VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHENNAI CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BMHA201L- Solids and fluid Mechanics

(3-0-0-0 = 3 Credits)
(Module 1)

[Link]- Mechatronics and Automation,

2nd Year (Fall Semester: 2023-24)

Dr. Pritam Das

Assistant Professor (Sr.), SMEC
Email Id: [Link]@[Link]
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 Course code Course Title Course Type Class ID Slot Venue
BMHA201L Solids and Fluid TH CH202324010015 E1+T AB2-302
Mechanics 4 E1

Class timings TUE (9:50-10:40) THU (10:45-11:35) FRI (8:00-8:50)

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 Join the WhatsApp Group:

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 Course outcome: at the end of the course a student shall be

CO1: Evaluate the stress and strain in axially loaded machine elements.
CO2: Compute the state of stress at a point.
CO3: Evaluate the stress distribution in the beams.
CO4: Prediction of stresses and deformation induced in circular shafts due to torsion.
CO5: Scrutinize various hydraulic systems by applying the fundamental laws of fluid statics.
CO6: Elucidate the real world boundary value problems with suitable assumptions.
CO7: Design and construct experiments to analyze and interpret the data
Pre-requisite: MEE1002 Engineering Mechanics
Module1:Introduction to Stresses and strains
Stresses and strains, Stress-strain diagram, Deformation of simple and compound bars, Elastic
constants, Poisson's ratio, Relationship between elastic constants, Thermal stresses.
Module2: Biaxial state of stress
Bi-axial state of stress, Principal stresses and Principal strains and Mohr's circle of stress.

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 Module3: Beams
Beams – Types, Transverse loading on beams, Shear force and bending moment in beams subjected
to simple loading, Theory of simple bending, Analysis of bending stresses.
Module4: Torsion
Torsion, shear strain and torsion formula – derivation, stresses and deformations in solid, Hollow and
stepped shafts.
Module5: Fluid Statics and Kinematics
Fluid - Properties of fluids, Pascal’s Law, Hydrostatic Law, Pressure and its variation in a static Fluid,
Measurement of static fluid pressure: Manometers, hydrostatic pressure concept and distribution on
plane surfaces. Fluid Kinematics, Types of flow, Velocity field and acceleration.
Module6: Fluid Dynamics and Fluid Flow
Fluid Dynamics: Continuity equation, Euler equations, Bernoulli’s equations, Momentum equation-
applications. Fluid Flow: Fluid flow, Flow through pipes, Darcy -Weisbach equation, Friction factor,
Major and Minor losses.
Module7: Fluid Machinery
Turbines and pumps - classification and working principle.

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 Module8: Contemporary discussion

Tutorials:
➢ A minimum of 3 problems to be worked out by students in every tutorial class. Another 6 problems per Tutorial
Class to be given as home work.
➢ Mode: Individual Exercises, Team Exercises, Online Quizzes, Online Discussion Forums, Assignments.
Text Books
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek, Mechanics of Materials, 8th
edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2020.
2. Chung Fang, An introduction to fluid mechanics, Springer, 2019.
Reference Books
1. Mott R.L., Untener J.A., Applied Strength of Materials, CRC Press, 2018.
2. Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals And Applications, McGraw-Hill Education,
4th Edition, 2017.
3. Frank M. White, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw Hill Education, New York, 2017.

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What is stress(σ):
▪ The resisting force per unit area of the surface is known as stress (σ).

Tensile
Normal
Compressive
Direct
Shear
Bending
Indirect
Stress Torsion

Combined Bending +Torsion

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Tensile and compressive stress:

Tensile Compressive

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Shear stress:
F
F

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Strain and its types

Linear/ longitudinal-along the direction of force

Strain

Lateral- perpendicular to the direction of force

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Stress strain diagram:
If we plot the stress σ = P/A against the strain ε = δ/L, we obtain a curve that is
called as stress-strain curve/diagram.
▪ It is characteristic of the properties of the material.
▪ does not depend upon the dimensions of the particular specimen used.

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Stress strain diagram:
The diagram representing the relation between stress and strain in a given material is
an important characteristic of the material.

