HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE

UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS THE ENLIGHTENMENT

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It was an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, The Enlightenment helps us understand
like rationalist and empiricist approaches to the natural and human the intellectual and ideological context of
What was the Enlightenment? world. If 14th c. scientists could figure out the natural world in the the Revolutions that occurred in this time
period.
Scientific Revolution, then why couldn’t 18th century philosophers figure
out the human world?

• It challenged the role of religion in public life by questioning the The Enlightenment helps us understand
authority of a higher power. the intellectual and ideological context of
• There were new ways of thinking about the importance of the the Revolutions that occurred in this time
period.
individual.
• People started to think that there were natural rights­—or rights that
The political ideas of the Enlightenment
all humans are born with. were a symbol of discontent with
How did the Enlightenment • The concept of the Social Contract encouraged people to overthrow a monarchist and imperial rule. They were
challenge the status quo (the tyrannical government. some of the causes of various revolutions c.
way things had been)? • The belief in popular sovereignty meant that the power to rule should 1750-1900.
belong to the people.
• Democracy was a system where all people could participate in
government.
• And liberalism was an ideology that emphasized protection of civil
rights, representative government, protection of private property and
free-market trade.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS THE ENLIGHTENMENT • NATIONALISM

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What was an effect of the The expansion of suffrage (the right to vote) after the American This is an example of how the
Enlightenment that allowed Revolution. While only white land-owning males could vote, eventually Enlightenment affected societies over time.

more people to participate in more people were included before 1900. First all white males, then black
government? males.

The feminist movement began with a call for women’s suffrage and This is an example of how the
equality. This can be seen in the work of French activist Olympe de Enlightenment affected societies over time.
What was the impact of the Emergency feminism challenged political
Gouges, who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female
Enlightenment on women? and gender hierarchies.
Citizen, which criticized the new French Constitution for not including
women’s rights.

What was the impact of the

The idea of natural rights and liberty led to the abolition of slavery in the This is an example of how the
Enlightenment on coerced Enlightenment affected societies over time.
Americas and serfdom in Russia.
labor?

It can describe a sense of commonality among people based on things Nationalism was a cause of various
like a shared language, religious, social customs, etc. But it also includes revolutions c. 1750-1900.
What is Nationalism?
a shared vision for the future, and the group is often defined by having a
common enemy.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS NATIONALISM • THE ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS

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Some used it to convince people to start a revolution to create their own While some states used nationalism to
country. Others added nationalist education into schools—glorifying the foster a sense of unity, newly imagined
national communities often linked this new
How did leaders use nation and military service—and used it to create a sense of unity and
national identity with borders of states,
nationalism? pride. An example is the Russian empire, which started to demand that the and in some cases, nationalists challenged
Russian language be spoken by all of the diverse peoples in its empire. boundaries or sought unification of
fragmented regions.

What is an example of the

growing discontent with Muhammad Ali, the leader of the Ottoman state of Egypt, was frustrated with the corruption and internal conflicts of
monarchist and imperial rule the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, he acted independently and took steps towards industrialization on his own, opening
that isn’t part of the Atlantic textile and weapons factories.
Revolutions?

The twelve American colonies were unhappy with the way they were being This is a cause of a revolution in this time
What caused the American ruled by Britain (discontent with monarchist and imperial rule). period (1750-1900). Led by democratic
Revolution to take place? ideals, the colonial subjects led a successful
revolution.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS THE ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS

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How does the American

The Declaration discusses the social contract and popular sovereignty. Ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were
document The Declaration reflected in revolutionary documents. The
of Independence show a Declaration of Independence is one of the
connection to Enlightenment few documents that must be known for the
AP Exam.
philosophy?

What were some effects of the They set up a democratic-republic and became a model and inspiration These were effects of a revolution in this
for others to overthrow imperial and monarchist rule. time period.
American Revolution?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Written early in the Revolution, this
document outlined the rights that all
What French document do you
French citizens (men) were to have once
need to be familiar with for your the revolution was complete. It also
exam? establishes a republican government and
insists on transparency in government.

