Nmeieh Methods Jih

PPPoOimate mumbe3 The munbess 5, %, %) R00, 279 ete ote ezact B

numbehs because theSe mumbess imrolve mo opooimatiom om wneetoint oes
pn the othe) hamd the musbes iue 7,e, J5 ete. oie exatt, bat cont
be expMESSEd enoatty by o fimite mumber f digits. -iey carn be cvote
i digits forom as l416, 2188, R2360 ete. cwhieh e omy oppo0Xima
lo ) to the troue volees ond otze called oppmate mumbers. "Thu s
ofpmoimate mwmbess on be defined as a mumbeh oppnoigated to
e ezact mumbeh omd tthere is a Sight dzemce between the
nd oppROmate mLunnbeh S.
ekoct

gnfeomt biiti- This is ant given digt endept possib fom oto the
mon Keo diqit thot fires-the postion of the decid Dne

poimtIhe follbwig mumbeh3

I450 AGo, o00 I4Go
Tn the Last mumbeh the fiost thmee the decimal
point omputeh 3 com Aomly gtomed a
Kenoes Simply fir
fked mwmbeh f anifcont faes ast
Nemay ig the mange 8to lG Bigfeamt fges. go that mumbdsted
ote mot toned CXactly . In decim al fomm= o333 -. - neha
is tumeated ofter a cetoim membel of
Ihe tmunaation poo ce3S siif'eomt fgtes.
is called moumding
Note(- Bgnif'eot digits oe counted foom left to night Strtinq wit
-he teft mo S+ mom Kero d'git

Signifleomt Fgutes in Irteeh Numbes

The oale
fom deteminin the sumbes of siifieant fyutos in on
TNTEGER NUmBER aze -
RudE-I All nem-elo ts e Sgifeoat. Fom ex npe'.
Nmbe) Number eP Signif'eont fzees
2849
2588
54

RulE-2'- A Kenoes imbe dded between signi fhicmt digiS re S n

fCnt- Fom enomiple'.
)
Nwmbe ot Inabetted Kenaes Nmbeh of anifa
aamt f e s
5o303
206

RUE3 AL tmailimg pes otze mot Sigficant Fom Ezomple

Numbe Number o Toooulmg zeroes
20470
 to m deiiod places (om
To ownd we oe uima a compateh awith
Roundi d'sea the (mt)th plus ecinak. alled tmncahing he mambeh. SuppoSe
cue must he nen a mumbes ne A3.TS 13
moeoms that mules a fired
womd demgt fo
end the
digts
digs 43 il be dmopped.
moundig mumbeh is Iess
disoabded thaun 0-m Cul be Stomed as A3: 48
RUECe T{ tbe
digt is ess thon 5, Leave the So thatthe
mth deimal -the mubeh A37949 im feoting poimd foron as
eshded
fimst dis
gedThs is moundim down.
tunchan
di'scasded mumbeh is geote
f the
)"Rule(b) -diseahded d'gi is goeoteh thom 5 add ome to the mth deoi This con be enp messed iea gen dh foom a3,
te finst p
Ti'sis moundimg discohded menbe) is
);- T{ the decma,
eXacty them ouny cob ere f is hemamh $34,
} Rule Ce Cven i h e t e g he leagth o mamtissa
measest
to the eini tted rod E ig tte enpohe
Example -
Tig ahoppmg Ba is igsorgd entinely and todefone
decimls.
i Round 2535 to 3, 2 and 4
t 254 usimg mule (e )
|25 uSna mle (a) ’9mmetmie "Round- ofi Tin the Smmetmie
I'3 uSmg mule (b) rmetoimed nifeant digits is 'reounded up b 4 if se fimst iscohded
digit is dabget o egual o,5: otbe,wise -he last metoimed 'git is unehe
ged Fom e ample, he mwmbeh A2,7893 ewold becoreoe AR49 md
-the mugbe A2.5434 wouid become h254.
1:45 uSig mule (a)
Now tthe volbe f umooumded nevnbe Com be erprnessed f.
15 usig ule ( b)

ket fom a mumbel , toue vake V, oppnomote Nalue Cwbem <o15, entime , is trnaeted omd theefone,
i) Absolute Eoo
Relative Erono Eg EAV &ao15 he ast igt ig the noatissa is mameaSed by and
) Rebte pencemtofe Fnnon Ep = ER xi60 -beefonc,,n Pppmoi mate =fatlo ) xnf xio lo

Nummee ad enomg (elso Knowm as prooaedal epnons) oe nt due

-bon 5, Thte fore) he alue of
im tus tes cnd af4 eong. ondwneatiorn er gns.
obSolute r 3,
1. AbSclte Eor
ennoms- emound f emoons is he Ex on ple ! Fimd te moumd -of enoro im Stonimg the
must be odded t tthe
uantnbe
ompufe! mcmbeb
fouh ditt mamtiSsa. membeh 52·GR35 ukina
H that
mwmbel.
the tmue mepmeSertaten 7 Now, 52-G835 -075%65 xIo (o526 +Or0000 835) xuS
Roundim o
mumnbeh con be done mtwo Lo:52 c + (oes5 x-411xIoS
hopngg omd the othe) ig
Knowm
oyse
Symmehoie
poumdim s

chofing- In ehoppimg the etoo dits oe fer oS2C, O:835, 4 E3

 ahoppro& meth od - APpmomote n= F XoE 0T52G 9
XI0 l o e which gf he folouing mumbers chare ameofes!pmecSon ?
A3201, 32, H320to cG
= 01835 xo3-4
= Or0835
Tn
&metmie Roundimq - 10-C
Hergee the msbe Ag2010G hashe gncotest pmecilbn

EO = (8a-) ofd : (o6 35-1) x 1o3-4

Tintmoductiom i- et 7=feu) be defned im the imteval [a. b7 ond the ale
be The
Frwnaotion ennom ig the gaotity T which mast S
yorze Knowm fon Cm+1) values f n, e. f(«1) on i0()m whee
added to the true
mepmeSemtatom
mesult be enoety equal to othe he qeatity imn
ondee thot the
-he pomts n; li=0, 12,-- -m) ahe
With epuBpacede. Ki=Ko t i (ize,h 2-)
he lengh f igtervo h Hee tbe
eontity
Fnd the t r o u n o ' .
ewe oe Seeking to geneate.
V Dwm os modeS
volues iso,t2,- - e
fumetiea for x= emnom ntne mesult,ef he folbwhA fY (is0, , 2, . - . or point on o28wmemts upd the dommesPomdimg values
wen we use m) ze nouwe a,s ennies
fins 5nee tmes b fng fd tems Tn omder to develop. oPpnOi matoms
(todfete
fins fre tems. w oacoaiomoly be using the folouaing opdhotons :}tIA) * eguarto ns, we
Formewod dferende opeatom 9) Shif pobaton A)
R BoaKeuahd
when the fnSt mee tons ae added d'feremee peraton 4) centno Difoenee
opdotoa
5 Averofe Didence opekatom
t Fomuwohd difteenee opeatorn (a)'
24
T20 Afem) =f c*+h) - f«), wbee h is the lerngth f imteavl
TmwsCoton moo when fnsi fouh tezas oze added : Fropeties of A
9-614222 xIo Ae0 whee a is a mel cOnStomt femetom
Prroof
Tnbeent Fnos Inbeent ebors otze these -hot oe PmeSent in he Afex) = fcxth)- fCx) oubee is tse lengt f teal
dete suppied to the modes, nbtemt ehoog oe Knowmas ip etteo0. Ths
erhom is olmesdy pmesert imthe Stotemmemt f the piooblemm befone Hs Slkin ? sfofx)]e eafx) cshee eis a meal censtont
Nore- he Aeesoly fa messurementis..hoew etese the measuremenk to prpoof- ket f ) e fe«)
the troue volue f the Quanty being maoafed, cauzacy mefers to
to 5 ignifieomt 'gs. FeLflth) -fa]
nnentS o he Some
gagtity ognee with eoeh otheh. pmeciion mef8
to tthe mumbe ¢ deeina postom on omder f manitde o ost
dgit im the value, eg. im 534G5, Pmeci
Siom S l0S. ) Fom the fumetom fcu), f(*).. . - fata)
Note Comeepiorn of ocehsey d melated
to pmeciSon ore
Signifieomt d'gts
- .4«) =(ath) - (%) where h is he lemfh mtnal
 (m+1)!
(2+1)) (m-a)
&obeys the Iaws indieeS talsot
ie.
A" A' 4« (A.a a. .. mtes) ( A& 6- -- m
tnes) fn)
m