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Stress strain diagram for ductile material:
• Proportional limit

• Yield point- upper

and lower yield point
Low Carbon Steel • Ultimate point
Low Carbon Steel
• Fracture point

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Stress strain diagram for ductile material:

Aluminium ▪ The onset of yield is not characterized by a

horizontal portion of the stress-strain curve.
▪ Instead, the stress keeps increasing—
although not linearly—until the ultimate
strength is reached.
▪ Necking then begins, leading eventually to
rupture.
▪ The yield strength is at 0.2% offset, (a line
parallel to the initial straight-line portion of the
stress-strain diagram)

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Stress strain diagram for brittle material:

▪ Rupture occurs without any noticeable

prior change in the rate of elongation.
▪ There is no difference between the
ultimate strength and the breaking
strength.
▪ The strain at the time of rupture is much
smaller for brittle than for ductile
materials.
▪ No necking.

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Ductility:

▪ It is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at

fracture.
▪ Ductility may be expressed quantitatively as either percent elongation (%EL) or
percent reduction in area (%RA).

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Hooke’s Law - Modulus of Elasticity:

▪ When a member is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is proportional to strain.
▪ The constant of proportionality is known as Modulus of elasticity or Young’s
Modulus.
▪ Young’s Modulus is the measure of stiffness of the material.

Strain
Stress Young’s Modulus

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Change in length (δ) or elongation:
▪ The strain is deformation per unit length

ε = strain (mm/mm)
δ = elongation of the tension rod (mm)
l = original length of the rod (mm)

• According to Hook’s law: Stress is directly proportional to the strain within

elastic limit.

Where E is the constant of proportionality

known as Young’s modulus or modulus
of elasticity
Elongation in tension
For carbon steels, E = 210 GPa
07/08/2023 For grey cast iron, E = 100 GPa
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Analysis of axially loaded members:

▪ Bars of uniform cross section

▪ Bars of varying cross sections (Stepped bars)
▪ Principle of superposition
▪ Bars of composite sections

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Continued…

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Problem 1:

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Problem 2:

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Principle of superposition:

When a number of loads are acting on a body, the resulting strain, according to principle of superposition, will
be the algebraic sum of strains caused by individual loads.

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Problem 3:

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Problem 4:

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Problem 4:

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Continued:

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Continued:

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Bars of composite sections:
A bar, made up of two or more bars of equal lengths but of different materials
rigidly fixed with each other and behaving as one unit for extension or
compression when subjected to an axial tensile or compressive loads, is called a
composite bar.

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Problem 5:

A steel rod of 3 cm diameter is enclosed

centrally in a hollow copper tube of external
diameter 5 cm and internal diameter of 4 cm.
the composite bar is then subjected to an axial
pull of 45000 N. if the length of each bar is
equal to 15 cm, determine:
(i) Stress in in the rod and tube, and
(ii) Load carried by each bar.
Take E for steel = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and for
copper = 1.1 x 105 N/mm2
σs = 41.77 MPa
σc = 21.88 MPa
Ps = 29525.5 N
Pc = 15474.5 N
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Continued:

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Continued:

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Problem 6
A steel rod and two copper rods together support a load of 370 kN as shown in figure. The cross sectional area
of steel rod is 2500 mm2 and of each copper rod is 1600 mm2. Find the stresses in the rods. Take E for steel = 2
x 105 N/mm2 and for copper = 1 x 105 N/mm2

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Continued:

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Poisson’s ratio:

The elongation produced by an axial tensile force P in the

direction of the force is accompanied by a contraction in any
transverse direction.

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Continued:
The material is assumed to be both homogeneous and isotropic, i.e., its mechanical
properties will be assumed independent of both position and direction.

The constant, Poisson’s ratio, for a given material is defined as,

The minus sign in the above equations is to obtain a positive value for ν, as the axial
and lateral strains are having opposite signs for all engineering materials.

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Generalized Hook’s law:

The relations are referred to as the generalized

Hooke’s law for the multiaxial loading of a
homogeneous isotropic material.

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Different elastic constant (E,G & K):

Normal stress (σ) α Normal strain (ε)

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 A case of special interest is that of a body subjected to a uniform hydrostatic
pressure p. Each of the stress components is then equal to -p and Equation yields

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Problem 7:

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Problem 8:

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Continued:

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Continued:

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Continued:

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Problem 9:

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Shear Strain (γ):

When a force P is applied tangentially to the element shown.

