theory guides research; and,
4. Theory also helps us understand what we don’t know and, therefore, is the only guide to research. It
increases its ability to solve other problems in different times and different places.
Theories are used by researchers as causal mechanisms to give historical explanation of cases
(George, 2004). To know more about the concepts of theory please read pages 12-15 of this textbook
“Theories of Crime Causation”.
1. Based on the concept notes, what is the definition of theory according to Freda Adler? Write
your answer on the space provided.
Answer: Females commit crime, according to Adler's view, because of the accessibility and opportunity that
exists in a variety of scenarios. These circumstances are frequently influenced by the female's
socioeconomic level.
1. Knowledge 2. Concept 3. Phenomenon
2. You cite the three significant terms used by Moore (1991) in defining theory. Write your
answer on the space provided above.
3. You enumerate in brief details the importance of theory.
Write it down below:
a.Theory guides research, ensuring focus, coherence, and meaningful contributions.
_____________________________________________________
b. Theories
_____________________________________________________
provide systematic explanations, understanding relationships, causal
c. mechanisms, and predictions.
_____________________________________________________
d. _____________________________________________________
Theories guide hypothesis development, identifying gaps, and establishing rigorous
testing foundations.
2
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #3
Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________
Activity 2: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
This is a self-assessment; you have to answer the question honestly. After that check your
answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on the space
provided.
2.1 In this activity, you will explain the concept of theory in five (5) sentences only using your
own words. Write it on the space provided below. (5 points) Score: over 5
A theory is a well-supported and systematic explanation or framework that aids in the understanding and interpretation of
complicated occurrences. It is built by rigorous examination of evidence, observations, and logical reasoning. A theory's
objective is to create a conceptual structure that organizes and explains observations, allowing us to predict and
comprehend various elements of our surroundings. Theories are dynamic, and they can be refined and modified as new
evidence and insights arise. They serve as the foundation for scientific inquiry, leading research, producing ideas, and
facilitating a fuller knowledge of the basic principles that govern a specific field of study.
2.2 Is theory the same with law? Limit your answer to five (5) sentences only. Write it on the
space provided. (5 points)
Score: over 5
No, theory and law are not synonymous. A theory is a well-supported explanation or
framework that is founded on evidence, observations, and logical reasoning. It is a
conceptual framework that aids in the comprehension and explanation of occurrences.
Laws, on the other hand, are empirical generalizations or principles that describe observed
natural regularities or patterns. Laws are usually derived from repeated observations or
tests, and they constitute a succinct summary of a natural or scientific relationship. Laws,
as opposed to hypotheses, provide more clear and concise descriptions of observed
patterns or correlations.
Activity 3: Check for Understanding (5 mins) (30 points)
This is a self-assessment; you have to answer these questions honestly. After that check your
answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.
3.1 Below are the different concepts of theory. You write T on the space provided if the
statement is TRUE and F if it is FALSE then underline the word that makes the statement false
then change that word to make it correct. (2 points each) Score: over 20
For example: F- statement a. Theory is a word that explains the relationship between abstract
concepts in a meaningful way.
Rationale: (The statement above is False so you are going to write “F” on the space provided and
underline the word “word” then change that word to make the statement correct. Just copy how to
answer properly by studying the correct answer cited above. Do you understand? Alright, you may
begin answering now.
F-Researchers
____________1. Theories are used by scientists as causal mechanisms to give historical
explanation of cases.
T
____________2. Theory helps us understand what we do not know.
____________3.
F- Knowlegde Theory is to enhance the growth of the professional area to identify a body of
idea with theories from both within and without the area of distance learning.
F-Concept
____________4. A theory is a symbolic representation of an actual thing.
T
____________5. The components of theory are concepts.
T
____________6. The components of theory are principles.
3
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #3
Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________
F-____________7.
Phenomenon Theory is a related set of concepts and principles about a thing.
____________8.
T A theory is a set of logically related explanatory hypotheses.
T
____________9. A theory is a principle or a body of interrelated principles.
T
____________10. Theory comes first after law.
3.2 Discuss at least 2 importance of theory using your own words. Limit Score: over 10
your answer to ten (10) sentences only in each perspective. Write it on
the space provided. (10 points)
Theory plays a crucial role in guiding research and inquiry by providing a framework and direction for investigations.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
It helps researchers formulate research questions, design studies, and select appropriate methods to gather and
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
analyze data. Theory provides a foundation for understanding the phenomena under investigation and helps
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
researchers make sense of their findings. Without theory, research can lack focus, coherence, and may not
contribute meaningfully to knowledge.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
C._________________________________________________________________________________________________
LESSON WRAP-UP
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q1. What is the difference between theory and concept?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Answer: A concept is any idea while theory in its strictest sense is an underlying explanation of how
______________________________________
something works. It is specific and more than the concept. Concepts are components of theory.
Q2. What is the difference between theory and principle?
Answer: Theory is a related set of concepts and principles about a phenomenon. So principle is just
one part of a theory. A principle expresses the relationship between two or more concepts.
Activity 4: Thinking About Learning (5 mins)
A. Work Tracker
You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the
session number you just completed. You mark the place in the work
tracker which is simply a visual to help you to track how much work you
have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.
B. Think About Your Learning
Instruction: There are two (2) parts of this activity; first, I would like to ask you what part of the lesson
that you found easy and difficult to answer and why? And then on the second part would be your self-
evaluation on achieving the learning targets.
B.1 What part of the lesson did you find
easy and difficult to answer and why?
What part of the lesson?
WHY?
4
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #3
Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________
KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
Answer on Activity 2.1
Key Words: concepts, ideas, logical, phenomenon
If you have any of those words in your answer similar to the key words then you will get a perfect
score of 5 points but if none, you will only have 3 points.
Rubrics on Activity 2.2 Rate
Answered completely with 5 sentences 5 (Perfect Score)
Answered completely with 4 sentences 3
Answered completely with 2 or 3 sentences 2
No answer at all 0
Rationale on Activity 2.2
A law is an idea that grows out of theory and not all theories lead to predictable laws. So in this
sense, what comes first is the theory and not the law. For example, the law of imitation by Jean-
Gabriel Tarde, a French criminologist and sociologist resulted out of his theory that most people are
not inventive, but only copy what they see from other people.
Answer on Activity 3.1
F- researchers 1. Theories are used by scientists as causal mechanisms to give historical
explanation of cases.
T ___________2. Theory helps us understand what we do not know.
_F- knowledge 3. Theory is to enhance the growth of the professional area to identify a body of idea
with theories from both within and without the area of distance learning.
F-concept____4. A theory is a symbolic representation of an actual thing.
_T__________ 5. The components of theory are concepts.
T___________ 6. The components of theory are principles.
_F- phenomenon 7. Theory is a related set of concepts and principles about a thing.
T__ _________8. A theory is a set of logically related explanatory hypotheses.
T___________9. A theory is a principle or a body of interrelated principles.
T___________10. Theory comes first after law.
Rubrics on Activity 3.2 (Discuss at least 2 importance of Rate
theory using your own words).
Organization of thoughts= 5 points
Grammar = 3 points
Readability = 1 point
Neatness = 1 point
TOTAL= 10 points
TEACHER-LED ACTIVITIES:
At-home learning session for the students:
1. Check and grade collected SAS and other input from students; and
2. Schedule phone calls/virtual calls/virtual chats to individual students or small groups of
students to monitor work, provide guidance, answer questions, and check understanding.
Congratulations! That’s enough for today, see you next meeting in school and study in advance
topics regarding Understanding Theory and Practice! Thank you.