(aA.-.- (mtn) times] fex

R Baevwahd diehonce opetoto (): o d henee, A

f)= 4x)- fea-)

Relaten blw Aod E

(**)- G)
Exompke - pmo Ne

Centa qpehatoo (3)

5) Aveboge opeaton (4);-
Sfc«yf(*t)-f()
kf(*)
Exnrle- roove that
4LfC**)+f(*-4)t kiaret
(it A) (1- ) =1
*
S9ustmg both des, we get,,ssni boniog)
’ (Ha) (I-) fe) (+4) E+E-2
Lf«y-vfoy..
T(1t4) f(«-a)
fx-y t f(*-&t)-f(«-b)
f)
Sputi both Bdes, we get
FxDmple- pmove that AV -A scnoai

(pmered)
, AV A-p (A-) f(K)
Egonnp le show that if
hemee Aoperates oy n then A
()()-( )
 imthe folowimg toble
Fxomple - Ematethe miSSng teum
2 3

Y= fe 34 9 6 1
4independeut
we assume fc) to be a poly mome ad of degaee 3 (&ince dfteence
thinad -ondel fimite
Nalues f entmies ze iven). Henee
gumerat Egtroie8 fninte difterenie win be xeto.
Deting the wnknowm entoies by et us pepohe the difo
omeknouwm antnies,
uith
eNce toble tuith the given data

Y2 - 4 Y3-19
- 3 124-47,2
BY-Y2 2 s-15
3 40-273

nee, he kt omder dierence is to be ero, we get

Here difffezeree S oe placed ot mid eway between the two awnens
Here, Af() FA 73-7,, 63 fea) = °7, A'7s-A', ete.
Relotom betuween FoDwobd onnd BoaKaahd dperences - Fxmple - Evaluate the simg temas im the foteing totle
5e gemeral betwean. omewobd oJd Bockeuahd dAeenees ca be wnittoa X 0! 2 3A5
- A: (qoing fomaw ahd foom boaaxwosd) - 8 I5 - 35

= n: (zoiog baakewohd fromm fomuahd) we o5Sume

j(«) to be o polymomial f degnee 3 (Simce Aimdepend
wbee ndenotes te, omde) e teences omd i the masel indes nt nales erotnies ore qiven), Hence gmd onder finite dferemte eil
the tobuloted vole, therefooe, vf
(au)V. =V AY 4-73 be a comStost ond the ith onpdel finite diference cwil be Tero.
Denotim toe wnhosown emies by J nd A et us pmepohe fhe
toble euth two
umrnownentmies
Find v°f(a), fe) , Afca, Af8) wben,
2 3
Y= f(*) 2 12 35

Slutiony Digomal forowohd &feremce toble i

2
8
A 8
AY
)3
72-34
12
23 5
35-a.
35
A3
Snee the At orm der di feremees olze to be zi, we fet
7- 41, -12 = 0
-.fe 8, ' fs)G , f(e) =20 , 6f(9) 43
Sotwng ewe get, -3 omd y24
 Exomple- ufg FormwaNd difteence opehotom fmd the mth tem
Sequenee. I4,l0, 20, 35,5c, - -. Ji a ( Ko)(*,-Ka). -(*m)
he diagom al fowahd difterence oble is.
pooceeding in this
+ (a-ko)(-a)4-(*-An),
(*o-R) (xo-22)- - - (y-Ka)
5
Y3 20
5
Z = 35 ---ta)
21

hee, *) (x-*o) (%-2) .. (*-%;) (2- Ki ) -(*-«a) --iy

5e mth tem o the Sefuence ar "(x;- xo) (Xj-x)- . (*;-Kj-) (x;-R)--- (xi-*a)
is colled he
ogmpngin unchoma
(Since hi gnel, onder f we mow set,
dif ezences romish)
24
31
F H (n-) y3 t -that iy becomes,
(m-) (D-2 x3 t
d n-1)(n-2) ( 3) Hente, becoes,)
- 34 3m- t ny%)
(n'-342) + (m3-gn' 2n-3n4 qn-G)
which is calted Aognome's Tnterpolatom fonula.
= t(n 3n't 2n)
Fzomple - uling ogmonge s imterpolotiom foromaja fradthe fonm f the
Plyoomial fnetion fomy the fovsasirg toue ond -hen fnd oat fca).
kagmange's Tntpolatiom Fommyla
ket y) be o mesd voleadfonetiom ond is ienswn fon (nti)iate
polating poimts K; (i=0, t, 2,---) ingeneal, oze mot ’he) ogmanes polymommiok kaC(*) cam be eunttem as
Such -thot y,= f (ieo , 2,3, - - . (-)X
Ket us mow (;o)(ark)k)l
comStnueto (-)(X-3) t (K-oX«-3)
Sueh -that, (a;) f ( ,i0, 1,2, - - m 04) (03) 73-93-i)
imee fln) i8 poyomid
degnce m, o we
t-*))
Now,
;'S ere to be
detemimed by(o 6s
pating x= X% in í) gd sim ij e get foteus
!

