Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

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Digital Signal Processing
• Digital Signal Processing is a powerful technology that is widely used
in a many applications, such as automotive, consumer, graphics,
imaging, industrial instrumentations, medical, military, and
voice/speech.
• DSP converts the signals that are naturally occur in analog form, such
as sound, video and information sensors, to digital forms and uses
digital technologies to enhance and modify analog signal data for
various applications.

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Block Diagram of DSP System

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DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
 DSP (Digital Signal Processor) can perform various operations on the incoming data
such as
▪ removing unwanted interference,
▪ increasing the amplitude of some signal frequencies and reducing others,
▪ encoding the data for secure transmission and detecting and correcting errors in
transmitted codes.

 DSPs make possible, among many others things,

▪ the cleanup of sound recording,
▪ removal of echos from communications lines,
▪ the enhancement of images from CT scans or better medical diagnosis and
▪ the scrambling of cellular phone conversations for privacy.
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 Sampling and Filtering

 An anti-aliasing filter and a sample-and-

hold circuit are two functions of DSP.
 The sample-and-hold function does two
operations, first of which is sampling.
 Sampling is the process of taking a
sufficient number of discrete values at
points on a waveform that will define
the shape of the waveform.
 The more samples you take, the more
accurately you can define a waveform.
 Sampling converts an analog signal into
a series of impulses, each representing
the amplitude of the signal at a given
instant in time.
 Figure illustrates the process of Fig: Illustration of the sampling process
sampling.
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Simple illustration of Sampling Theorem

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 Sampling Theorem
Before a signal can be sampled, it must be passed through a low-pass filter (anti-
aliasing filter) to eliminate harmonic frequencies above a certain value as
determined by the Nyquist frequency.
Notice in the previous Figure that there are two input waveforms. One is the
analog signal and the other is the sampling pulse waveform.
The sampling theorem states that, in order to represent an analog signal, the
sampling frequency, fsample, must be at least twice the highest frequency
component fa(max) of the analog signal
The frequency fa(max) is known as the Nyquist frequency.

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 The need for Filtering
 Low-pass filtering is necessary to remove all frequency components (harmonics)
of the analog signal that exceed the Nyquist frequency.
 If there are any frequency components in the analog signal that exceed the
Nyquist frequency, an unwanted condition known as aliasing will occur.
 An alias is a signal produced when the sampling frequency is not at least twice
the signal frequency.
 An alias signal has a frequency that is less than the highest frequency in the
analog signal being sampled and therefore falls within the spectrum or
frequency band of the input analog signal causing distortion.
 Such a signal is actually “posing” as part of the analog signal when it really isn’t,
thus the term alias.

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The need for Filtering

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 Sample and Hold Operation

The holding operation is the

second part of the sample-and-
hold function.
After filtering and sampling, the
sampled level must be held
constant until the next sample
occurs.
This is necessary for the ADC to
have time to process the
sampled value.
This sample-and-hold operation
results in a “stairstep” waveform
that approximates the analog
input waveform, as shown in
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 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Analog-to-digital conversion is the process of converting the output of the sample and-hold
circuit to a series of binary codes that represent the amplitude of the analog input at each of
the sample times.

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 Quantization

The process of converting an analog

value to a code is called
quantization.
During the quantization process, the
ADC converts each sampled value of
the analog signal to a binary code.
The more bits that are used to
represent a sampled value, the
more accurate is the representation.

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Quantization

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Quantization

Fig: Quantized with two bits.

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 Quantization

Fig: Original Signal Fig: Quantized with two bits.

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 Quantization

Fig: Original Signal Fig: Quantized with 4-bits.

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Checkup

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Methods of Analog-to-Digital Conversion
A Quick Look at an Operational Amplifier
Flash (Simultaneous) Analog-to-Digital Converter

From BOOK.

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