Haiti was a prosperous French colony. The ideas of the French Revolution This is a cause of a revolution in this time
What caused the Haitian period (1750-1900.)
became known there and, led by Toussaint Louverture, the enslaved
Revolution to take place?
population on the island rose up.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS THE ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS

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The enslaved Haitians defeated the French and created the second These were effects of a revolution in this
What were some effects of the time period.
republic, but it was the first black government in the western hemisphere.
Haitian Revolution?
It is considered the only truly successful large-scale slave rebellion in the
world.

Spanish and Portuguese colonies throughout Central and South America These are the causes of a revolution in this
were influenced by Enlightenment ideas and resented the increasing time period (1750-1900.)
What were some of the causes of
control by their imperial parents. In 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain
the Latin American Revolutions?
and the king of Portugal was deposed it led to instability in the colonies
and the revolutions began.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS THE ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS • NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS AND UNIFICATION

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In it, Simon Bolivar wrote about his vision for Latin American This is another revolutionary document
Independence. He called on Latin Americans to unite in the cause for you need to know for your exam.

overthrowing Spanish colonial dominance.

Bolivar wanted to create a United
What was in the Letter from Latin America (like the United States of
Jamaica by Simon Bolivar? America), but knew it was an impossibility.
He also challenged the economic system
of mercantilism that he felt kept Latin
America from achieving a level of success it
might otherwise have.

What were some effects of the Through many long wars, the colonies eventually won their independence These were effects of a revolution in this
and many formed republican governments. time period.
Latin American Revolutions?

This was another nationalist movement, but not a revolution. The This is a good example of a place calling for
Philippines were a Spanish colony. Many Filipinos studied Enlightenment national liberation that is different from
the Atlantic Revolutions.
What was the Propaganda ideas and nationalist frameworks in Europe and began publishing tons
Movement in the Philippines? of pamphlets and books expressing a desire to be involved in the political
process. Eventually it led to the Philippine Revolution near the end of the
19th c.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS AND UNIFICATION

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Both were inspired by growing nationalism. They were both a collection of Germany had once been the Holy Roman
fragmented semi-independent states, but military leaders from each nation Empire, which was a collection of feudal
territories. After the Napoleonic Wars, it
sought to unite them into two new states.
was united into 39 individual states with
Austria as its leader, but the militaristic
How are Italy and Germany Prussian state led Germany through a
good examples of calls for series of wars meant to unite the people as
they spoke a common language and shared
national unification?
many cultural elements.

In Italy, the former heart of the Roman

Empire, the independent states were also
brought together through a series of wars.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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1. Proximity to Waterways. Great Britain was an island A variety of factors contributed to the
with abundant rivers and canals that helped with efficient growth of industrial production and
eventually resulted in the Industrial
transportation of goods.
Revolution. These seven are specifically
2. Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber. Great named in the AP curriculum.
Britain and its territorial holdings had all the raw materials
needed to fuel industrialization.
3. Access to foreign resources. The first industrialized industry
was the textile industry. Great Britain had access to huge
amounts of cotton from their colony in India.
What seven environmental,
4. Improved agricultural productivity. New technology and
political, and economic factors
methods of farming increased the amount of food being grown
contributed to industrialization
which helped to support a growing population.
beginning?
5. Urbanization. Lots of people were moving from the
countryside to the cities looking for jobs in new factories.
6. Legal protections of private property. Laws were passed to
protect entrepreneurs which led to people feeling safe to take
risks and start new businesses.
7. Accumulation of capital. There was a lot of wealth due to the
Atlantic Slave Trade and other colonial ventures, so people had
the money to start a new business.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS

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Industrial machines were put into large buildings called factories where The development of factories concentrated
goods could be mass-produced which made costs come down. Initially production in a single location and led to
an increasing degree of specialized labor.
How did the way goods these factories were water-powered, but when the steam engine was made
were made change with it enabled factories to be anywhere. Artisans no longer needed many
industrialization? skills to make a product from start to finish, so labor became increasingly
specialized as workers only did one job repeatedly to make a single part of
a product.

They had the seven factors mentioned before. This is context for why different locations
What helped some places to
of production developed and changed over
industrialize faster than others? time.