(ao-)(%- Ka)- -- (%9-Ia)

 Tnvehse Tatehpolotom uin kagroonges Tutepoletion fon
h

Nent petim m=*2 im 2) omd «aimg we get,

Ce imteh chamge x omd, y , we hare am
expmesiem f oso funmeton (*a) as t a, (x,- o) + 4,(*-o) (22-Ki)

a = CY-)Cy-Y) (- ala t ()U74) (7-n) = CY-) - C,-T)

C-) (o-) (Yo-m) (y,-) (Y-7)- (-n). 72= Yat 2Y, -27, + 20,h (ae
+ (Yo) (7-1) (Y-Y)
(Ym)(n-) (Ya ) --
(7-) R
The above fomuta is uSed fom (h-Tn-)
Irvehse imterpolotiom
Ezogple use imvease imterpolothom fonmub to find out x whem 31 h3
Commect upto ome decimal prace foom the fotowimg faj-brGs Subttethimg tthe Se oles of o's im we get
03
toble.
O5
O615 O7257
Ashich co be cumittem im a mome
Suttoble fom by,
d'onensionless geoity S, en b S=-20, ie, n=usiag
7 Heze, 2o o3, a
K=05,na =06, Yo = 0 GI74, J
=0164l5, 72z0'7251
d =0645 KotSh
Tnem X No, (*otSh)-(*otib) -i)h ie0, ,2, - m-i
+ (- ) (Y-Y)
Yo-7,)Yo-7a) (+7.[7-)
r)(7,) (Ya-%)(A7)
(0c45-0G915) (0G45-0125)O3 + (oGH5- 0:G174) (0-645-o457)
(o-c1116915) (0-Gi4-0-725%) (0-G45-0 GI7) (0-6A1S-o4S7)
s (91)6 t--+ A 9hS-) (s-nn)a
=7%+ SAY, + 3(3-1)
(orcA5-oiGI4) (oicsoG4iS)
=0l4 t 0'43 -O29 (o25-0GI44)(0F2S7- 0: GAIS):
Commet pto 0me Joeimal plece he fom mulo 5)on
20 2
Cis Knownas Necton's
Neaton'§ Fomwahd diftence irateapolston fon mula Fomwohd derence imtepsletin
Let j< fca be a mesk valael funeto n amd is knoam, ford, cmt) galy Newton's Boakeuahd difeence intehpolstron foonaa Fommula
Herze ue toke p) aS,
spoced imterpolotim poimts i
(i0, ,2 n) wh ehe h is the pacimy (ie the com mom
ofthe value of n amd Now, oi '6 oe to be
ket uS mow ComStmudt a
tetmined by usimy os folowg .
mot gneote thon m. POlymomial fumetiom pea f dgnee
Agoim puting K=Xn
Ainee tc«) is a
polymomia fi dezmee m, we
Pla)= aot orla-no) t az (*-*o)
(x-)t ---.tam(a-*o) (n-2,)-- --(a-An
Nocw, o'S are to be =

determi hel Net petimg q= Mn

Putting n=Ko im amd ubimg get
we get
Plo)bo 9(n) = t a (Ka-Xn) +
Now put wg n=, im 2 a(Knn)(*n--at
ord usg we get,
 Heze n=35 Ornd h | , we toake = 3 , . 3 = o =3:15-3. =01
RI6
2 31
. ( 3 5) 27 + (or6) x37 + o5 (05-) 24 + o5 (05-1) os 2) x¢
2 3!
Substtatig -these yakes of a 's im (7) we get, E 27 t185 -3+03T5

Simee T5 ies meah he end o the toble, ewe opply newton's bacy
which com be cumrtem im a meme (a)--( ahd difterence fommula. ewe taKe, nm 8 d 5
a dimen Sioaless Sauttoble fommm by uing
gaontity S. given b7 3 2 = 75-8
Now,
37
4(-o:5) ~ 512 + (-os)xic4 4 -o:5-o5 +1) yh2 +
)a-Kn-i 2!
-6.5(-015+)t)
= 512-8415 -52s÷og7S
we fet
Divded diferemces- keta funciom be nowa at gven littnct (nt)
Sh (Sti) h (3+n-1) Poimtso,*,- . Kn then the diwded d Pemees Sfeent omders
ze defimed os fortovvg .6N,
21 + SCSt)(942) 3y diferete.
3r S(StIXSt2)--St) f Ino]= f(xo) is defimed as the eoth omde divided
The fom male om io) is Kmawa as -he dided difteen ce f fnst omde fora the points no,Ki
imterpelotiem fonamule. Netom Boakwond fereme
Reman he fommula is wsed on'y ewhem the imtekpolatr'n? po/nts ahe the dvded difteence is Symmetie
fa intespolotiom meahthe emd f thetobubted
valees Ihe dided difterenee of second onder oote points ao, s
Erommple
defioed as e
compute the vole ¢ fcs s) omd f(5) from tbe fotowi
toble.
3
125

7 Since the giren modes are eguiSpaced we used etwton3 diferou

imtepoletiom fommuleSnee s.5 ties meoh the befiwng inthe tole milon, we con defne the
we
opPly meaton's fonwad d'treenee fom mela. d'nded tremte ¢ mth ondor fom the phts
NeM, -te digonak foowabd difrehece'toble is
Y=f(a)
37 24

5 l25 30
TT (i-g)
3C
127 ,*
343
512
 Weutom'g divided difteen ce imtepolation fommmealat
Fnem the definition of divided ifttences wwe get
+ (**o Xn)(-a2)foina Ry]+.-. t (x-7o)(a-1)- -
(*-*a)fE-.an]
FXorople ; Froom the foltowing toble Fmd the values fia) amd
tom'5 vided tenee imttapolatom foomula
I9 2
13

46fa);342 2210 2758 6850

-f (*o)t (a-20) ( , *i]+ T5e diviced difteenee toble fo the ven dota is;
(a-xo)C*-a){[*,*1
X

1342 k34ngsti
38
58
13, 2olsetar
51
-I J028
53
fom the dirided dift eenee TA82
1202h

1 Neatom s inded Jfterenee ietespolatom fommula i3

fR) = f(*.)+ (*-no) f[*]+ (x-no)
(-21)f[xe]ta-ses
+(%-%o)
C-%)----(%-Kan) f fo'kn-Rat( ) when n= 12 e have
f12) = 13424 eIxA34)+ Ix-)x 38 +I x(-1) x(-2) AJ
4

Kmowm os Neuton'g ided

(«-ka)f [a,73)%a-
This on mulo i 134 2+434 38 +2
dterence istehpolo-tiom fonmulo Newton's fndomem tal irateyoloston fmal
euth the.expnessi om fom emnom tezm taehded cuhen xe20 ewe hawe,

fma
Computotomal Seheme fom Neuton'8 diided difteenoe itepolotion : |342 t340Gt 2314 +378
b0vided dferemee oble
= 8020
vided diAeence
fe