Its edge displaced to dotted line. Where is the lateral displacement
of the upper face of the element relative to the lower face and L is
the distance between these faces.

Then the shear strain is

γ = δ/L

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Problem 10
A block 100 mm × 100 mm base and 10 mm height. When we apply a
tangential force 10 kN to the upper edge it is displaced 1 mm relative
to lower face.
Then the direct shear stress in the element

10 ×103
𝜏= = 1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa
100 𝑚𝑚 ×100 𝑚𝑚

And shear strain in the element

γ = δ/L
1 𝑚𝑚
= = 0.1
10 𝑚𝑚

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Thermal stresses:

✓ External loads are not the only sources of stresses and strains in a structure.
✓ Other sources include thermal effects arising from temperature changes
✓ Changes in temperature produce expansion or contraction of structural materials, resulting in thermal strains
and thermal stresses

For most structural materials,

Thermal strain Change in temperature (°C or

Co-efficient of thermal K)
expansion (/°C or /°K)
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Comparison of thermal strain with load induced strains:

Longitudinal strains of an axially loaded bar is given by

Thermal strain of the bar is given by

Equating the strains,

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Temperature- displacement relation:

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Comparison of free vs constraint expansion:
Free Expansion Prevented
Free Expansion

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Problem 11

A steel rod of 3 cm diameter and 5 m long is connected to two grips and the rod is maintained at a
temperature of 95°C. Determine the stress and pull exerted when the temperature falls to 30°C, if
(i) The ends do not yield, and
(ii) The ends yield by 0.12 cm.
Take E = 2 x 105 MN/m2 and α = 12 x 10-6/°C.

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 = stress×area= 156×225π

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 (ii) the ends yield by 0.12cm

× E = 108 N/mm2

Pull in the rod= stress ×area =108 ×225π =76340.7 N

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Problem 12
A rod consists of two parts that are made of steel and copper as shown in figure below. The elastic modulus
and coefficient of thermal expansion for steel are 200 GPa and 11.7 × 10-6 per °C, respectively and for
copper 70 GPa and 21.6 × 10-6 per °C, respectively. If the temperature of the rod is raised by 50°C,
determine the forces and stresses acting on the rod.

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 Solution

If we allow this rod to freely expand then free expansion

δT = {(11.7 x 10-6 ) x 50 x 500}steel + {(21.6x10-6)x 50 x 750}Cu

= 1.1025 mm (Compressive)

But according to diagram only free expansion is 0.4 mm.

Therefore restrained deflection of rod =1.1025 mm – 0.4 mm = 0.7025 mm

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 Let us assume the force required to make their elongation vanish be P which is the reaction
force at the ends.

𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝛿= +
𝐴𝐸 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝐸 𝐶𝑢

𝑷 × 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑷 × 𝟕𝟓𝟎
𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟐𝟓 = 𝝅 + 𝝅
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓)𝟐 × (𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 ) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎)𝟐 × (𝟕𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 )
𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝟒 𝑪𝒖

P = 116. 6 kN

Therefore, compressive stress on steel and Cu rods

116.6×103
Stress in steel = 𝜋 = 26.39 MPa
(0.075)2
4

116.6×103
Stress in Cu = 𝜋 = 59.38 MPa
4
(0.050)2
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 Questions for Practice

Q1.A steel bar 300 mm long, 50 mm wide and 40 mm thick is subjected to a pull of 300 kN in the

direction of its length. Determine the change in volume. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and Poisson’s ratio =

0.25.

Q2. A bar of cross section 8 mm x 8 mm is subjected to an axial pull of 7000 N. The lateral dimension of

the bar is found to be changed to 7.9985 mm x 7.9985 mm. If the modulus of rigidity of the material is

0.8 x 105 N/mm2, determine the Poisson’s ratio and modulus of elasticity.

Q3. Calculate the modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus of a cylindrical bar of diameter 30 mm and of

length 1.5 m if the longitudinal strain in a bar during a tensile stress is four times the lateral strain. Find

the change in volume, when the bar is subjected to a hydrostatic pressure of 100 N/mm2. Take E = 1 x

105 N/mm2.
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