Industrialized states started producing and selling more goods than non- The rapid development of steam-powered
industrialized places. Places like India and Egypt, which had long been industrial production in European
countries and the U.S. contributed to the
How did shares of global known for textile production, saw their share of production decline as
increase in these regions’ share of global
manufacturing shift during the Britain’s went up. manufacturing during the first Industrial
first Industrial Revolution? Revolution. While Middle Eastern and
Asian countries continued to produce
manufactured goods, these regions’ share in
global manufacturing declined.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS

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France was slow to industrialize due to a lack of coal and iron deposits, as As new methods of industrial production
well as several major social upheavals. France’s government sponsored the became more common in parts of
Describe the spread of
northwestern Europe, they spread to other
industrialization in France. construction of railroads and canals, which was also different from Britain.
parts of Europe and the United States,
Russia and Japan.

The US did not industrialize until the second half of the 19th century. Due to the Civil War, industrialization was rapid.
Describe the spread of
The US had access to lots of natural resources and political stability. The US also had a growing population to make and
industrialization in the USA.
buy more goods, which led to a higher standard of living for its workers than in other industrialized nations.

Russia’s industrialization at the end of the 19th century was state-driven. They built a railroad to link their territory into
Describe the spread of
an interdependent market. While they saw some progress, the lives of industrial workers were brutal and there were
industrialization in Russia.
frequent uprisings.

Describe the spread of Japan’s Meiji Restoration was a state-sponsored defensive industrialization. In a few decades Japan became one of the
industrialization in Japan. most powerful industrial states in the region.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

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Most machines were powered with coal and steam using James Watt’s Examples of how technology shaped
What technology was featured in economic production and changed human
steam engine. This was used to power locomotives and steamships.
the first Industrial Revolution? societies. (Examples continue through the
end of this section.)

What technology was featured Oil, distilled into gasoline, helped to fuel the new internal combustion engine. Additionally, electricity became
in the second Industrial popularly used (like in lightbulbs created by Thomas Edison). Soon there were electric streetcars, subways, and other
Revolution? forms of mass transit in major cities. For communication, the telegraph was used to send Morse Code long distances.

How did transportation Phase One: There were a growing number of trains and tracks, as well as steamships. These linked distant parts of
technology change during the countries into the national economy and allowed workers to move more easily. Phase Two: Iron and steal ships led to
Industrial Revolution? increased maritime activity and eventually the creation of the Suez Canal.

How did building materials

Phase One: Iron. Phase Two: Steel—thanks to the Bessemer process, easily converted iron into the stronger material
shift during the Industrial
steel.
Revolution?

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY • ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS & INNOVATIONS

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What are some examples of
Synthetic dyes. Vulcanization, a process that made rubber harder and more durable.
the use of chemicals that took
place in the second industrial
revolution?

Development of the interior of cities and states with the connecting of far away territories with trains like the trans-
What were two major impacts of
continental railroad in the US and the trans-siberian rail road in Russia. And, increased migration to areas far from
new modes of transportation?
people’s homes to find work.

The earlier economic theory of mercantilism, which was the idea of a This was the theory of capitalism that was
How did Adam Smith’s ideas adopted by Western European countries as
state-driven economy was largely replaced with Smith’s ideas about the free
change the way economies they abandoned mercantilism.
market and laissez-faire policies that encouraged the state to stay out of
functioned?
economy.

These were businesses where a company is established in one country but The global nature of trade and production
What is a transnational led to the proliferation of large-scale
has large operations that it controls in other countries. The Dutch East
business? transnational businesses.
India Company was a transnational business.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS & INNOVATIONS • REACTIONS TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

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What is a good example of a

The Unilever Corporation was a joint stock company owned by the British and Dutch that made household goods.
transnational business that
They opened factories across the world using materials from colonial holdings in West Africa and the Belgian Congo.
started c. 1750-1900.

What were some of the new The rise of the stock market allowed people to buy and trade shares Transnational businesses relied on new
of companies to try to make a profit. The creation of limited liability practices in banking and finance.
practices in banking and finance
that developed in this time? corporations protected the financial investments of its owner.

What were some of the Industrialized societies saw a rise in the standard of living, and goods This is a good example of how the
became cheaper because they were produced more efficiently. This development of economic systems,
economic benefits of the
ideologies, and institutions contributed to
Industrial Era? increased access to goods.
change in this time period.