f
f[4]
"3-k4
 Nammerical Instegootom Tiope Toi da Rute .
Toope Toidal Rule is a feuo poit fommala e. m. Then by Ne wyo
beivotom of Toopezidel Rule omd SimpsmB, ome-thiad Rule fomm Neatm
Aofes fommula ewe get
CoteS fommul
Neatom cotes foromma is -the mast pepulel ond widely ubed mumemie ol
itegnetom fommada
In fomms the bot's fonamumboh of mumerieak integnotom methedg Hee, Ho = (-yo
du
" Kmowm as Neatom cotes met ods . o! (1-0)!
-The deivotom of Neutom cotes fom mulo is based on Poymomal inte. (-)
poletion ne mtt degnee polymomiaß Pa thot itehpoloteS the
t values of "( ! d u =b[7
7 fca) t f cmti) veny sroced poin ts con be usel o msgbce -he Froom i
the imtegoal,
Orod tthe meSa Hont foomula is coled c+) poit Newton- cotes fpmonule.
Tf the imits o imtegmatom a omd b oe im the Set intenpolatnd
poiats ;, i 0, l, 2,, . - m them -the fommla i3 meferred to as clofed
fomm. Tf the pom+s a ond b ie beyond the sSet of imtehpoloting poi
-then the fomwula is temad as gpen Foam. Binee open fonm famul
ig mot used fom defmpte imtegaton.
forom methodg. inelude
Topeoidal mle Ctwo-point foomle) 2> Simpsom8 amule (thlee pol m
we comkdeh the imtegna I
fommla)
CombimmI au these imteg als we get,
he intehva a b) i3 Sub- dinded im to mn egual pobts, eoch f Kengih
b by the poimts,
Suchthot = ot ih. i=0Ci)m e.
ewhee m h a 4tc
1be conme Spomding entmies y ftn;) , io()m. as the,compodte Toope adak Rute
Neto m cotes Fommala BtateS,
Sinpsoms ome thimd Rule- iplom's + mule iso thmee pormt fombmu
-o e. DaRl hen by Newton cotes fommutb we get st
hee, H;=(-xo)(a-). (*-Kj-) (a-xen).-(a-xn)
(;-*o) (*; -K,)--- (x;- -)(;- in)---(*;-Kn) fe«)da /f(*) dr Ho fMa) + Hfu) + Hfe)---i
Here, Ho = -) -0

rh/u(u-y(a).. --(u-i4nta-i-l)-- -(a-n)u 3

i), (m-i)! 2

u(u-) (u-2)--- (un)

u
(u-i) -Then
 Ome-timd mle '
Geometoiek Tntehpmetottom &imp3omG
-5e oea of tne Shoded megom bownded by the pohbote passig thu
tne poimt (morf),( f ) , (%4,f,) mepmesents the ampsons onmuta

Commbimimg l these tegmas eve fet, bee h is the Jenth imtel.

pohotele

which is Knswn aS the co mpote SmpSon'S ome rind mule heboeor

mhb-a.

y mor of obimtewss odl on even Eveluate oPpmoimately by troapekeid mule, he inteqna a-3a'dx
Note () - Tröopezoidl mule dan be oppscd to
Y m=lo Compute also te eact imtegod ond fi md the obsolute end
oe o The &nasom's Rede megunesthe inteal IXo, n to be d'ih) meletve emoms. ALSo fimd out te inberent eon fo the inte gal.

9 y=fcn) --3a')azo, b=l, m=(8, h

Fromons-e) For lnpeoidal mle Fon Toopezidid Teule fom m
2o=0
Nw, Fr& -mh f"(am) btef(*m) is the gmestest olue f
"(a) inthe ehote Hee he omde) of the ehon is 3.:
) Fom Epson'smde Form Spsorn'S t mule foro msubintevalS 3y 5= b25
Jemh b Eg - 180 (xo)
NOu, Eg-m i(Hm) nee f( am) denstes the geatest vole 7='139
¢ the fost dozivotive ef f3) i the ahle monge of n. Hohe the onede

Þegne f prestion fom mumesel integortan is the gnentest degtge f

he
Pomomd fon wieh enmon is zs fom topezadl irgteqnotom.
the degne 4 pneeisiom is Aond foro iplom' mule the degnee 4
poeciciom is 3.
Geometroieal itepmetotion fTopezoidal Rale ' Ex0a4 volbe =
The oren ofthe Ghahed toofperaidel me fion me pmestentsithe toopewdl HbSolute Fnno En lvr- Va l =||-0:q95| =0:085t
foromule Fon tbe intefnl. Relorve Epmon, Eg - Ea/E or005/ 0:005

leng t, mteral ais fon mula mqlaoes the Beese by he choad

Joiming he tuo poin1s (o fo) ond (»f Thern ET -h ) (o1)3x (-c) = 5x0·001 :005
 Eromle ;- eol eubote y mpsm's g nule, the valae of the integmae 'aGone fumdamatal themems f theory
ommeat pto
(ony Sholememt)
ttmee siqnfant hes by tokimg St imte vals ALS eonem-l- ( Fumdamatol Theomem of lgobma)
imheeat eom fom tis proocesg.
7Cx) az0,bzl, m=c, 3moots
ho3 ezocty tewo mootS
yo 0 Bnd So om.
Y 0l4 28
Ya = 02500 heomemZTf, fca) omd fcb) oe of oppofite Signs Cie if one tve, ohe
-ve) je,
Y3 0333 3 i(o) fco)lo , then his eists alesst one moot o fe) =o in bl

Note-t

m ais ye0e. cuhen fty cuts he a aris, hern thee enSs the most
- Is of fa)=0o, otheheiSe thke wie mo moot -
/3 dx - [ot h(o- l428 t or3 33 3+ O4545) +
2(0.2500t OiAooo) +o150o Loor at the foltouimg f Fom fuy= o E
FY5 5224 =0 30GS ~oJ07 (comncat upto tnnee Sgit -7=fty
Lnheot Emn - Covnt F ö s t f
fco!

-fa) = F-! (mo- moot)

Fi:2
mac,.. Es Here floco pod ft6)70
-5.(*)
1ne een in this method ie O.h
=-x( x-24s 0.0001
Here fo70fo)0 ie fo)
Ond fcb eot Some 3
Here tnougn fco70, fo
70, e. they ore of
Coomect to 3 decimmal ploces nd o-000| ColmcluBom i cahem Some sins,there eris
Commeet to h
feK)f(o).fcb)20,
degmal ptoces. there
oteast ome mo0t =0 imn between must emsts two mootS im blw a ond b
a aund b
Nwmoic Stem ¢ algeoie ootmamseedemtl on Beala es. Px)=07T Ts) ee Sone siqns them thee moy be moot om noy mal be moot in
An eg f (*)z0 is Sid to be Note-2 Fom ohbtotey pucttmg the volueS of =0, ly2 ...
al gebmie find ewhee fo) rn d fcb) Bign chomtes om =0, -l, -2 p--- Cue
where aot0 ond al s otze me comSomts Ket fu) ond f(s) e oppoSHe gns ie. fu) f3) 0, then et Siat

b tromseedemtal if- fuy is imvo firnding,out thisintehvaCis3) ewe find out asSmal os pogsible a Smal
ved cuit bote olgoie
orod toigommetic fems &abinteyal, blw Cu3) whee ogoim fofb) co, pay (I5, .F) heefS) Fot
Fore Fn -0 T + is o tnamSee demtol egu hem e comclude that in blw the Somoll innteal (U5, ) eneett me
Polyenomis
on bekmie teon
But megeined to get the moot imStend of the imteval Ct3),hee namy mof calale
me<un

