One Day Fire Fighting

Training for ONGC

Employees

Deepak Kumar Sahu

Fire Officer
ONGC Assam Asset
 Fire Science

Fundamentals
of Fire

First Aid Fire

Fighting Equipments

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 OBJECTIVE OF TRAINING

Be safe at all the places

▪ Work place – Surface installations, Drilling /
▪ workover rigs, DSA, DTYS etc.
▪ Office
▪ Home
▪ School
▪ Hotel
▪ Malls
▪ Theatre
▪ Moving vehicle
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 Topics of Discussion

What is Fire
Flash Point
Auto ignition temperature
Flammable Range
Lower Explosive Limit
Upper Explosive Limit
Fire Hazards
The Fire Triangle
Sources of Heat
Effect of Oxygen on Combustion
Classes of Fire
Phases of Burning
Products of Combustion
Fire Extinguishing Methods
Portable Fire Extinguishers
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Fire Incidences
Fire Incidences
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Fire Incidences
Fire Incidences
Fire Incidences
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 Properties of flammable Materials

Fire
Fire is a rapid combustion resulting in
release of Heat, Light and smoke.
Auto ignition Temperature
Minimum temperature at which flammable
substance undergoes self sustained
combustion without initiation by any
ignition source.
 Properties of flammable Materials

Flash Point
It is the Lowest Temperature at which the
liquids gives off sufficient vapour to form
an ignition mixture which gives
momentarily flash when a flame is applied.
Flammable Range
The concentration of a flammable
vapour in Air falling between upper
and lower explosive limits.
 Properties of flammable Materials

Lower Explosive Limit

The minimum concentration of
vapour in air below which the
propagation of flame is not possible
in presence of ignition source
Upper Explosive Limit
The maximum concentration of
vapour in air above which the
propagation of flame is not possible
in presence of ignition source
 Properties of flammable Materials

Flammable Liquids
A liquid having flash point below 37.8oc
Combustible Liquids
A liquid having flash point above 37.8oc
 Properties of flammable Materials

Explosion
It is phenomenon of sudden and violent
release of tremendous amount of energy
with generation of shock / pressure waves.
BLEVE
Boiling liquid expanding vapour cloud
Explosion.
CVCE (Confined vapour cloud explosion)
When flammable gas mixture is present in
confined space within its flammability limit,
sudden ignition can leads to CVCE
 Fire Hazards

Hazard
It is situation / condition that poses level of
threat to property, health, life and
environment.
Fire Hazards in ONGC Operations
▪ Blowout
▪ Explosion
▪ Rupture of vessel, pipeline, storage tank
▪ Fire
▪ Leakage of hydrocarbons
 Fire Triangle

Fire ignited and spread subject to

availability of

1. Fuel –To burn

2. Heat –To accelerate the burning
3. Oxygen -To sustain the burning.
Fire Triangle
Fire Tetrahedron
 Sources of Ignition

Source of ignition consist of

1. Mechanical – Friction and Compression.
2. Electrical – Electrical Energy, Lightning, Arcing,
Static Energy
3. Nuclear – Heat energy released in reaction.
4. Chemical – Exothermic reactions.
5. Naked Flame – hydrocarbon flaring, Fired
production equipment burner operation, Gas
welding,. Cutting, Cooking, heating and other
appliances
6. Hot surfaces – welding slags, hot process piping
equipment , hot oil circulation system, hot metal
particles from grinding, dryers and exhaust
system etc.
 Classification of Fire

Class A – Fires involving solid combustible

materials of organic nature such as wood ,
paper , rubber , plastics etc.
Class B – Fires involving flammable liquids.
Class C – Fires involving flammable gases
under pressure including liquefied gases.
Class D – Fire involving combustible
metals like magnesium , sodium ,
potassium.
Class K – Kitchen Fire
 Development of Fires

Incipient stage - No visible smoke, no flame and

very little heat. A significant amount of invisible
combustion particles may be created. This stage
usually develops slowly.
Smoldering stage -Smoke, but no flame and little
heat.
Flame stage - Visible flame, more heat, often less or
no smoke, particularly with flammable liquids and gas
fires.
Heat stage- Large amounts of heat, flame, smoke
and toxic gases are produced. The transition from the
previous stage can be very fast
Development of Fires

Stages of Fire
 Product of combustion

Fire Gases – CO2, CO, H2S, SO2, NH4, HCN,

NO, NO2, Phosgene, HCL. It depends on
chemical composition of fuel, Percentage of
O2 present, temp. of fire.
Flame – It is the luminous body of a burning
gas due to incomplete combustion.
Heat – It is a energy measured in degree of
temp.
Smoke – It is a visible product of incomplete
combustion. It is mixture of O2, N2, CO2, CO,
finely divided particle of soot and carbon.
 Productof
Product of combustion
combustion

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 Causes of death in fire

Most common Cause of Death in case of

Fire

Most fire deaths are not caused by burns

But by smoke inhalation.

Or by reducing oxygen levels

 Fire Extinguishment

Fire Extinguishing Techniques

Starvation – Removal of Fuel

Smothering – Removal of Oxygen

Cooling – Removal of Heat.