What are some examples of how Workers lived in tenements that were shabby­—and diseases often These are examples of the social and
spread through them rapidly. They worked long hours doing boring and economic changes brought about by
industrialization impacted the
industrial capitalism.
working class? dangerous work for very low pay.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS REACTIONS TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

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Suffrage was expanded. Political parties were created that represented the Some governments, organizations, and
interests of the working class (like the German Social Democratic Party). individuals promoted various types of
What did the government do
political, social, educational, and urban
to address the situation of the Laws were passed to restrict child labor. Public Schools were opened. The
reform. Political parties emerged in different
working class in England? government built new infrastructure to deal with the growing population, areas, promoting alternative visions of
and limited the number of hours people could work each day. society.

They organized themselves into social societies that provided insurance In industrialized states, many workers
What were some ways that the for sickness, and hosted social events to create a sense of community. organized themselves—often in labor
unions—to improve working conditions,
working class attempted to help They created labor unions in order to use collective bargaining for better
limit hours, and gain higher wages.
themselves? working conditions. Workers’ movements emerged to promote
alternative visions of society.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS REACTIONS TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • REACTIONARY INDUSTRIALIZATION

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Karl Marx saw the suffering of the working class and the Discontent with established power structures encouraged the
incredible wealth of the capitalists and developed a theory development of various ideologies, including those espoused
What was Marxism and how by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism.
of Scientific Socialism. He claimed that the proletariat
was it a response to the plight of (working class) would rise up and overthrow the rich Socialism is an umbrella term. Communism is a form of
the working class? (bourgeoisie) to take over the means of production and socialism. Socialism advocates taking over the means of
create a classless society. production, but only communism says it must be through
violent and bloody revolution.

In the late 19th century they started the Self- In response to the expansion of industrializing states,
Strengthening Movement. They borrowed from the some governments in Asia and Africa—including the
Ottoman Empire and Qing China—sought to reform and
west while trying to maintain and revitalize traditional
How did Qing China deal with modernize their economies and militaries. Some members of
Chinese culture. Some progress was made but Chinese governement, as well as established elite groups, often resisted
a the changes brought about by
conservatives resisted these developments because they Reform efforts.
industrialization?
threatened the power of the landowning class. This half-
hearted industrialization led to China’s loss in the Sino-
Japanese War (to the industrialized Japan).

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS REACTIONARY INDUSTRIALIZATION • INDUSTRIALIZATION’S SOCIAL EFFECTS

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How did the Ottoman Empire The Ottomans developed the Tanzimat Reforms. They built factories and railroads. They changed to a western-style law
deal with the changes brought code and a constitutional government, but like China, the conservatives resisted and stopped the reforms. The sultan
about by industrialization? resumed rule as an absolute monarch.

The bottom became the industrial working class, which was made up of New social classes, including the middle
factory workers and miners. The middle class included wealthy factory class and the industrial working class,
developed.
owners and white collar workers like doctors, lawyers, and teachers. This
How did industrialization class benefitted the most from industrialization. Their improved quality of
change the social hierarchy in life allowed some at the top to buy their way into the aristocracy. At the top
places that industrialized? of the hierarchy were the industrialists who got rich by starting and owning
large corporations. They often became more powerful than traditional
landed elites.

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UNIT 5: Revolutions
ANSWERS INDUSTRIALIZATION’S SOCIAL EFFECTS

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Working class women worked low wage jobs like men, but While women and often children in working class
could not sustain a family on their wages. Middle class women families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement
How did the industrial their families’ income, middle-class women who didn’t
were expected to be stay home and be wives and mothers while
revolution impact women? have the same economic demands to satisfy were
their husbands earned a living. increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles
focused on child development.

Housing shortages which led to tenements. Lack of The rapid urbanization that accompanied global
infrastructure to deal with sanitation led to public health crises capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges,
What challenges were related to including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public
like outbreaks of cholera from contaminated water. The life
rapid urbanization? health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient
expectancy dropped from 40 to 30. Crime rates rose which led infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.
to the creation of large jails.

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