athe st
M

msne tan ome wnonsn varile, -then t8 i3 mot a sealo

For E
Here a wnknun
f7) =0 the mt opp noxjnaton he exoet enoot o C) 0
Sotris eq is mot called
voioble nd y
Sealor eg. bu,
fn) 0
 Note-4 - Ko may be taen as o om b ie o 0 om
Fom beth
b cubete fca.fo Pat emitein fom the eonegence- (om eon s) conditon fo covergenee
re. me moot f fu) =0 ies blw a amd b fom the comd;tien im euhicn Netutom- Rophgom Method i3 oppiicoh le.
Note-5- Iin mumneieal mothads alms the inàd apno matrom mo o neeset omder o comvehgenee (mmenne) Speed megg th.e mettnd ie when te
omde o dorn vemfore is high them the methrd. comvege.ce mopidy iefeu
Co halntionS oe roeguoed ~to get the moei.
NewbmRophsom metthad
omd Kntt e eo Comsegetive oppmoimotomS of the
Noe omaly is thee is athesmem -that Stotes -thot if mar [Wen,e
f e o ernd ket b is o very Small Conmeetiom o e mooft imte the lmtehval [ob7 where tne moot ies ie, fosf(bko.
exoct m0ct of
Such that her fom n- (a),he mehod Conveges the moot o of fta)ro
Here -the comditiom impi'Aed to 'ta)| < I
TWienefomt, f(on) f(mth)
ket amt is the meot fe0 fn{on)tf\xat
Cby Tyton's Seies
Note-2 -
nese
Hee
to eaet moot o
ie ol oppmorimatioms of he moots ohe vy
f%) =0 , them,
n e egvalemt to.
oppnoaatom g ohue vey melzef Hee n is the pocoet oot
-tb the exoet eot o bt mof equ
then Km fn) =0
TRarkson-meeot the K n e egeilent to a e ie: -

highe omdei tdms

we get
Cmiterio fom the conveh fenoé ongd onder
ahich ig caled Neutfon comvegene f Neutom- Raphon Pethal
-RophSom method ,oaha
Note-G Hemce the eg. is pca)
Note- - Sa tthat for mz 0. Ogd So on he Seguenees
ie to fimd out e moesnte vodue f the moot, se preeviouS ofpo toate ,Kir-on
e.
vee[ to the exset vole if Icis{<i
value g the neoot is mequined Fom tniS mensom Neton RopaSom mead is
Geoneteicok Gifeome ¢ Neatorn- Raphsom methed!n

ie. (fen)f"(*l,<|4ta)l
sis the emterien forn he dovegenc e imeorf eoatoinig
-the noot Should be Seleeted in ewhichthe
imeguaily 1f)f"e«l<|f(«'is sas
om, f*o) - Cae-R)f'e*o) Poht-2Now cwe he gonag to oreder Comvefence
et m ond n- be tw0 Sueces&iveprmoinmatiamst the actual moot
o ihe enoot, ie.
nyar3i-m ere obtoimed eSpeevely by the
pans
Mote- Bepause o tnis geormetniea Step euhich is the diference blw te
nethod is aso mefrd o8e metthots imtonpmetoon Newtom -Rophsm Suscessve
OPPrnoymatons
tomgent s.
 Note-5- you bu bee Itake no27 (foro both
moytake m=

'enponaion].
21 eases Jou gtttheSne pot)

-7ei
(a-8) =-:00 A256 <o
-Thefome ,ome moot ot frmigo es t between 27 nd 28
nee is he moot of f(n)
Appmomerto
Compeetotons
&imee 'x is the moot ef fcn)=0, f(xiE0
f'(Kn)
27 0. 2448 2e02
20R
2 21798 -R:634

Note Ctoppim Comd fom aobulaftoms t

Hee de Simed occedaey = 0-090 * " im * porntion n digt

Then ein but the mequimed eesalt is comnect epto g
4

sigrifieon fgutes, then ofte dectmal po Sitom , theke shold be oilensa

ComStom t &imce "CK), 'Ca) ond 2 olloe
e e numeic volees.
pmopotlomal to tefone gou may toke -te ao loumns asg1 om Kny to ahek
d h e comdn
Hemee from the obove
e e
equstiomthe erom at ony Stogeispmapovtl2) 1f Jou ewont to See the Colowmre , hn then teh deaimal place,
eT i im the proeviouS Stafe , Suah hehaow ig nefeha i you get
to as quodatie often St, 3,eRnes, rihem StoP Smee,
eomvergere. Theefome ne
Newtom Roplsom method is 2. oodeh f comvejenee -Them ost volue o nt e.,248
Note - In the ondeh commect pto 3 Sianifeant fgtes iie. a[0 eit, be meguined nod
comnvehqence R is vet kgh. Exompte Evaluate Va to s deeimal pla cas by NeutomRophSong methd
Exomple - u&in Neartom RophSom mehod, fd a moot of the eguaton
comm ect pto 3 sgnificont
Note-!- Mete fa)e aEimn+ cosn ., &imee the fune"
"fems then 1St ehone the mode ef yout Coicdat soso podion md hen
-tke aiL ealalotiorms inoto modi an
n4de
Note-2 - you See that mo irnie iteyel Ia,b7 &heze faf(6) <0 i3 not fhen comSider fes9) fcss)1whieh muSt be less than Zeo en : 7
mentioned here So imst n bitoy Put zo, i-- etc to nd whee
Neatom- Raphor mehod. t) 1e

Note-3 - nce the imtenl [a37 s lobe, we Rind a `mill Note Smte -thë mal mesatt 19 commeet eypto 3 decimak places, sntne
imteeva blw ciote sl Cul otiomns mus+ becomect pto otlea st'Adecimal pio eeS ond he
Here 4o m fimak e Sult mest be ogoim comec4 yptodecim Pfo ceseh nenio
y calculotion'
imbetweem 2and 3.
s, I taxe
Note- - ou find f (a04) nd fae) eommect upto 4 Sign fcamt f
the meSult ig coneet eypto 3 nre
glnif'samt 4e
 heheve on

pokitom' -ve on bm fcba)

Regula Fsl& method om metrad f Falde
we aSfune that ome met! alurys Stahtig
Þdivation-Tnthe odoini fe them an’veemd
ifeoml1f(oml
fz0 ies in the Smal inteal on, bn 7 ehele foon0,
,
2,-. bn’+ve

ftam) <o nd febn) 70. ke? PR? be thegph of 7-f*)

tm [an bm7 imtehSeetiny the x ons at
R. -hemb
on-e)
ver aldog

hus =0R gves the erct value f the moot Tf we

b Note Rememb that ir )0 n im blew org omd bm es
OnsieLthe ceve PRO
imtera Lon bm] whie
asthe chond pe. m he Sma
imtensects the x anig at C, then con.fonj
Note
In the ma Egomple
dompucte by Pegula- fals method,, a pormittve ooot fheeg
Note'- ows mis to fimd t tthe volue of Aehn to
Tntew [oa,ba] f
3pibes
estoish the fommela then p9 is
ee Ris he Stexactine pto
Hee f)= gt2*-@ end the inaal imteal is give os. (o,) i e.
Now, foom Snala) troiangieg AAge and AeGP we ge-P e t mpot e
forhlg the onethod comnect
fa)-f to) =-<o, them hehe
ond Builo) foom Cgwnas flse Postti (57 m w be -ve
ethod ond' bm wl be tve. m nhie
ig
BP bm (tve) fcba)
dontSms.
oee
ole-2 -o. 222
1222 0.0646 ,7213
orly.
2 7273 - Oi0012
A If(oasl Ifeoal AB
ode onnding t the given ef" fe«)=0 0.0044 4317
So cwe 3 0-7317 ":0002
coSideromiy mnee 2
-take 7320
O0001 D34b -60002

