Gauss elimination method: (1) Consider the system of equations A.
X = B
(2) Write augmented matrix [A B ]
(3) Reduce augmented matrix [A B ] into upper triangle
matrix by applying suitable elementary row operations
This method is illustrated by taking system of three equations in three unknowns
a11 x + a12 y + a13 z = b1
a 21 x + a 22 y + a 23 z = b2 ………………………….(I)
a 31 x + a 32 y + a33 z = b3
The matrix form of above system is A.X = B where
a11 a12 a13 x b1
A = a 21 a 22 a 23 , X = y , B = b2
a 31 a 32 a 33 z b3
a11 a12 a13 b
1
Now the augmented matrix of A.X = B is given by [A B ] = a 21 a 22 a 23 b2
b
a 31 a32 a 33 3
Now reduce the above matrix into upper triangular matrix by applying suitable row
a11 a12 a13 b1
operations, the reduced matrix is given by [A B ] ≈ 0
1 1 1
a 22 a 23 b2
11 11
0 0 a 33 b3
a11 x + a12 y + a13 z = b1
1 1 1
The equivalent system of equations are given by a 22 y + a 23 z = b1
11 11
a33 z = b2
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11
Case: 1 If a33 ≠ 0 then the above system has unique solution, the unique solution is
given by back substitution
11
b2
z = 11
a 33
1 11 1 11
(b1 a 33 − a 23 b2 )
y= 1 11
a 22 .a33
11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(b1 a33 a 22 − a13 a 22 b2 − a12 b1 a33 + a12 a 23 b2 )
x= 1 11
a 22 a 33
11 11
Case: 2 If a33 = 0, b3 = 0 then the above system has infinite number of solutions
11 11
Case: 3 If a33 = 0, b3 ≠ 0 then the above system has no solution
Example1: Solve the system of equations
x + 2 y + z = 3, 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 5, 3 x − 5 y + 5 z = 2, 3 x + 9 y − z = 4 by Gauss elimination
method
Solution: The matrix form of given system of equations is A.X = B where
1 2 1 3
2 3 x 5
2
A= , X = y , B =
3 − 5 5 2
z
3 9 − 1 4
1 2 1 3
2 3 2 5
The augmented matrix [A B ] = R : R − 2 R1 , R3 : R3 − 3R1 , R4 : R4 − 3R1
3 − 5 5 2 2 2
3 9 − 1 4
1 2 1 3
0 −1 0 −1
≈ R : R − 11R2 , R4 : R4 + 3R2
0 − 11 2 − 7 3 3
0 3 − 4 − 5
1 2 1 3
0 −1 0 − 1
≈ R4 : R4 + 2 R3
0 0 2 4
0 0 − 4 − 8
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1 2 1 3
0 −1 0 − 1
≈
0 0 2 4
0 0 0 0
x + 2y + z = 3
Now the equivalent systems of equations are −y = −1
2z = 4
By backward substitution we get
z=2
y =1
x = −1
Example2: Solve the system of equations
2 x − y + z = 4, 3 x − y + z = 6, 4 x − y + 2 z = 7, − x + y − z = 9
Solution: The matrix form of above system of equations is A.X = B where
2 − 1 1 4
3 − 1 1 x 6
A=
, X = y , B =
4 − 1 2 7
z
− 1 1 − 1 9
2 −1 1 4
3 −1 1 6
Now the augmented matrix is [A B ] =
4 −1 2 7
− 1 1 − 1 9
R2 : 2 R2 − 3R1 , R3 : 2 R3 − 4 R1 , R4 : 2 R4 + R1
2 −1 1 3
0 1 −1 0
≈ R3 : R3 − 2 R 2 , R 4 : R 4 − R 2
0 2 0 − 2
0 1 − 1 22
2 − 1 1 3
0 1 −1 −1
≈
0 0 2 −2
0 0 0 22
In the above equivalent matrix a 43 = 0, b4 ≠ 0
∴ the above system of equations has no solution
i.e. the given system of equations are inconsistent
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