Breaking of Chemical chain reaction

 FUEL
FUEL AIR SMOTHERING

HEAT HEAT

STARVATION AIR
FUEL AIR
HEAT
COOLING

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 Fire Extinguishment

Fire Extinguishing Techniques

 Extinguishing Media

Different types of Fire Extinguishing media

1. Water
2. Fire fighting foam
3. CO2
4. DCP
5. HALON
6. Clean Agent
7. Sand
 Common causes of Fire

•Smoking
•Substandard electric wiring
•Loose electric connection
•Multiple connections from a single electrical outlet
•Careless storage of handling of flammable liquid
•Welding and cutting operations
•Fire due to thundering and lightening
•Fire due to dry grass and wild bushes
•Fire in transformer and switch yard
•Arson fire
•Fire due to leakage of gases
•Fire due to static electric current
 Causes of Home Fires

● Smoking or smoking materials.

● Heating equipment.
● Gas cylinders
● Electrical equipments/ faulty wiring
● Cooking & cooking equipment.
● Children playing with matches box
lighters.
● Candles
● Sanitizers
● Barbeques.
● Arson/suspicious

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Causes of Home Fires

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Causes of Home Fires

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 F-I-R-E

F – FIND – WHENEVER YOU FIND FIRE

I – INFORM - FIRE CONTROL ROOM
> HOOTER / SIREN
> HEAD COUNT
> SECURITY PERSONNEL
> HSE SECTION
> MEDICAL OFFICER WITH
AMBULANCE
> POLICE PERSONNEL
> HD. OF WORK CENTER
R – RESTRICT – SPREAD OF FIRE / CONFINED FIRE

E - EVACUATE – DON’T PUT UR SELF IN DANGER

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 Survive a Fire

● How to Survive a Fire

● Familiarized with Fire Exit
● Don’t get trapped
● Cover your mouth and nose with a damp cloth (when
possible)
● Keep low to the floor
● Don’t hide
● Be determined to survive
● If clothes catch fire: Stop, Drop and Roll
● Once out of the building NEVER RETURN!

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 Fire Extinguishers

All the Fires except explosions

are small when begin and Fire
Extinguishers are the best tools
to halt its spread
Know what is burning. If you don’t
know what is burning , you wont
know the kind of extinguisher to
use.
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Portable Fire Extinguishers

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Water type Fire Extinguisher (Gas
Cartridge Type)

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Water type Fire Extinguisher (Gas
Cartridge Type)

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Foam type Fire Extinguisher

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Foam type Fire Extinguisher

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Carbon dioxide type Fire Extinguisher

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Carbon dioxide type Fire Extinguisher

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DCP type Fire Extinguisher

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Suitability of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Sl Type Of Classes of Fire

No Extinguisher A B C D
1 Water Type Suitable Not Not Not
Suitable Suitable Suitable
2 Foam Type Suitable Suitable Not Not
Suitable Suitable
3 CO2 Type Not Suitable Suitable Not
Suitable Suitable
4 DCP Type Suitable Suitable Suitable Not
(ABC Type) Suitable

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Performance Characteristics of Fire
Extinguishers

Sl No Type Of Capacity Duration of Throw

Extinguisher Discharge
1 Water Type 9 ltrs 90-120 sec 6 mtrs
2 Mech Foam Type 9 ltrs 30-90 secs 6 mtrs
3 DCP Type 1-2 kg 10-15 sec 3-4.5 mtrs
4 DCP Type 5 kg 15-20 sec 3.5-4.5 mtrs
5 DCP Type 10 kg 23-30 sec 5-7.5 mtrs
6 DCP Type 25 kg 25-30 sec 6-8 mtrs
7 DCP Type 50 kg 40-50 sec 8-10 mtrs
8 DCP Type 75 kg 50-60 sec 10 – 12 mtrs

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Performance Characteristics of Fire
Extinguishers

Sl No Type Of Capacity Duration of Discharge (sec)

Extinguisher (Kg) Minimum Maximum
1 CO2 Type 2 8 18
2 CO2 Type 3 10 20
3 CO2 Type 4.5 10 24
4 CO2 Type 6.5 / 6.8 10 30
5 CO2 Type 9 12 36
6 CO2 Type 25 20 60

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MAINTENANCE OF PORTABLE FIRE
Extinguishers

Fire extinguishers must be inspected, maintained and

tested. All the portable Fire Extinguishers to be
serviced once in 3 months. It is being done by Fire
Services
Fire Extinguishers must kept at its designation
location
Fire Extinguisher to be kept always approachable
If you notices any Extinguishers not in working order
or due for SERVICING. Immediately contact Fire
[Link] can put request in Fire services
complaint management system in intranet.
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 Fire protection Philosophy

Considering nature of risk following fire protection facility shall

be provided in operational work centres
Fire water system
Fixed Foam system
Co2 flooding system
Fixed DCP SYSTEM
Fixed Clean agent system
Portable fire fighting equipment
Mobile fire fighting equipments.
 Passive Fire protection system

It is also called as proactive Fire suppression system, This

system by its inherent capacity /ability resists spread of fire . It
is normally effective for limited time frame. Passive Fire
protection includes
Fire Exit, Escape route
Smoke Extraction
Compartmentation
Fire proof doors/windows
Fire retardant paints
 Active Fire protection system

It directly involves in controlling Fire it includes

Water spray system, sprinkler system
Foam System, DCP Sytsem
Total Flooding system
Fire detection and alarm system
Automatic Fire suppression system
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Whatever Burns
Never Returns

Thanks