(ba- an [imee Ag 00- oA

the meguned mot i3 oT32 ,comENect pto g decimal pla ces.
=hn Motei-topping comdtom
Neto-RophSon metad.t is Some as
Them
Hre aceaa ey is o.00t 4mmay be o, iu2, --
Heze ony the coleumv may be hn om
ati
1fanl Note- At mro $(n )<0, then ot mel, a ve) i3
ehan by any0
rnd bn menans unehamged by the pneious value vol
whichg Kmswm bn =1,
is the mitiol osRe&ata- Fo methed where (ao be) e. fla,)f(X9,
imtervat uhee the noot of fa)= 0 |method oP bi Seetiom half trgtev methedBolkons - mmethad )
ies,
Note'- (omy mememtey (deiotoe eehuded u Comy fommula , derivatien enaludes Sllebus)
* The omder o
the Shobt otalssla9
eomvehqeme of AegarFls methad is f. (e me)
shee f(oo )"f(ba) c0 ie.the moct ies in woo ond bo
comptotiomal Seheme som Regale- Fol& method Cormstouct tte folto aung tooje -
Find the ieniti al intevd Foobo]
imtesnal mettomed it cong't be ewhere fos)i) $(bs) <0 (If initiA bnl)
choges e
oaa2te
com6truat the obie
comne&pond s t
A Proceed Sone ag ht of Reguda fols' methad'
 Nte Aecomdimg tyouh SyltkS on biSectio method
Meifeatonf &nss- elainatiom meted to compte the umse
eomv erges if we fmd the imitiad intewal aor bo ) whekp

Nete- e omdel of emom fomm this methad is t (ine F- uEim? ass Ewntonn meethod , fod tee rwere otte folowi
Note- 3 T Some panoblem im the Soe imtnal with Same
gen hem buest to Wgbe S4 mo. Tae augmented Syotem is
he me 9une d to fon the methas [ Note' T5e augmemted stere
fom the matn' Araxas wnte
Newtn Rophsom methad every low mo of tehattus ce orodd as [A I1.Im is a meo iden
Reqla folsi method igt as 1) Hehe Cue sop Somme pmBeeSS Gmdin
S> BSec tYe n to CesS- clinimacf method. Hehe A ig a 3x3 nde
( mo tae as omde) of comwelgence wheut nejp
l, mota. o heae Is
to Regula folsi medhsd)
Enxompie Fimd ome oot of to*
Cemmect pto 3
Simat2 =0, by the bisectiom mecte
Snfeont ftes. Can be tonsered

omd 4H) {to) <0 form C [-o]."TRekefome one maot ies

bla-an
bm (tve)
f(and) tep-l
-025
-0125

o3
ef
-e1Kie 3+ oow memains wnchanged ad
10030-0125 -01845
-0118S
5 - O1 218S
-0050

-21O -20S 2
-@2032 Step-2
4.-0.2l0
8 -020 40
-0"2032
dool-,007590Gi4 2
-012041 nahanped)
- - 03
lo O208O 0204I.Q:208 0
0 204G
-the grd e"
Cheex 12 -207G D 20424 1
207 s
Flai

Hee ienhe SteP; An m Aep-2 olrresdy we get -the matrak A, oedeod to pe) -traimgo matnik
bu ond n ee Sone upto 3 sufon Freom- SAep-2 we get thnee eguà valent Sstem as!
metenix"Some orad take the
Signfeant fes, [ Note- co-effieient
B -matlx
Looigt hand eolowan eti t comstomrts
ome aote amn qre esah eguiolent System

Note'
ebe

Ke megui Uatbe
imnation method
 -3 5/A
-(#2
. n=
24
CornEet
[ Note . Jou cam checK wheatheh omSwes is
AA Im
-310) t (-xg ) + (ic)
r-3 5 fone he meguimel
312
Soleetroms ote =, =-9, K 5, tsxD)+(* (-*e)
motroix imver Biog methed: Trpootant NoteT in he quesom -the wond mameielly meratomed bu
them mus nd A usimg Geouss- ekminatbn method mot by tis mg
ket a &sten ¢ eoh equatern is e A- bd TCA) he womd mumdleolly hmemtioned)
(t eom mot be Oppierble,
b
B: be
Gaauss Jacobi nethod

Diogonay demiont netad ket ASytem m ineas egustons n n

ndit nonorog K,,s; n o e fomm

we ge (Ax) =6B
(AA)x = Ae

dentty matroik ewbieh is womimg fonmmale fom ainehe the to-efiolents ag (l.1: ly3, ". -m) ond the dom Stonts tieizZ)
Lematoix ivenBiom methad. te ven membel fom o &stem- o imeas epuattens
Note4
Firngt fnd det te) = Al fo
Nete-2
aolounns a) Foro the ($t
Note-3 Frnd odg (e) (Ad oimt ot the hatnix A) eq t , hen
Adr (a) det f(l)
4 eqn i=2, 4hen

Note-4 Find A by the foramala A dIA) fom the mth

deA ()
Note 5 APelying the fommal (R we get-the neguimed Sotatio$' by then the &tem is eolled
Cwben u thet Cogditioms bze Sotisfied
Gteìctt biogomally donimant
ped),then
Egmnple &olve he follousmg stem by matraix Imve.ion Method eomdHlomS is wia loted Cie.mot Sats
20x 4yt*10 Note-1 Tf oy ome theSe pertal Pivotmg preecess.
342+8 = 1 8 d neahzonge the gven System as
Systemof dimes qe otion
Tmporont Nete Se'det itekotive method, is the givem
meatomging y porttal pivotire,
hust be Stmiaty dogomaly domimant Aft
ogim if the comditon (2) is mot tuoSotis fed, ther diroect Stote the ven
|Al = 2( 18- 12) -1 (27-3) 41 (12-2) =12-24+10 =2 t0 ee fome A'enss. .nethods,
System. ean mo e Soved by these
FISo, AT=
the &stems otve So eottomgal. 1
-ne given eguatos
Sppose hat -this meshknfed Sstem is
that a; to fom iel,a,-m omad
eefome, p= aT (A dominen comdton (a).
det (A) () amd SotStY he dogoma
Fom a motai
2 Note - eachery Mas
 woming fommela on Gauss - Toeab imethod ig a
we ComBfmu he forauing tobie -

90
Note-2 Heke moots g, -- Theefme fom eoch mot,he oppmoa
Siob
fot gm
o,a

matens ohe meguimed.

Fom Onpte -

Fom moot,
w , u t K=0 im G) nd So om.
Note 3 pmoess r the opPpimg im cquwit
Hee (K) is the CKt) oppmogammatiom of the oot K. Mee Note Tn this way mepest the
K is he mo ef ieatien whieh Stats fom
Note4 Fmd the moots i) 2, --- *a the imitial oppmoimati ons Hehe te comditioms ote Some as thot Solvng the egn f() =6 ie. f
Conditons
Borme
ie. ao) fomisl, 2,- - - m oe meguned. eohehe or ome oot x bet bere the in the Same Coe
Kas omd the AND opeoton sed. .e.
0 Com be towen ony mea value oecond'n t,yow choiee, bul fm Fom 3 mots n,,
imtiey ealeulotons dauswe take, `ejwtve tuo iteatioms. the corndtom cwin be Soisfed foo all asts.
Note-10 eahe tne comd" im Note- Sotis fed, the dast values comneet upto
Note-5 I plan the method by toing assysten of Jinende s o desined oAcaacy wi be, theTumed moots.
EnempleSave the foltowing &stems of imesk ejuatiomQ. comect to fiie
Qigmi foant fes by Gouts tocobi metned
1
Note-G ketthe tem (A) is diogomalydomi mamt ie. -the condt-e
fom diogtomally dominaet Satisfiad hee, ie

ten ftee meastanging by, pata pivoting mmethad Process, ogin checK
the diatonally dominont comd^)
ie. se giva syhea (9) ie dingoma domnont
Note Ine asttem fömada fom the twiee poois )2 g otze given by bo the iven sstem is mot diogomally domivaot, So we roeotlage he qon
4
foro te jtoot
Hehe iT: b2,3
(eime thhe oe 35Sjm
f tineoh eguotBon) S00 y 428, wee -is) >lo4S |* lo:39|
Soths System is diogomaty donmimont end e sre thig usng GousJati
methol

Aow eve ureite the teations forarnale s

Fon the 3nd

oot
(K)
542e - or45m-o:301.
 K

01348884
36CI4
Ne 0.33 1309 -Q434I81
040010 2
0.400108 03332 98 - G433 3G

4o000o3 jo333334
5 (04000 O43333s wo tave the imtial gess a s ) x0,
(lence, 2, 040000 22033393 -.93333 comnee K
(K)

B0547
Gauss - Soidal teketve mthad 2 R286 2370o
PU he
prrocess in Cenuss. To cobi metd oe Soeim SS Reidoli 4 a3 518 2AS 36 34713
we metthod, only he cwo Himg Foro mmedo fon Gamss 3144o
uhich iis - teative is ditemk t516
24979
249s 34497
T we consideh e tee
`ystem of nes
soo2
Mene e, 2,=Goo, 2 =250o Ond
314994
g500 Commee! o hmee decimnaM ploees

Soutiom- o ASstem of meoh Egustieng By ku-foctomizattom method CCRor'S

et o mehed)
et ( stem time) egu wth m unmowm is as
Sotisfy e diogomo domnot Cond Now we mewnte the iteetion
Fome mooty bi
PHele ,T=1,2, 3, roa

Fom e Secomd -ed ad he Sum

Now A=ku ubehe

ie3
-

Enompte: Solve the falouimg ystea of Jineos e bz. gouss Reidel ,

pethod ompet lyte hee
docmal plo Ces. rtetve
2:1- 52 t8-4*y 288
G%+ t 22 x3 = 2015
Note- Here jou See that the mathemateian Cngut toxes +he diofomal enai
So -the &ven Sstem is u l im the wpper tniamg maoti oad Se the method momed ag afsa
diagomaly doint. Nowpwe, eotdzong the en erou'S nethad
Gi, t ti122 t 2:2%3 F 205
whee =Ux, So Solivg for

Now tis Sy Stem is

diogomay domint, we wite he teot
 Exome Sotve te fuieuimg ystem Numien sluctom fimsi omdeh omdimaty d kentsl eusi
ky ku FactomiAttern omdinery dit temied efution given by () d fay
N 2x-3 t 4 3
methe.
7 Hete. A ’(1j [Note yea) meoms ot %=Xo the value f
y(x6) ,

New Az ku
Moteusuatty ou see that uhen the ejuston yeas a fonis
Solved, you get the Solutem as
Nte;
Fmd out the comstmt (e we use the initid Comdtn Y(xo )= Y
aipie
rem by
Iin nuneieal methods we hene to fimd out the volue ofthe skdin
Note-2
endnies egua Ye*), fom ceteim valee givem .
Mote 3 tHere the Step dent h genaly mentamed g the leSiom If kat
we toxe h as h - o whee n is the en
mentened in the guesten
volue fm ahich eue hae to find out he megwned Soluten y().

Faleh'S methodT6 Solve the difemttel egn ) ewitn conditiom (2)

-the euomo kim fommule fom tig
Vi + hof(i .) fo izoi, a, - (3
whee
2; =Rotih ,fem io,, 2, . .

2/14
Exomple Eiven dy wi imiiad Comditism y= ot x-o,ind fm
3
M=0| by Fuleh 'g method, commeet pto Adecima Alaces, tokimg Step lemrs

-. S%2
2 -13 122/1 JET n

we hne to

724
t e2 ( ) r|-0230

is2y -Y(9) 7(o0G) Y,+hf e)

tieg423 +
t*D4: Y(*,) (008 )=
tf(*3) l055+02
Teefme te megimed Siatons a
(aztFl:o1SCo
eommeet iph 4 doeim pleces.
 modi fied Euter'S Metnod'- In this method fnst we pmed'et te hoeicl
megwmed Solutem uaimg emeral Euteh$ method nd them commeo kel
nd b05194 t bios flo0s,l -o5134)+ f co-}4:osse) T
the so letem by emodified Fute' method. m = (·l0557
Since hdze moetnam ome Step mened , then the y when m =0"| s tosecomet to 4 decml
method mott Hemce the value
ploces
Eulens iS Knocn as Pmedietom 0nd commecton methad om matisten n a . r e e d Eulem's method, we com Getmome occutate Solton
but the gener Eules'S method is own oS Sime &ep method. with mespect to gomerek Eule 's mmetholJ
Cuomsing foomulo fom mofied Euless
method Nameieak (meg)
A515e mo. of safiaont tqwes im o03409 is- 5 yG 7 4
comtoins ASnifoomt ' e s
J s the mth oppmomate Vokue
RT5e mo GA50 6531 Cwhenmoumded oft to A plaes of decimal wM gve.
is megwned whieh is fousd out using gemere Fiteh '3 metod as - b 3A507c 3-451 'mome
3iA506
(0)
7 3A5065B| > 5th deeinol dgit is exactBy 5 So 4 cul be odded to 4th dgt
(2345
+ is odd , othh ulse mo hdditon megned an 4506.
Note - I¢ mome Ppmomatiom& fon me 0,I, 2, - in the fommulat4)
4 whics ¢ the foto wim is mot -tnae Cthe mtton hoe hein utamesmi
e comsdered ee Cam get mome ofPprnonimate Soletiom, ?
but Simce the AE
mo of pproymatom ewi md be mentioned im
the fueston, the n we
conider cpto 2nd oppomatiom, 7Afox fcen)-f|Avx) = A[fo*)-fo-s) sf()- Bf (x-) =fotfo
Fom ex- J°, Y omd y(2) com be taKen as, Here Gou See = (E-)f(x
=f(octn) - afx+f(-h) y4)
-fhat ", yt io txed but meo nd i in (4).
=f(xt h)-2f0)+fa-b)
EraAe bettemie tse value o Y uwhen N=0&ivem that Ytoj ond
y =a4 , W%p lemth h= 0·05, aom me et pto 4 deeima ptaces ukinq H8 kogoemge5 nterpolotem
mdi fed Fuler s method. or mula deals with
md h=0105
Equispced ohgumerts omly
emeuispacel okgoments orny both aab hane
7 Fom Romange S And Neytom's dided dtetence
metaleftoms, ie they e uSed fom bots egui oradTterpobtiomfonmela
(0)
(0
hare k
umequispoced oguments bd
Necutom's fomeuahd and Netwtom!S boekuahddifteemee iotepolatien femula
Covn be uSod only eqispaced czgunents oy.
ke)Tie TioomSaatiom ennom (om tbe imbeeenteon) in compo te &mason's
one -thimd mule is of the omdeh h mome
7 Fom SpSon's meule the ron' s is Ex-mieao) [eoe poueh h s
but n= =osI34 she imbebret elon m compote trrepeolo coule is of the ooder-
..Y=J( ) =y(oros) =|0sl34u: s
dmone
cwe take n=0.0S, Y = 0St34 omdh=a0s

hoei s Tn frite dtenee omethed ( ) . i s mepbeed by

= osi34 to0sr LCo10s)t tosons 2\

LFnothe fonmda fom fnite dftemee metad fom Soving ghd em der
oAdimal fteental eguatom ¢ boumdaky olue noblen
 tre
afuomtity cohose
imthem omd opn oimate
is +hebyobsolte eom fta fo) K0, them intbe
68 T fom a mes comimuous fumetio fc«),
Avolues
5R ozea given n md Ka the melave oon i3 given by-
1

omge
m Lab fom n) =0,thete ote tis -
mumbe o mot S mo ooot at eost one
ome moot b amdetdomimable
EA MT VA|o Frnomhe fmelamnerstel teonem algebma
Fnomthe melative ethom , ER = VT
5Tne totol mo. siflcont digt in 5o0000 is -
d} None,ls
xeNOES ce
7 Hete im Soooeo, Dmly ne &ineem+ iet,5 omd oll othel
se degoee of pmeition fon kimpson's Ys feromala fo mmeiesl htepotion thaoilimg xeoes , mot Counted as signin
b 2 moneo
68 cuich is the foltewmn isamtistep method Tlemis Sties methed
7 Degnce f proreisen is be goeostest degnee t fo) Pomama fn wNa Faleh's method Pmelicto-ooeetop method
4the ehan ig Keko
Fom SimySor's fs-nh*eo) o 3hd defmee Polmonid proediefom coonetom method ne as modifed Eule'S meh od omd
has Ath omdeh deriateve eho od
erm tuill be emor io fon imfnie Bosfooth mosn pmedieto co necto method,toe Soleaton azo foumd
degaee prreeiem 3. 18230o lom 'S
out by tewo tePS, that i3 why they e coled mettiSiep or Pmedeton
54 5e deqnee Proeeis&on fom troproidol fommula fom mumeakal itel oooectom nthod.

> Fom tooperoidal Emnon, Ers A -Te mth omdeh fomewahd drteence t gth deqee polmsmial is
-mb()
So 45t de oe olymomial has nd omde) b) (mt) !
degvotive rero ond eo
55> (A-v) r² i3 ejuak to (the eomstomt ond ay higne omdes ie Cotit, cmtay", fom ohd difta
mototio ms hore thein asual meomigs) }A e wil be reza.
01-x)1
6 Nea- Raphsom mmetood fom Sovimg Ttey =o, hos ode) of coehgenee

6) The Neatom Rophsom method fommula fom > 5e omdeh ot comvehqenee fom Neutom-Rophsors method ie 2, ie itfe hascovee
guadn
o mel mo R oo the eg
fmdi'mg the sfase poof
'-R =0 iS, eRnge- kutta metthod is used to,-paststoea

’he Newtom Rophson method, iatepoa mumiealy

sove a firost oode omdindy diprtemtal ef. mumitaty
da ondeh eem ia Reumge- Kucta Method ot Atth omderis
o6?) )
2; 2 n;
mde) of elon im Ramge-Kctta method f gnd ooeh ig (3
) T6 Sove the odimaay
diffortel equato mone.
3tt =&n J(o) =5 , D Teumge- Kute pnd ondeh me thd
Jou meed to mewaite the equtiom as B) cahich is the tekotive methodinthe fo lowimg- l a t
Enn-ny, yte)=5 Gaus-etmmoton nethod motroie vehsilehaats-Beilh wome
teratt ve mehod ie the. mothnd ewhere the pmerious, iteratian valae
7 Fon omy 4s+ orode 9rodimsy teemtiak eyuatiom of imitio yole
9 meguined for th mest iteatiem teke Gugs eliminatom ond mataix
ola imvehiom- cnethod oze the dioeet methad
wil e cwrorten f(Y), y(xo) o G ahich is the Lmect mmethod inthe fotown
wi4 be usg Elminton metbod Biseetbn mmethad Gauss Sepdal method
cuiHem as Y0) =5
Tounding the ma os00069Pos cooreet pto &signifct figuns is
Ly oi00 oG 38 d} o- 000 634,
 Y*fe«) is oppmoimated os - -Trnepezoido fommate Corm be wSed to imtegmate mummeaicaly fon -

7imp Som'g % fom malo ie o 3poinot foromelo go otleas mei BiSectio method fors Sovimg fon)=o, hos Comvelgemce of
Subimtehats he megumed ord im blew Pamts a
PoSSes is of degoee 34 ie2 whieh i3 4x) =ortbe
polymomal limesh faadnotte e igusdnatie d name
palabo la, [lomo ie bmder of convehgoree for bi Secten methad is 1
he care passeshmah(nt) dota poimts.
Y=t«) is oppraomoted os
yper bote b cimeie pozebole stiine mt2 me
m i! i+ Passes thugn (m) peints
Somme menßom og that o. Hee we kme that o polymomial is of degnee
Pommdo ond ien bye R Ppoimts a fo Troopexoida!fommula is a poinÀ intefnatiem is exaet on mtegm oting almost
degnee 2-= wich i5 cn=0ntb iea elymoiak eutre p4 es ist as> SimpSom's male
st kineo ornder of Polmomias.
Tne inherent eloro fom ope Toidal nule o fingt Sesemd d ) Fouth
nototien S hawe theim uSual inteoton i5 s (the intefnatng almast
mesmins) 93 Tnopezoidal male imtegnaton is ezoet foro
I80 omdel of Poymomiol s.
Netn's iided di fteernee Fimst
y equispaced interpotatam
ozgumens only b nefui Spocedforomda is . used fon
none
ohquments only
)[F" f«) =f cxtmh) , hetemz-2]
imd which ome of he
folwtm choices is wnonq 2
’mth oodeh oawed ifteence of th
omd omy ignen omder degnee polymooal is conStor
diffrenees
a gnddegoee pslmona go oze equak to Kes. Hee fcx) a
8fcx) cuiti be Constont,4Cn) =9

*
lql iEl,2,- --m and lail toizl,fo eny i 2 , - m,4)
T5) Tm Grau 3s elimn natio nethod the co-efclemt mnatoir medced to :

E Newton Rophson Methed seeton methad e Ragule-Fki d) None

) whics t the follawimg methals voondimg-ot mules pied ?
2choping methed bYymmete moumd op methed ) trumeeton d hone

Qimpm's Vs fonmala con be used to ioteqnote mmeay

bothod and even